‘井岗红糯’荔枝果肉香气成分GC-MS分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS SPME)-气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用仪分析法,对荔枝品种‘井岗红糯’的香气组分进行定性定量分析。结果表示,共检测出62种。主要包括醇类（33.74%）、烯类（38.78%）、醛类（17.29%）、酯类（1.59%）、酮（0.09%）、酸类（0.28%）;烷烃（1.51%）、其他化合物（6.72%）。橙花醇、3-甲基-2-丁烯醛、β-蒎烯、α-衣兰油烯、(R)-(+)-β-香茅醇、3-甲基-2-丁烯醇、3-异丙基-6-亚甲基-1-环己烯、d-柠檬烯、萜品油烯、蘑菇醇、1-甲基-3,7-亚甲基-2,6-辛二烯等是‘井岗红糯’荔枝果肉的关键香气组分。相对含量最高的是橙花醇（18.79%）,橙花醇是香叶醇的异构体,其香气比香叶醇柔和优美,相对偏清,并带有新鲜的清香和柑橘香调。     

有机栽培增加苹果芳香成分获实验室证据

据《园艺学报》2005年第6期报道山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院的科技人员以盛果期红富士苹果为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取法提取红富士苹果果肉中的挥发性物质,再进行气相色谱—质谱分析,鉴定其中的芳香成分。试验基地设在栖霞市古村农业部无公害苹果示范基地,有机苹果示范基地     

导入野猪血统对猪肉中挥发性风味化合物的影响

本论文通过对同等条件下饲养的导入子午岭野猪血统的野家杂种猪猪肉中挥发性风味化合物进行提取分析。结果表明,80℃对样品前处理后,采用顶空固相微萃取技术能检出化合物有100多种,结合目前国内外报道的已经确认香型的化合物在本次测定中的数据分析发现,F1×F1和F1具有相对较高的3-甲基-1-丁醇(刺鼻清香)、2-戊基-呋喃(类火腿香)含量。     

三种酶解底物制备的诱食剂的香气分析及适口性研究

采用顶空固相微萃取分别对三种商业酶制备的诱食剂做香气成分提取,通过气相色谱-质谱技术共检测到40种香气物质。再用同时蒸馏萃取法萃取三种诱食剂的挥发性成分,通过芳香萃取物稀释法与气相色谱-嗅闻仪联用,鉴定出甲硫醇、菠萝醛、2-甲基吡嗪、糠醛对整体风味贡献大。通过电子鼻技术分析比较三种诱食剂的整体香气差异。最后采用两碗法进行适口性测试,并采用偏最小二乘回归分析了风味物质与采食率、第一口偏好之间的相关性。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS分析油梨种子的挥发性成分

本研究采用顶空固相微萃取法提取油梨种子挥发性成分,应用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行了分离与鉴定,以揭示油梨种子挥发性成分组成。经计算机检索与标准谱图对照,确定其化学成分,并采用峰面积归一法计算各成分的相对含量。从油梨种子中初步鉴定了83 种化学成分,占总挥发性化学成分的86.10%,其中相对含量由高到低依次化合物种类有萜类37种(77.75%)、醇类13种(2.17%)、酯类8种(1.77%)、醛类13种(1.63%)、烃类4种(1.21%)、环氧类2种(0.94%)、酮类3种(0.42%)、肟类1种(0.11%)、酸类1种(0.07%)、噻唑类1种(0.04%),其中主要挥发性化合物有反式-α-佛手柑油烯(27.99%)、大牛儿烯D (11.01%)、反-β-法尼烯(6.85%)、β-倍半水芹烯(4.44%)、反-β-罗勒烯(4.13%)、β-石竹烯(2.82%)、β-甜没药烯(2.56%)、α-蒎烯(2.48%)、δ-杜松烯(2.09%)、反-α-香柠檬烯(1.43%),本研究结果为油梨资源的创新利用提供理论依据。     

基于因子分析的澳洲坚果露酒香气品质研究

本研究以广西龙州本地50度米酒为酒基,以澳洲坚果的壳果、果壳及果仁为原辅料,按一定比例进行泡制得到三种澳洲坚果露酒,然后采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)方法结合气相色谱质谱法(GC/MS)对三种露酒的挥发性香气成分进行分析、鉴定,再通过因子分析对三种露酒的挥发性香气成分进行比较与评价,最后通过感官评定进行验证。结果表明：通过因子分析法,可得2个公因子,2个因子累计方差贡献率为100%,能较为全面客观地评价三种澳洲坚果露酒的香气品质。通过公因子得分与综合得分可知,果仁露酒的香气品质最好,其次是果壳露酒、壳果露酒,感官评价结果与香气成分综合评价结果也相吻合。     

顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱法测定木糖发酵液中乙醇

建立了顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱(GC)联用测定木糖发酵液中乙醇的方法。针对目标组分详细研究了萃取头的种类、萃取时间、萃取温度、pH值、离子强度及解吸条件对HS-SPME的影响。GC载气(高纯氮气)流速为4.0mL/min,色谱柱为DB-ALC2毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm,2μm),柱温:40℃;在优化的条件下,以叔丁醇为内标物,内标法-校准曲线法定量,测定乙醇的线性范围为50～300μg/L;检出限(3倍噪声)为4.19μg/L,相对标准偏差小于6%;回收率为91.01%～97.90%。该方法用于木糖发酵液中乙醇的测定,结果令人满意。     

油梨不同组织挥发物成分差异比较

为了探明油梨不同组织挥发物成分及其含量的差异,本实验采用顶空-固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,对萃取最优条件进行分析,并测定油梨顶芽、果皮、果肉、种子、枝条和叶片的挥发物成分和含量。顶空固相微萃取最优参数为：50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS固相微萃取头、萃取温度60℃、萃取时间40 min。各组织中包括19种萜烯类、5种醇类、14种醛类、4种酯类、4种酸类、10种芳香烃类和1种其它化合物,共有57种挥发物成分被检测出。在顶芽、果皮、果肉、种子、枝条和叶片中分别检测到22、15、21、18、18和19种挥发物成分。顶芽挥发物成分主要以萜烯和芳香烃类为主,占总含量的72.23%和12.07%;果皮挥发物成分主要以萜烯和醇类为主,分别占总含量的59.38%和30.23%;果肉挥发物成分主要以萜烯、醇类和醛类,分别占总含量的63.45%、18.55%和14.12%;种子挥发物成分主要以萜烯和醛类为主,分别占总含量的60.57%和27.55%;枝条挥发物成分主要以萜烯和芳香烃类为主,分别占总含量的58.06%和20.84%;叶片挥发物成分主要以萜烯和芳香烃类为主,分别占总含量的64.30%和15.87%。α-荜澄茄油烯、1-石竹烯、Z,Z,Z-1,5,9,9-四甲基-1,4,7-环十三碳三烯和橙花叔醇是油梨不同组织中主要的挥发物成分,但其对不同组织挥发性成分的贡献率亦不同。油梨不同组织挥发物成分及其含量存在较大差异。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术结合内标法测定液体乳游离中链脂肪酸

原料乳和乳制品中主要的游离中链脂肪酸(己酸、辛酸、癸酸)由于具有强烈的风味特征,是影响液体乳质量安全的重要化合物.实验采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱法(headspace solid-phase micro extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC/MS)联用技术结合内标法定量的测定液体乳中游离中链脂肪酸的方法.结果表明:此测定方法准确度高、操作简单、萃取效率高.     

单因素试验结合响应面分析法对黄连木叶片挥发性有机物萃取条件的优化

【目的】研究彩叶植物黄连木叶片挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）萃取的最佳试验条件。【方法】 选取黄连木叶片作为试验材料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合（Box-Benhnken）试验设计原理,设计了四因素三水平 29 个试验点的响应面分析模型,优化了顶空固相微萃取法的萃取温度、震荡时间、加样量和解吸附时间,随即采用 SPME-GC-MS 测定黄连木叶片挥发性有机物种类、相对含量及总峰面积。【结果】黄连木叶片挥发性有机物萃取的最佳试验条件为：萃取温度 35 ℃、震荡时间 30 min、加样量 0. 50 g、解吸附时间 5 min,在最佳条件下结合 GC-MS 分析测得黄连木叶片中共有 63 种成分,其中萜烯类、醛类、烷烃类、酮类、醇类、酯类、炔类化合物的相对含量分别是 89. 87%、9. 24%、 0. 54%、0. 18%、0. 14%、0. 02% 和 0. 01%。【结论】单因素试验结合响应面法优化的顶空固相微萃取条件适合快速测定黄连木叶片的挥发物,萜烯类化合物为主要挥发物。     

Composting characteristics of three bedding materials

Horse manure management is becoming a major concern in suburban areas of the United States. An average horse can produce eight to ten tons of manure per year, accumulating at a rate of two cubic feet per day, including bedding. If properly composted, the manure and bedding can be transformed into a very useful, odorless, pathogenfree product. The objective of this trial was to compare the characteristics of recycled chopped phone book paper, sawdust and wheat straw bedding during composting. Six horses were stalled on three bedding types: recycled phone book paper, sawdust and straw. Each day manure and soiled bedding types were separately collected and transported to compost sites over an eight-day period. Three compositing bins were each hand constructed from wooden pallets with 10 cm slats. The front of the bin was left open for manipulation of materials during the composting process. Initial volumes of the soiled bedding materials were 1m³, 1m³, and 1.5m³ for paper, sawdust and straw, respectively. Temperatures were taken for each bedding materials using a 51 cm REOTEMP compost thermometer. Temperatures were taken on Day 0 and every four days over the 65-day trial (n=52). Temperature was used to determine the need for moisture addition and aerating by turning to keep the piles microbially active. On Day 37 the C:N ratio was adjusted by the addition of ammonium sulfate, 0.1 kg, 0.1 kg and 0.14 kg for sawdust, phone book paper and straw piles, respectively. Mean standard error and range for compost temperatures (C) were: phone book paper, 33.17±10.33 (13–52); sawdust, 45.6±9.35 (27–58); straw, 30.42±6.57 (16–39). The sawdust composted more readily as compared to the phone book paper or straw. The paper and straw had poorer structure, which caused compaction of the material when moistened; thus, porosity, oxygen supply and microbial activity were reduced.     

Comparison of three closure methods and two absorbable suture materials for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions in healthy dogs

The macroscopic and histological appearance of jejunal antimesenteric incisions approximated with two different absorbable suture materials (monofilament versus multifilament) and three closure techniques (appositional single layer, crushing single layer, and double layer) were compared in healthy dogs at 14 or 28 days, postoperatively. No significant differences between the two suture materials were observed for most of the macroscopic or histological variables. However, the monofilament suture material caused significantly more fibrous tissue reaction in the muscular layer of the jejunum than did the multifilament suture material. Of the three enterotomy closure techniques used in this study, the appositional single-layer method proved to be the best. The double-layer closure method caused a significant decrease in the incisional circumference, the relative circumference, and volume of the jejunum, and a significant increase in jejunal wall thickness. Our findings suggest that canine jejunal enterotomy incisions can be closed using an appositional suture pattern with relatively rapidly absorbable monofilament suture material. The use of double-layer suture patterns for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions should be avoided because the size of the intestinal lumen may be reduced.     

Surgery: Comparison of three closure methods and two absorbable suture materials for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions in healthy dogs

Summary

The macroscopic and histological appearance of jejunal antimesenteric incisions approximated with two different absorbable suture materials (monofilament versus multifilament) and three closure techniques (appositional single layer, crushing single layer, and double layer) were compared in healthy dogs at 14 or 28 days, postoperatively. No significant differences between the two suture materials were observed for most of the macroscopic or histological variables. However, the monofilament suture material caused significantly more fibrous tissue reaction in the muscular layer of the jejunum than did the multifilament suture material. Of the three enterotomy closure techniques used in this study, the appositional single‐layer method proved to be the best. The double‐layer closure method caused a significant decrease in the incisional circumference, the relative circumference, and volume of the jejunum, and a significant increase in jejunal wall thickness. Our findings suggest that canine jejunal enterotomy incisions can be closed using an appositional suture pattern with relatively rapidly absorbable monofilament suture material. The use of double‐layer suture patterns for closure of jejunal enterotomy incisions should be avoided because the size of the intestinal lumen may be reduced.     

Comparison of three preoperative skin preparation techniques in ponies

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 3 preoperative skin preparations (povidone‐iodine [PI] removed with 70% isopropanol, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate [CG] removed with either 70% isopropanol [CA] or sterile saline solution [CS]) in ponies. Eighteen ponies were randomly assigned to one of the 3 preoperative skin preparation groups. The skin of ponies was aseptically prepared with PI removed with alcohol, or 4% CG removed with either alcohol or sterile saline solution. The antimicrobial efficacy of each skin preparation technique was assessed quantitatively by culturing for surface bacteria with replicating organism detection and counting plates. The percentage of negative cultures, the percentage of cultures with >5 colony forming units (CFU) and the percentage bacterial reduction after the cleansing scrub, the sterile scrub, and the surgical procedures were compared. There was a significant difference between CG and PI in percentage bacterial reduction after the cleansing scrub, but no significant difference at any other time (sterile scrub, post operative skin sampling). In a comparison of the number of negative microbial cultures at each sampling point, there were no significant differences among the 3 skin preparation techniques. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups comparing the number of cultures with a high colony count (>5 CFU) after the cleansing scrub. Skin preparation with CS and PI resulted in significantly fewer cultures with >5 CFU after the sterile scrub than CA. Post operatively, CA had a higher number of samples with >5 CFU than CS and PI. PI removed with alcohol and 4% CS are equally effective in the reduction of skin bacteria after a sterile skin scrub in the operating room; however, CG was more effective in reducing bacterial numbers after the cleansing scrub. The number of cultures with high bacterial counts was greater post operatively, when alcohol was used as a rinse with chlorhexidine. In cases where a sterile scrub is not performed following a cleansing scrub, CG may be a better choice than PI. CA should not be used as a presurgical skin preparation method in ponies.     

薄荷油对雌性小鼠的抗生育作用

为探讨薄荷油对雌性小鼠的抗生育作用,将80只健康的雌性性成熟昆明小鼠随机分成3个试验组和1个对照组,各试验组小鼠分别灌胃含薄荷油0.135,0.270,0.540g/（kg·d）的0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠（sodium carboxymethylcellulose,CMC）混悬液,对照组灌胃0.5%CMC溶液,1周后按雌雄比2∶1合笼,继续对雌鼠灌胃总计19d,剖检灌胃雌鼠,统计雌鼠的怀孕率,采集血清进行血液生化指标检测,并采集脾脏和肾脏,计算其脏器系数。采集卵巢、子宫进行固定,并进行病理学观察。同时进行抗着床、抗早孕、抗中期和抗晚期妊娠试验。结果表明,薄荷油具有明显的抗生育作用,并对妊娠各阶段有显著影响。对脾脏和肾脏无明显副作用,其脏器系数均无统计学意义。病理学观察结果显示,卵泡间质组织毛细血管充血,卵泡细胞发生灶性坏死,可见炎性细胞浸润。子宫肌层、固有层和黏膜层发生不同程度的充血、出血、水肿和炎症,严重者,可见固有层细胞发生坏死。这表明薄荷油对雌性小鼠的抗生育作用主要是通过破坏子宫和卵巢等生殖器官而实现的,其作用机制需进一步研究。     

Comparison of three intraoperative patient warming systems

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of three patient warming devices (i.e., circulating water blanket, forced-air, and warming panels) used either alone or in combination on patients undergoing surgeries lasting >60 min. In total, 238 dogs were included and divided into either the celiotomy or nonceliotomy group. Dogs in each group were further divided into one of three subgroups. Dogs in subgroup 1 (n=39) were placed on a circulating water blanket with a forced-air warming blanket placed over the trunk. Subgroup 2 dogs (n=40) were placed on a forced-air warming blanket only. Subgroup 3 dogs (n=40) were placed on warming panels. Significant temperature drops occurred from time of induction (38.1°C±0.64°C) to the start of surgical procedures (36.7°C±0.95°C). Although body temperature was maintained once the warming units were started in all groups, there were significant differences in temperatures for the type of surgical procedures (i.e., celiotomies versus nonceliotomies) performed over time except for subgroup 3. The warming panels and forced-air devices were equally effective in preserving body temperature in anesthetized patients.     

三种PCR方法诊断猪伪狂犬病的比较研究

针对伪狂犬病毒gD基因的不同片段设计三对引物，分别进行PCR扩增用于猪伪狂犬病的诊断，扩增的三个片段的长度分别为262bp、217pb以及1203bp的全基因。通过比较发现，这三种PCB诊断方法均具有很高的特异性和敏感性，值扩增gD基因内部262bp的PCR诊断方法种具有突出优点，其退火与延伸合成一步，其操作可于1h内完成，敏感性更高，更适于猪伪狂犬病的快速诊断。     

薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育作用研究

探讨薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育作用,为高原鼠兔种群数量的控制提供依据。用不同薄荷油含量的颗粒剂对高原鼠兔进行摄食系数研究,筛选出适口性良好的剂量进一步研究其对高原鼠兔怀孕率及生殖器官临床剖检和病理学的影响。结果表明:薄荷油含量为0.54、0.27和0.135 m L/kg的颗粒剂摄食系数分别为1.03、0.97和0.84。0.54 m L/kg的薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育率达66%,经剖检,可见雄性高原鼠兔睾丸和输精管充血,雌性高原鼠兔出现子宫充血、胎儿吸收等现象;进一步组织病理学观察显示雄性高原鼠兔的睾丸和附睾内间质和精子均不同程度的减少,雌性高原鼠兔的卵巢和子宫可见细胞核碎裂等现象。结果提示,薄荷油颗粒剂对雌雄高原鼠兔均有良好的抗生育作用,主要作用器官为生殖器官,说明薄荷油颗粒剂具有应用于草原鼠害的防治潜力。     

Nitrogenous constituents in plasma of foals weaned at three, four or six months of age

A study was conducted to measure the nitrogenous constituents in the blood of foals weaned at 3, 4 or 6 months of age (four foals per weaning age).Jugular blood was sampled from one week prior to weaning until one month post-weaning, and was analyzed for total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea Nitrogen and free amino acid content. Results indicated that the concentrations of most of the constituents in the blood of foals were not altered by the age of weaning, however, free amino acids decreased as age at weaning increased and creatinine was significantly higher in foals weaned at 6 months of age. Plasma creatinine, lysine and methionine levels generally decreased between pre-weaning and one month post-weaning. These data establish baseline values for blood nitrogenous constituents in foals at weaning.     

Comparison of three methods for cardiac output determination in cats

Cardiac output (CO) was measured in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized cats over a wide range of blood flow rates. In 10 cats, CO was measured simultaneously, using Fick determination and thermodilution techniques. Echocardiography was used to estimate contractility of the heart by measuring percentage change in minor diameter and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These indices were compared with CO by the other techniques. Echocardiographic equations used for CO determination in man were evaluated for reliability in the cat. Thermodilution and Fick determination correlated best with low CO (r = 0.89) and less with intermediate (r = 0.69) and high (r = 0.75) CO. Percentage change in minor diameter and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening correlated with thermodilution measurements of the cardiac index (r = 0.71 and r = 0.84, respectively). The value of echocardiography for CO estimation was questionable, using existing equations. Fick determination of CO was more inconsistent and was more prone to technical error than was thermodilution.