~(60)Co-γ射线诱导的小麦基因组DNA的甲基化变异

诱发突变技术在小麦品种改良中具有重要作用,辐射诱变能通过改变DNA甲基化的方式而影响基因组稳定性。本研究分别采用100和150Gy60Co-γ射线处理小麦品种京411(J411)干种子,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术检测处理后幼根和幼叶基因组甲基化相对水平的变化及甲基化模式的变异规律。结果表明,γ射线处理对幼苗的苗高和根长都有显著抑制作用。与未处理对照比较,处理后小麦幼苗叶片和根部DNA胞嘧啶甲基化相对水平均发生变化,叶片的甲基化相对水平下降,而根中升高。2种处理剂量下,叶片和根的甲基化模式变异均表现为CG位点变化率高于CNG位点变化率。不同位点的甲基化模式变异在诱变后也存在一定的差异。叶片中不同剂量下CG位点和CNG位点的去甲基化率都高于相应位点的甲基化率;根部CNG位点在所有剂量下的去甲基化率都低于相应位点的甲基化率,而CG位点在100Gy剂量下去甲基化率高于相应位点的甲基化率,而在150Gy剂量下的去甲基化率则低于相应位点的甲基化率,反映出同一组织同一位点在不同诱变剂量处理下甲基化模式变异存在一定的差异。     

镉胁迫下二倍体和同源四倍体油菜DNA甲基化差异分析

二倍体与四倍体在逆境抗性上的差别可以从表观遗传学的角度予以解释。本研究以“矮脚黄”纯合二倍体和同源四倍体油菜为材料,采用DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性分析（Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism,MSAP）方法和HDA-GT12TM全自动凝胶毛细管核酸电泳检测技术,在全基因组水平上研究了CdCl2胁迫下油菜二倍体和四倍体DNA序列中CCGG位点的甲基化水平及模式变化特征差异。采用56对引物在4个处理样品中共检测出9 687个基因位点。结果显示,二倍体和四倍体在镉胁迫下,其总甲基化水平、全甲基化水平和半甲基化水平较各自的对照均有一定程度的上升。由此可见,镉胁迫导致四倍体和二倍体甲基化水平的提高,但四倍体基因组在镉胁迫下拥有更高的DNA甲基化水平。DNA甲基化模式分析表明,镉胁迫导致二倍体和四倍体的过甲基化位点数均高于去甲基化位点数,二者在镉胁迫下去甲基化位点数差异不大,但四倍体发生过甲基化的位点数要明显多于二倍体。     

甘蓝S位点受体激酶基因（SRK）编码区的甲基化分析

克隆了位于自交不亲和型甘蓝(Brassica oleracea)S位点受体激酶基因(SRK)上第一编码区中包含两个CCGG位点的目的片段,通过甲基化敏感限制性内切酶-PCR法,利用对甲基化敏感性不同的Msp Ⅰ和HpaⅡ分别对柱头乳突和花药基因组DNA及其PCR产物进行交叉组合式的酶切与电泳,首次对SRK基因编码区的特定DNA区段进行了甲基化分析.使用相同的SRK基因特异性引物时,柱头乳突和花药基因组DNA作为模板均可以扩增出清晰目标谱带,且目标谱带经Msp Ⅰ/Hpa Ⅱ完全酶切后可产生预期的谱带类型;而经Msp Ⅰ/Hpa Ⅱ完全酶切后的此二基因组DNA再作为模板进行PCR,均无特异性的目标谱带扩出.这些结果初步表明,自交不亲和型甘蓝花粉的SRK基因可能不存在甲基化封闭.     

不同单株叶籽银杏DNA甲基化水平与模式的MSAP分析

以叶籽银杏和普通银杏叶片为试材,利用EcoRⅠ和HpaⅡ/MspⅠ双酶切建立适合于叶籽银杏全基因组的甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)分析体系,在全基因组水平对11株叶籽银杏和1株正常银杏的胞嘧啶甲基化水平和模式进行评估。结果表明,从36对MSAP选扩引物中,选出14对MSAP引物组合,共扩增产生2766条清晰可辨且可重复的DNA条带,产生3种类型的甲基化条带。在全部扩增位点中,检测到叶籽银杏基因组CCGG序列的甲基化比率为26.42%～65.79%,正常银杏总甲基化率达30.79%,不同单株的叶籽银杏平均总甲基化率达38.61%,叶籽银杏甲基化事件的发生频率为11.27%～27.34%。方差分析显示不同单株间DNA甲基化水平差异极显著。主成分分析绘制的主分量散点图与聚类分析结果一致,不同单株的叶籽银杏可分为3大类。     

重离子辐射诱导水稻DNA甲基化变化的分析

为了研究不同剂量重离子辐射对植物产生的表观遗传学效应规律,采用2种不同的高传能线密度和不同剂量(0、0.2、2Gy)的12C6+放射流辐照干燥的水稻种子,分别选取辐射水稻三叶期及分蘖期的叶片,通过甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术(MSAP)进行CCGG位点的甲基化状态分析。结果表明,重离子辐射,尤其是高剂量的辐射明显造成水稻DNA甲基化的多态性水平的变化,其中DNA去甲基化的多态性水平明显高于DNA甲基化的多态性水平,且DNA甲基化位点更倾向于CNG。此外,利用全基因组甲基化测序进一步验证了重离子辐射对水稻DNA甲基化的影响。本研究结果为探讨空间辐射引起水稻表观遗传变化的分子机制提供了重要的理论依据。     

不同甘蔗品种DNA甲基化分析

DNA甲基化是表观遗传修饰的主要方式之一,在基因表达调控中发挥着重要的作用。本研究应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术,在全基因组水平上研究不同品种甘蔗伸长期和成熟期CCGG位点的DNA甲基化水平及模式变化特征。结果表明,在伸长期,8个甘蔗品种检测到的DNA甲基化率为15.47%~29.03%;引物平均甲基化率为28.86%。在成熟期5个甘蔗品种中检测到的DNA甲基化为6.98%~14.94%。表明DNA甲基化在甘蔗中发生频繁,且品种之间的甲基化模式存在差异,甘蔗CCGG序列中胞嘧啶甲基化内侧胞嘧啶全甲基化多于外部胞嘧啶半甲基化。     

乙烯利处理对棉花子叶DNA表观遗传变化的甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)分析

棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)叶片早衰影响棉花产量和棉纤维质量,而乙烯利是一种重要的植物生长调节剂,对促进植物组织衰老有重要作用。DNA甲基化是表观遗传调控的重要组成部分,在高等植物的基因表达调控中发挥了重要作用。本研究应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP)技术,探讨在不同乙烯利水平处理下,棉花子叶DNA甲基化水平和甲基化变化模式。结果显示,经300、500和700 mg/L乙烯利处理后,棉花子叶DNA甲基化比值分别为32.99%、35.45%和37.49%,都低于对照组(37.92%);和对照组相比,经不同浓度乙烯利处理后,棉花子叶DNA发生甲基化变化位点的比率分别是2.71%、3.63%和4.88%,而去甲基化位点的比率分别为10.66%、9.84%和9.23%,并且随着乙烯利浓度的增加,棉花子叶DNA甲基化位点与去甲基化位点之比逐渐提高;本研究鉴定了17个MSAP差异基因片段,这些片段与NCBI中已知的功能基因存在同源性,包括果胶甲酯酶基因、细胞色素P450、乙醇脱氢酶基因、肌动蛋白解聚因子、翻译延伸因子等和乙烯利诱导棉花子叶衰老相关基因。研究结果提示,在乙烯诱导棉花子叶衰老的进程中,DNA甲基化参与了棉花子叶衰老的调控,为从基因组水平上揭示乙烯诱导棉花衰老的调控机制提供理论依据。     

大梅组合中亲子代甲基化差异及其与生产性状的关系

为了探讨DNA甲基化对杂种优势的影响,采用了甲基化敏感随机扩增PCR技术(methylation-sensitiveAP-PCR,MS-AP-PCR),利用40条随机引物对大梅组合亲子代基因组DNA进行了扩增.结果在RsaⅠ+HpaⅡ酶切扩增片段中,有19个位点在亲子代出现差异;在RsaⅠ+HpaⅡ酶切扩增片段中,有14个位点在亲子代出现差异.亲子代间甲基化状况可归纳为4种类型(1)亲子代甲基化水平相同;(2)单亲与F1代甲基化水平相同;(3)同亲代相比,F1代发生甲基化;(4)同亲代相比,F1代去甲基化.5个甲基化变化位点对7个生产性状产生显著的影响(P＜0.05).通过对生产性状产生显著影响的片段序列分析发现,这些序列在GenBank中有同源序列(同源性高于87%);3个片段G+C%大于50;所有片段CpG岛观测值/期望值都大于0.6;而且,有一个片段含有G/C盒.表明基因启动子区域CpG岛甲基化在亲子代出现差异;不同甲基化位点对杂种生产性状的作用方向不同,说明杂种优势的表现既与有些基因的表达有关,也与有些基因的表达抑制有关.     

南阳牛ATP5B基因启动子区域多态性与生长性状的关联性研究

ATP合成酶亚基β(ATP synthase subunit beta,ATP5B)作为ATP合成的重要关键蛋白之一,参与多种生物代谢活动。南阳牛(Bos taurus)是中国本土五大黄牛良种之一,以良好的抗逆性闻名于世,是重要的黄牛种质资源。本研究以南阳牛为研究对象,探究ATP5B基因启动子区域的多态性与南阳牛生长性状相关关系。利用生物信息学技术分析了不同物种ATP5B蛋白功能保守性,检测了南阳牛不同组织ATP5B基因m RNA表达量,并利用DNA测序方法检测南阳牛ATP5B基因启动子区域的多态性,分析了单个多态位点不同基因型与南阳牛生长性状的关联性,随后对具有多态性位点的不同基因型启动子活性做了双荧光素酶活性检测。结果发现牛的ATP5B和猪(Sus scrofa)等物种存在14个相似的motif结构和5个保守性功能域;南阳牛ATP5B基因在内脏组织和肌肉、脂肪组织中广泛表达,其中,在肌肉组织中表达量最高且显著高于其他组织(P0.05),脂肪中次之;在南阳牛ATP5B基因启动子区域检测到了3个SNP位点,分别为g.-428TA,g.-390TC和g.-322CG。将南阳牛生长性状与SNPs进行关联性分析,结果表明g.-428TA位点上TT基因型个体的体重、体高和胸围显著高于AA基因型个体(P0.01或P0.05);g.-390TC位点上TT基因型个体的体高和胸围与CC基因型个体存在极显著性差异(P0.01);g.-322CG位点CC基因型个体的体重和体长显著高于GG基因型个体(P0.01或P0.05)。双荧光素酶活性报告显示,各SNP位点的不同基因型启动子活性略有差别,但未达到显著水平(P0.05)。因此,南阳牛ATP5B基因启动子区域的这3个SNP可考虑作为南阳牛生长性状相关分子标记的候选基因位点,用于南阳牛的分子育种工作,为相关分子育种工作提供参考。     

重金属镉胁迫下入侵植物黄顶菊表观遗传变异特征

为探究入侵植物黄顶菊在重金属镉(Cd)胁迫下耐受性获得的表观遗传机制,本研究通过网室盆栽试验模拟不同浓度Cd污染生境,采用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术对不同Cd浓度胁迫[0(CK)、2(Cd-1)、4(Cd-2)和8(Cd-3) mg·kg^-1]处理植物叶片基因组DNA甲基化变异特征进行分析。结果表明,15对引物共扩增出726条甲基化条带,且引物多态性百分比为84.75%;随着Cd胁迫浓度的升高,黄顶菊叶片全甲基化和整体甲基化发生比例呈逐渐增加的趋势,Cd-1、Cd-2和Cd-3的全甲基化发生比例分别为CK的1.51、1.95和2.11倍,整体甲基化发生比例分别较CK升高了39.28、53.30和63.97个百分点;不同处理下叶片甲基化状态变化分析结果表明,Cd胁迫下黄顶菊基因组DNA重新甲基化和去甲基化2种甲基化模式均有发生,但以重新甲基化类型为主要变化模式;Cd胁迫下植物表型可塑性与表观遗传相关性分析结果表明,DNA全甲基化和整体甲基化水平与黄顶菊生长指标及地上部耐受性指数的表型可塑性呈显著负相关,与抗氧化酶活性、各组织Cd含量及富集与转移系数呈显著正相关。本研究结果从表观遗传学方向为入侵植物黄顶菊的防控提供了新思路。     

Mitochondrial DNA RFLP in genus Oryza and cultivated rice

Summary Ninety-three accessions representing 23 species from the genus Oryza were surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial (mt) DNA by probing total DNA with 15 known mt sequences cloned in plasmids from higher plants, and five mt genomic cosmid clones from maize. Very low levels of intra-specific and even intra-cytologically-defined nuclear genome mt DNA RFLP were found. High between-genome differentiation appeared, suggesting phylogenetic relationships consistent with data from previous nuclear and chloroplast (cp) DNA studies. Parallel inheritance of cp and mt DNA was found. There was one major exception: the mt DNA of the allotetraploid CD genome is apparently equally related to two putative diploid progenitors, which is suggestive of an interspecific recombination.RRLP in mt DNA was also probed in 82 cultivars, with four plasmid probes. Some bands not seen in the wild species appeared in O. sativa, with intra-specific polymorphism relatively higher than in the wild species. The pattern of variation paralleled that at the cp DNA level between the indica and japonica subspecies.     

Multielement concentrations in liver and kidney tissues from five species of Canadian slaughter animals

The present paper describes results of a national survey conducted between 1982 and 1989 to determine residues of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead, selenium, and zinc in Canadian slaughter animals. Liver and kidney tissues from cattle, swine, poultry, horses, calves, and sheep were tested. Arsenic was found in most avian and porcine samples, and their respective means of 0.36 and 0.26 micrograms/g in liver were 7 to 12 times higher than mean concentrations found in the other species. Cadmium was found in the tissues of all species; however, levels were consistently highest in equine samples with mean values of 3.09 and 27.7 micrograms/g in liver and kidney, respectively. Copper levels greater than 150 micrograms/g were found predominantly in liver from calves and sheep, with values considerably lower in the remaining species. Mercury levels were low or not detected in all species except horses. Ninety % of equine kidneys and 54% of equine livers had mercury concentrations greater than 0.01 microgram/g, with mean values of 0.18 and 0.06 microgram/g, respectively. Lead was found in tissues of all species; however, values greater than 2 micrograms/g were found only in 2 kidneys from adult cattle and 1 kidney from a horse. Selenium, tested only in cattle, was found at mean concentrations of 0.28 microgram/g in liver, and 0.92 microgram/g in kidney. Relatively high zinc levels were found in livers of horses, pigs, and calves, with respective mean concentrations of 67.3, 65.6, and 70.2 micrograms/g.     

5-azaC对萝卜茎尖DNA甲基化和开花的影响

本文研究了去甲基化因子5氮杂胞苷(5azaC)对萝卜开花及幼苗茎尖DNA甲基化水平的影响。用0(对照)、0.10、0.25、0.50和1.00mmolL5azaC处理‘短叶13’萝卜种子6d,除对照外,茎尖组织DNA甲基化水平均有所降低,并与春化后茎尖组织DNA甲基化水平相当;茎尖组织DNA甲基化水平随着处理浓度的提高而下降。同时,5azaC处理明显促进春性品种萝卜‘短叶13’的开花。结果表明5azaC可以部分代替低温诱导萝卜开花。     

盐胁迫诱导玉米苗期DNA甲基化变异的研究

为研究不同浓度盐处理下玉米叶片DNA甲基化情况,以耐盐玉米自交系黑玉米为材料,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术,分析不同盐浓度胁迫7 d后,玉米苗期叶片胞嘧啶甲基化水平和模式的变化。结果表明,经0(CK)、50、100、150、200、250 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl处理后,基因组DNA甲基化比率分别为52.79%、57.47%、51.98%、47.39%、49.16%、47.06%,其中只有50 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl处理高于CK,其他处理呈降低趋势,去甲基化变化幅度相对较大(1.8%~12.2%);回收差异片段后测序并对序列进行同源比对,结果发现16个甲基化位点涉及植物生长发育的多个基因。本研究结果为玉米耐盐机理的深入研究提供了一定的依据。     

高山马铃薯脱毒苗DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

为了解脱毒对高山马铃薯试管苗DNA甲基化水平的影响,探究DNA 甲基化在高山马铃薯脱毒后的作用,结合毛细管电泳检测技术对怀玉山高山马铃薯脱毒苗的基因组DNA甲基化进行MSAP分析。结果表明,怀玉山高山马铃薯常温继代带毒苗甲基化水平较高,经过玻璃化法超低温保存处理但未能脱毒时其甲基化水平有所下降,但甲基化仍处于较高水平,而常规茎尖培养脱毒和玻璃化法超低温疗法脱毒可明显降低试管苗的甲基化水平,且玻璃化法超低温疗法脱毒苗的甲基化水平更低。在怀玉山高山马铃薯超低温保存(未能脱毒)、茎尖常规培养脱毒和超低温疗法脱毒3个处理方式中,去甲基化模式和甲基化模式并存,但均以去甲基化模式为主要趋势,且在去甲基化模式的强弱依次为超低温疗法脱毒>茎尖常规培养脱毒>超低温保存(未脱毒)。本研究结果为怀玉山高山马铃薯脱毒苗的种质保存和规模化生产提供了一定的理论依据。     

Impact of organic fertilisation on lettuce biomass production according to the cultivation duration in tropical soils

ABSTRACT

The productivity levels of two arenosol (Ar40) and fluvisol (FL40) fields that had been cultivated for over 40 years were compared to that of fields with the same soils located nearby but never previously cultivated, i.e. Ar0 and FL0, respectively. Application of poultry manure (PM) and sewage sludge (SS) were compared to a mineral fertilizer (T100), corresponding to 100 kg/ha of nitrogen, over three lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) crop cycles. PM and SS were applied at 50 and 150 kg/ha nitrogen equivalent fertilizer doses. Biomass production levels in the organic and mineral treatments were similar, except for the SS-50 for FL0 and the PM-150 for Ar40, FL40 and FL0. Biomass production levels of Ar40 were higher than those of Ar0 for the first cycle. In the initial state, the soil P content in Ar40 was higher than that of the Ar0 soil. With the treatment repetition, Ar0 showed the same production level as Ar40. For the fluvisols, biomass production levels of FL40 were lower than those of FL0 for the first cycle. Indeed, the initial nitrate content in FL40 was lower than in FL0. The biomass production levels of FL40 were higher than those of FL0 for the following cycles.     

河南省畜禽养殖粪便年排放量估算

基于河南省2008年畜牧业统计年报数据和各种估算参数,估算了河南省2008年主要畜禽粪便排放总量及其有机质、氮、磷、钾含量。结果表明,河南省2008年主要畜禽粪便排放总量为18329.5万t,尿排放总量为9790.8万t,折算成氮169.84万t、磷96.33万t、钾142.93万t。不同畜禽中,生猪的畜禽粪便排放量最高,占河南省排放总量的39.5%;其次为肉牛,占排放总量的27.0%。尿的排放总量构成中,生猪的排放量最高,占总量的83.4%;其次为肉牛,占11.6%。不同地市中以驻马店的畜禽粪便排放总量最高,其次是南阳、周口、商丘和开封,5市的总和接近河南省粪便排放总量的一半。河南省畜禽粪便农用地的平均负荷高达40.79t·hm-2,远远超过了全国平均负荷4.19t·hm-2,说明河南省农村生态环境面临着畜禽养殖污染的巨大生态压力。     

Nutrient Sources and Harvest Frequencies Impact Water Stable Soil Macro-Aggregates

We evaluated the effects of nutrient sources [cattle manure, poultry litter, urea, chemical fertilizers [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)], inter-seeded crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and a control], and harvest frequency (single and twice) on water stable soil macro-aggregates through wet sieving. The experiment was performed in a split-plot design with four replications. In most cases, single harvest resulted in more water stable soil aggregates than twice harvest. This could be due to less soil disturbance and uninterrupted root exudate supplies for soil microbes. Application of cattle manure and poultry litter significantly increased the percent of water stable soil macro-aggregates to the extent of 47% compared with chemical (NPK) fertilizer application. These results demonstrated that vigilant recycling of these animal wastes could improve soil aggregate formation. However, long-term monitoring of this practice is needed to evaluate system sustainability and profitability.     

Alterations in yield,physicochemical components and mineral composition of onion following organic manure and inorganic nitrogen application

Onion is the one of the most important vegetable crops grown extensively throughout the world; hence, understanding the response of the crop to the form and amount of N provided is of immense importance. In a field experiment, poultry and cattle manure (at 10?t/ha) were compared with four inorganic nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 60, 90 and 120?kg?N/ha), and six combinations of manure and N applications were investigated. Plant growth and total yield (kg/ha) significantly increased, when N application increased from 0 to 120?kg/ha, with or without added poultry manure. Plant height, leaf number and neck thickness were significantly reduced at 0?kg/ha?N plus cattle manure. The bulb ascorbic acid concentration significantly increased with the use of poultry manure (15.94?mg/100?g) and cattle manure (15.94?mg/100?g), compared with 120?kg/ha inorganic N (11.42?mg/100?g). No significant effects were observed on total phenolics and total soluble solids of onion bulbs following the different fertiliser treatments. Cattle manure increased P and K concentrations, whilst poultry manure significantly increased Zn and Fe concentrations in onion bulbs. Onion bulb Ca and Mg concentrations were lower when cattle manure (0.19% and 0.12%) was used than when other organic or inorganic fertilisers were used. Therefore, organic manure increases the concentrations of certain minerals in onions, compared with inorganic N application, without negatively affecting bulb size.