冰袋预冷对红掌切花采后保鲜和生理变化的影响

在筛选优化冰袋数量及其预冷时间的基础上,以冰袋为冷源,研究了预冷处理和包装箱内冰袋冷藏对红掌鲜切花采后保鲜和生理变化的影响。结果显示,红掌鲜切花经冷库预冷6 h,放入以4个冰袋作冷源的包装箱内冷藏48 h后保鲜效果优于其他处理组,其鲜切花的瓶插寿命为12.1 d,比对照(CK)延长了1.3 d。同时,测定了处理后红掌切花的水分平衡值、可溶性总糖和丙二醛(MDA)含量,分析了在瓶插过程中生理指标的变化,研究结果将为红掌鲜切花采后保鲜和贮运提供理论依据。     

真空预冷结合微孔膜包装对鲜枸杞贮藏品质的影响

为了延长鲜枸杞贮藏保鲜期,该研究通过真空预冷结合微孔膜包装对鲜枸杞的贮藏品质进行研究,设置不同预冷终温(2、4、6℃)和终压(800～1 000、1 000～1 200、1 200～1 500Pa)对鲜枸杞进行真空预冷处理,通过比较真空预过程中鲜枸杞失重率、蜡质层和呼吸强度指标来确定较优工艺参数;之后将真空预冷较优工艺参数下的鲜枸杞用微孔膜包装后在(-1±0.5℃)的冷库中进行贮藏,以微孔膜包装处理和未经任何处理的鲜枸杞作为对照组,比较贮藏过程中硬度、可溶性固形物(Total Soluble Solids,TSS)、色差、呼吸强度、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性指标来综合分析不同处理对鲜枸杞贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:终温6℃和终压800～1 000Pa对鲜枸杞失重率影响较小;终温6℃和终压1 200～1 500Pa对鲜枸杞内表皮结构损伤较小;终温2℃和终压800～1 000Pa鲜枸杞呼吸强度最低,综合考虑3个指标,终温6℃,终压1 200～1 500 Pa为鲜枸杞真空预冷较优工艺参数;在贮藏期间,真空预冷结合微孔膜包装与其他两组相比较,可有效延缓鲜枸杞硬度和TSS下降,降低呼吸强度,抑制色差变化和CAT活性的下降(P0.05)。该研究为鲜枸杞贮藏保鲜提供新方法。     

自发气调包装对核桃青果的保鲜效应

该文通过研究自发气调(MA)包装对核桃青果的冷藏效果,为生产上探寻简易、高效的新型核桃保鲜技术提供依据。以辽宁4号核桃青皮果实为材料,裸果为对照,进行了改良聚氯乙烯袋(mPVC)、改良聚乙烯袋(thn-PE、thk-PE)以及1-MCP处理后mPVC包装对青皮核桃0～1℃下的贮藏试验,测定了贮藏过程中袋内气体浓度、果实采后生理和保鲜效果。结果表明,几种包装中thk-PE袋自发气调能力最强,可使袋内O2和CO2体积分数分别达到10.1%～13.0%,4.3%～6.5%。贮期核桃青果呼吸强度和乙烯生成量同步出现双峰变化趋势,各MA包装不同程度地延缓了高峰的到来,极显著(P<0.01)降低了呼吸峰值和乙烯生成量,MA功能越强,作用越明显。各处理和对照果实的可溶性固形物含量均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,处理的下降期比对照较早出现。各包装极显著(P<0.01)降低了果实失重率,thk-PE的作用显著(P<0.05)大于其他处理。MA包装也不同程度降低了果实腐烂指数,冷藏66d和95d时thk-PE果实腐烂指数分别为30.0%,68.6%,均极显著(P<0.01)小于其他处理。因此,thk-PE袋被选为适合于核桃青果贮藏的自发气调方式,可使果实冷藏95d左右坚果保鲜率达到100%,核仁仍新鲜如初。     

菜心真空预冷效果的试验研究

为进一步探讨叶菜真空预冷效果，采用实际生产使用的真空预冷设备对菜心进行小批量的真空预冷试验，考察了预冷过程中菜心的质量损失、温度随时间的变化情况及相互关系，以及真空预冷对菜心品质的影响。结果表明：小批量（120 kg/次）菜心真空预冷过程只需15 min，平均质量损失率为2.3%；冷却阶段的质量损失随预冷时间延长、物料温度降低而增大；菜心茎、叶冷却速度有明显差异，冷却均匀性稍差；经真空预冷处理后贮藏的菜心呼吸强度明显减弱，外观品质下降缓慢，贮藏寿命延长，维生素C含量有所减少。菜心对真空预冷有良好的适应性。     

提高切花真空预冷效果的技术措施

由小型试验到大型中试，探讨了真空预冷中各种花材的降温特点及提高预冷效果的技术措施。结果表明，在给定的相同真空预冷处理条件下，北京和昆明生产的同一种花材降温速度差异较小；但是相同地域栽培的不同花材降温速度差异较大。喷水和吸水处理有效地提高了预冷速度，其中，吸水处理使４种花材在相近短时间内达到了很好的预冷效果。研究结果不仅为提高切花真空预冷效果提供了一项技术措施，也为制订真空预冷处理花材规范化程序提供了依据     

贮藏温度和气调包装对鸡蛋保鲜效果的影响

为了延长鸡蛋保鲜期,研究在室温(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下不同配比CO2、O2、N2三元混合气体包装对鸡蛋保鲜效果影响,结果表明:鸡蛋采用气体组分为50％CO2、7％～11％O2、39％～43％N2的气调包装贮藏保鲜,室温下贮藏30d仍保持AA级,而不包装室温贮藏30 d降到了B级;不包装冷藏也可延长鸡蛋保鲜期,但失重率相对较高;气调包装与冷藏结合对鸡蛋的保鲜效果不是2种处理的保鲜效果之和,与气调包装室温贮藏的保鲜效果相似.50％CO2、7％～11％O2、39％～43％N2三元气体包装、室温贮藏可实现鸡蛋就地贮藏,试验为鸡蛋贮藏保鲜提供参考.     

不同温度差压预冷及其对西葫芦冷藏效果的影响

为了延长西葫芦的采后保鲜期和减少营养物质的损耗,本文以西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo.L)为试材,比较了不同预冷温度对西葫芦预冷后的冷藏效果,分别置于-3、0、3和6℃差压冷库中,预冷到10℃,然后在10℃条件下冷藏。期间每4 d取一次样,测定其各项指标。结果表明:6℃预冷速度最慢,0和3℃快于6℃,-3℃预冷速度最快。与冷藏前相比,冷藏结束(16 d)时,0和3℃预冷组的丙二醛含量分别上升了66.76、71.63%,显著(P0.05)低于其他2个处理;4个组(分别为-3,0,3和6℃预冷组)的硬度分别下降了9.89%、7.46%、7.89%和11.19%;CAT活性分别为16.25、19.79、17.58和16.63 U/min?g;各组的维生素C含量分别下降了32.61%、20.65%、26.09%和30.87%;香气成分中醛类相对含量分别为69.94%、76.33%、71.47%和70.97%。与-3和6℃预冷相比,0和3℃预冷处理能够显著的延缓硬度的下降,降低呼吸速率和乙烯的释放量,因此能延缓西葫芦的采后衰老和延长货架期;并抑制了丙二醛的积累,减少组织损伤且抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和过氧化物酶的活性也受到抑制,提高了过氧化氢酶活性,因而可以降低活性氧伤害;并保持了较高的香气成分含量,而-3和6℃预冷的西葫在冷藏后期的呼吸强度及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性迅速升高,且-3℃的预冷处理使得西葫芦在之后的冷藏过程中出现了明显的冷害现象,即表皮长斑。因此0和3℃差压预冷对西葫芦的冷藏效果较好,研究结果为西葫芦采后冷链技术的发展提供了参考。     

单果真空袋包装处理对冷藏酥梨品质的影响

为提高酥梨冷藏后的品质,将果实经单果真空袋包装后于0～2℃条件下贮藏,分别于包装后的1、2、3和4周后对包装袋进行刺孔,使袋内气体成分几乎与常规空气相同,并继续冷藏至120 d。结果表明,单果真空袋包装前处理能够减缓梨果硬度的下降,抑制腐烂率和失重率的上升,使酥梨含有较高的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸质量分数,能很好地保持果皮绿色,提高了酥梨的贮藏品质,其中最佳的真空袋密封包装前处理时间为2周。与传统冷藏方法相比,该处理能够更好地保持酥梨果实良好的冷藏品质,是一种可行的酥梨果实保鲜处理方法。     

预冷技术在西兰花保鲜中的应用研究进展

西兰花属于呼吸跃变型花菜类蔬菜，采后极易黄化、失水萎蔫，采后流通过程中保鲜技术对西兰花产业的持续发展尤为重要，而预冷技术是果蔬冷链物流的首要环节，对整个冷链过程中蔬菜的保鲜效果有着很大的影响，为给不同预冷技术在西兰花产业中的应用提供参考。通过引据国内外相关文献，总结归纳了不同预冷技术处理后西兰花的生理变化规律，对比分析了各预冷技术的优缺点，系统阐述了不同预冷技术对西兰花货架期、呼吸代谢及营养品质的影响和调控机理。从学者的大量研究成果发现，各种预冷技术的优缺点已十分明确，水预冷、空气预冷和真空预冷等预冷方式都在一定程度上延长了西兰花的货架期。     

生物保鲜剂结合气调包装对带鱼冷藏货架期的影响

为了延长带鱼冷藏货架期,以空气包装组为对照,在（4±1）℃冷藏条件下,采用复合生物保鲜剂涂膜及保鲜剂结合气调包装对带鱼进行保鲜试验。以感官评分、细菌总数、挥发性盐基氮值（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸值（the 2-thiobarbituric acid,TBA）和汁液流失率为指标,测定带鱼冷藏过程中的品质变化。结果表明：空气包装组带鱼冷藏货架期为4 d,复合生物保鲜剂（1.0%壳聚糖＋0.4%茶多酚）具有良好的抑菌保鲜作用,高浓度CO2气调包装带鱼汁液流失较为严重,生物保鲜剂结合60%CO2＋10%O2＋30%N2气调包装组保鲜效果最为显著,冷藏贮存20 d,带鱼的细菌总数为5.59 lg(cfu/g),TVB-N值为19.39 mg/100 g,仍处在带鱼二级鲜度之内,可将冷藏带鱼货架期延长至20d,是对照组的5倍,且能较好地维持新鲜带鱼感官品质,以期为带鱼的保鲜提供一定的参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.