Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit

Neural circuits regulate cytokine production to prevent potentially damaging inflammation. A prototypical vagus nerve circuit, the inflammatory reflex, inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α production in spleen by a mechanism requiring acetylcholine signaling through the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed on cytokine-producing macrophages. Nerve fibers in spleen lack the enzymatic machinery necessary for acetylcholine production; therefore, how does this neural circuit terminate in cholinergic signaling? We identified an acetylcholine-producing, memory phenotype T cell population in mice that is integral to the inflammatory reflex. These acetylcholine-producing T cells are required for inhibition of cytokine production by vagus nerve stimulation. Thus, action potentials originating in the vagus nerve regulate T cells, which in turn produce the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, required to control innate immune responses.     

9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol: effects on mammalian nonmyelinated nerve fibers

Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol can be applied to tissue in vitro by dissolving it in Pluronic F68 and ethanol. It causes a decrease in size of the compound action potential of the nonmnyelinated fibers of the vagus nerve of the rabbit. This effect appears to be dose-related and chloride-dependent. Effects on other measurable parameters of nerve function seem to be minimal. Although the amounts required seem to be higher than those required to produce hallucinogenic effects in man, this effect is consistent with other work on Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and may ultimately account for a significant portion of the pharmacological activity of this drug.     

Hindbrain GABA receptors influence parasympathetic outflow to the stomach

Blockade of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor function by direct microinjection of bicuculline into the nucleus ambiguous in cats produced a marked increase in gastric motility which was mediated by the vagus nerve. This effect was reversed by muscimol. These data indicate that the nucleus ambiguous may be an important brain site influencing gastric function and that the neurotransmitter controlling parasympathetic overflow from this nucleus to the stomach is gamma-aminobutyric acid.     

大猫熊(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)心神经的大体解剖

解剖了三支大猫熊的心神经。观察了心神经的发出部位及其分布。右侧的迷走神经心支,接受返神经的心支和推神经节的腹侧心支后入心包,分支入主动脉及肺动脉再分支入左右冠状丛。另一椎神经节的心支入右心房壁。左侧速走神神经心支,椎神经节心支及颈胸神经节的心支常互相交通。主要分布到主动脉弓,食管,气管及右肺动脉。左侧返神经的心支入心包及左心房内侧壁。大猫熊的心神经与家畜中马、牛、羊猪、狗的比较均有不同。大猫熊的冠状从,主要来自右侧心神经,而家畜多来自左侧或两侧。     

Glycogen synthetase activity in liver: regulation by the autonomic nerves

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in intact or pancreatectomized rabbits resulted in a marked increase, within 5 minutes of the onset of stimulation, in the total activity of liver glycogen synthetase. The effect was completely counteracted by simultaneous stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, although stimulation of the splanchnic nerve alone had little effect on the enzyme. Injection of insulin caused an increase in both the total activity of glycogen synthetase and the activity that was independent of glucose-6-phosphate. The response of the enzyme to vagal stimulation was much faster than to administration of insulin.     

Time-dependent processes in memory storage

These observations indicate that the long-lasting trace of an experience is not completely fixed, consolidated, or coded at the time of the experience. Consolidation requires time, and under at least some circumstances the processes of consolidation appear to be susceptible to a variety of influences- both facilitating and impairing- several hours after the experience. There must be, it seems, more than one kind of memory trace process (31). If permanent memory traces consolidate slowly over time, then other processes must provide a temporary basis for memory while consolidation is occurring. The evidence clearly indicates that trial-to-trial improvement, or learning, in animals cannot be based completely on permanent memory storage. Amnesia can be produced by electroshock and drugs even if the animals are given the treatment long after they have demonstrated "learning" of the task. Of particular interest is the finding that retention of the inhibitory avoidance response increases with time. In a sense this should be expected, for it has long been known (and ignored) that, within limits, learning is facilitated by increasing the interval between repeated trials (7, 30). Our result may be the simplest case of such an effect. Since the improvement in retention with time seemed not to be due solely to consolidation (as indicated by electroshock effects), it would seem that the "distribution of practice" effect, as it is typically designated, may be due in part to a time-dependent temporary memory storage process. In our work with animals we have found no analog of human immediate memory such as that required for repeating digits (or finishing sentences). Animals tested immediately on the task described above after a trial typically showed no evidence of memory. It could be that the poor performance is due to excessive fright, but the "distribution of practice effect" is also typically observed in learning experiments in which food reward is used rather than shock avoidance. Since the retention tasks require the animals to change their behavior in some way, it could well be that the growth of retention over the first few minutes after a trial is due to time dependent processes involved in the organization of processes necessary for changing behavior, in addition to those involved in temporary storage and retrieval. It is worth pointing out that there is evidence of an analogous process in human memory (32). A complex picture of memory storage is emerging. There may be three memory trace systems: one for immediate memory (and not studied in our laboratory); one for short-term memory which develops within a few seconds or minutes and lasts for several hours; and one which consolidates slowly and is relatively permanent. The nature of the durability of the longterm memory trace (that is, the nature and basis of forgetting) is a separate but important issue. There is increasing evidence and speculation (20, 21, 33) that memory storage requires a "tritrace" system, and our findings are at least consistent with such a view. If there are, as seems possible, at least three kinds of traces involved in memory storage, how are they related? Is permanent memory produced by activity of temporary traces (31), or are the trace systems relatively independent? Although available findings do not provide an answer to this question, there does seem to be increasing evidence that the systems are independent. Acquisition can occur, as we have seen, without permanent consolidation, and both short-term and long-term memory increase with time. All this evidence suggests (but obviously does not prove) that each experience triggers activity in each memory system. Each repeated training trial may, according to this view, potentiate short-term processes underlying acquisition while simultaneously enhancing independent underlying long-term consolidation. Obviously, acceptance of these conclusions will require additional research. If this view is substantially correct, it seems clear that any search for the engram or the basis of memory is not going to be successful. Recognition of the possibility that several independent processes may be involved at different stages of memory may help to organize the search. A careful examination of the time course of retention and memory trace consolidation, as well as examination of the bases of the effects of memory-impairing and memory-facilitating treatments, may help to guide the search. It is clear that a complete theory of memory storage must eventually provide an understanding of time-dependent processes in memory. In 1930 Lashley wrote (2), "The facts of both psychology and neurology show a degree of plasticity, of organization, and of adaptation and behavior which is far beyond any present possibility of explanation." Although this conclusion is still valid, the current surge of interest in memory storage offers hope that this conclusion may soon need to be modified.     

骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）细胞毒最佳实验条件的研究

目的探讨CCK-8法和MTT法在骨髓基质干细胞（Bone marrow stromal cells,BMSCs）细胞毒实验中的最佳实验条件.方法取对数生长期的P3大鼠BMSCs,制成不同浓度的细胞悬液,于96孔培养板中培养24 h,分别用CCK-8法、MTT法检测其吸光度（A）值,根据细胞浓度与A值关系曲线确定两种方法各自的最适细胞浓度;取最适浓度的细胞于0.5,1,2,3,4和5 h 6个不同时间点,分别于450,490,595 nm处测定吸光度A值,确定两种方法最佳的检测时间和最适检测波长;采用CCK-8和MTT法检测5个浓度的鹿茸Ⅰ型胶原对BMSCs的增殖的影响.结果 CCK-8法测得的A值与细胞数目之间的线性相关性优于MTT法;CCK-8法、MTT法最佳检测波长分别为450,490 nm,最佳检测时间分别为1,4 h;在检测鹿茸Ⅰ型胶原蛋白对BMSCs的增殖的影响时,CCK-8法测得数据的线性相关性优于MTT法,并且数据偏差较MTT法小.结论 CCK-8法与MTT法检测结果相比线性相关性好,灵敏度高,准确性好.在BMSCs细胞毒检测中CCK-8法优于MTT法.     

玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉对网箱养殖异育银鲫肌肉组织氮磷保留率的影响

研究玉米蛋白粉部分替代鱼粉对异育银鲫氮磷保留率影响,以3种规格的异育银鲫(小规格为26.90 g、中规格为51.70 g、大规格为97.67 g)为试验对象,每种规格分别设置鱼粉组和玉米蛋白粉组(鱼粉组的鱼粉用量为10%和9%,用8%玉米蛋白粉等量替代鱼粉),在网箱中饲养97 d,分别于30d、61 d和97 d采样,测定3个阶段的肌肉氮保留率、磷保留率以及肌肉和肝胰脏谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性。结果表明:小规格异育银鲫的Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段、中规格第Ⅰ阶段和大规格第Ⅲ阶段的肌肉组织中的氮含量存在显著差异,中、大规格的其余各阶段肌肉组织的氮含量无显著差异;肌肉组织中磷的含量在小规格的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段无显著差异,第Ⅲ阶段鱼粉组磷含量显著高于玉米蛋白组(P<0.05),除大规格第Ⅲ阶段,中规格和大规格的总体上玉米蛋白组的肌肉磷含量显著高于鱼粉组(P<0.05);除中规格的第Ⅰ阶段,3种规格异育银鲫在第Ⅲ阶段内总体上呈现鱼粉组肌肉氮保留率显著高于玉米蛋白粉组(P<0.05);3种规格异育银鲫肝胰脏的GDH活性随饲养时间延长,两组无显著差异;异育银鲫肌肉组织的GDH活性,除中规格的第Ⅱ阶段和大规格的第Ⅰ阶段,其余表现为同种规格的鱼...     

摄食抑制时鹅血浆八肽胆囊收缩素样免疫活性(CCK-8LI)的变化

采用放射免疫分析法,测定鹅外周血液中八肽胆囊收缩素样免疫活性(CCK-8LT),观察禁食和抱窝期摄食抑制状态下血浆 CCK-8LI 水平的变化.结果如下:(1)刚饲喂混合精料后,鹅血浆中 CCK-8LI显著升高,为禁食时水平的2.6倍,揭示外周血液中 CCK-8LI 在鹅摄食活动的短期调节中起作用;(2)在持续4周的抱窝期内,母鹅血浆 CCK-8LI 显著低于醒抱后恢复期水平.血浆中 CCK-8LI 是否参与鹅抱窝期摄食抑制的调控,有侍进一步研究.     

氦氖激光麻醉的研究 Ⅴ.氦氖激光照射馬的不同类型神經鎭痛效果的对比观察

本文介绍了氦氖激光照射马的感觉神经(眶下神经、胫神经)、运动神经(副神经)及混合神经(面神经、正中神经)及颈根部迷走交感神经干镇痛效果的对比观察。实验证明,氦氖激光照射上述的感觉神经及混合神经有明显的镇痛作用,而照射运动神经及颈根部迷走交感干一般均未出现全身性的镇痛作用。因此,我们认为氦氖激光照射神经之所以产生全身性的镇痛作用很可能是通过感觉神经纤维起作用的。     

Vagotomy: effect on electrically elicited eating and self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus

A subdiaphragmatic vagotomy markedly inhibits eating and self-stimulation produced in rats by lateral hypothalamic stimulation. The stomach is known to be affected by hypothalamic stimulation via the vagus, and afferents from the stomach can influence the hypothalamus via the same nerve. Consequently, this result suggests that eating and self-stimulation may be partly controlled by hypothalamic influences on the stomach which, in turn, affects hypothalamic sensitivity.     

Requirement for CD4 T cell help in generating functional CD8 T cell memory

Although primary CD8 responses to acute infections are independent of CD4 help, it is unknown whether a similar situation applies to secondary responses. We show that depletion of CD4 cells during the recall response has minimal effect, whereas depletion during the priming phase leads to reduced responses by memory CD8 cells to reinfection. Memory CD8 cells generated in CD4+/+ mice responded normally when transferred into CD4-/- hosts, whereas memory CD8 cells generated in CD4-/- mice mounted defective recall responses in CD4+/+ adoptive hosts. These results demonstrate a previously undescribed role for CD4 help in the development of functional CD8 memory.     

Tones and numbers: specificity of interference in immediate memory

Recognition of the pitch of a tone was severely disrupted by the incorporation of six other tones during a 5-second retention interval, even though the intervening tones could be ignored. However, the requirement to recall six numbers spoken at equal loudness during the identical retention interval produced only a minimum decrement in the same pitch-recognition task. Further, the requirement to remember the tone produced no decrement in recall of the numbers. It is concluded that immediate memory for pitch is subject to a large interference effect which is highly specific in nature and which is not due to some limitation in general short-term memory capacity or to a distraction of attention.     

鸡嗉囊的副交感神经元定位

本文用１４只１．０～２．５ｋｇ重的成年鸡研究嗉囊的副交感神经元定位。将ＨＲＰ注入嗉囊，动物存活２～４天后心室固定。取迷走神经远神经节、岩神经节和颈静脉神经节及延髓，制成５０μｍ厚的冰冻切片，用Ｍｅｓｕｌａｍ氏ＴＭＢ法反应呈色，明视野观察，结果如下：１．被标记的嗉囊副交感节前神经元出现于迷走神经背侧运动核和中间核内。嗉囊的标记细胞在迷走神经背侧运动核内的分布有局部定位关系。２。被标记的嗉囊感觉神经元出现于远神经节、岩神经节和颈静脉神经节内。     

High-Density Nanosecond Charge Trapping in Thin Films of the Photoconductor ZnODEP

An electrooptical memory effect is observed with solid thin films of the photoconductor zinc-octakis(beta-decoxyethyl) porphyrin (ZnODEP) sandwiched between two optically transparent electrodes. Upon irradiation with the simultaneous application of an electric field, electron-hole pairs are generated and separated within the photoconductive layer. These electron-hole pairs become "frozen" within the films when the irradiation is interrupted. These trapped charges can be released by irradiation of the cell, resulting in a transient short-circuit photocurrent. No cross talk between adjacent memory elements separated by approximately 0.2 micrometer (a density of 3 gigabits per square centimeter) was detected. The charge storage system is robust and nonvolatile. The response time for the write-read beam is in the subnanosecond range, and no refreshing is required for long-term retention of trapped charges.     

不同处理迷走神经对家兔呼吸、心率的影响

以不同频率刺激及剪断家兔颈部两侧迷走神经,记录处理后5min内呼吸运动曲线和心电图.结果显示,不同频率刺激后家兔的呼吸幅度降低、呼吸频率升高、心率降低.剪断迷走神经后呼吸频率降低,呼吸幅度和心率均升高.所以,刺激家兔迷走神经后,能不同程度地调节呼吸和心率.     

Enhancement of consolidated long-term memory by overexpression of protein kinase Mzeta in the neocortex

Memories are more easily disrupted than improved. Many agents can impair memories during encoding and consolidation. In contrast, the armamentarium of potential memory enhancers is so far rather modest. Moreover, the effect of the latter appears to be limited to enhancing new memories during encoding and the initial period of cellular consolidation, which can last from a few minutes to hours after learning. Here, we report that overexpression in the rat neocortex of the protein kinase C isozyme protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) enhances long-term memory, whereas a dominant negative PKMζ disrupts memory, even long after memory has been formed.     

黄连水提物抗甲型流感病毒活性初步研究

目的观察黄连水提物对甲型流感病毒（IAV）活性的影响。方法 CCK-8法检测黄连水提物对狗肾传代（MDCK）细胞的毒性作用。采用反向遗传8质粒病毒拯救系统制备IAV后,CCK-8和CPE法检测黄连水提物抗IAV活性。利用荧光素酶编码基因报告系统研究黄连水提物对IAV感染性和RNA聚合酶活性的影响。结果黄连水提物在0.25~2.0g/L质量浓度内,对MDCK细胞有一定安全性。黄连水提物有较好的抗IAV作用。与对照组比较,黄连水提物处理组细胞的相对荧光强度明显降低（P〈0.01）。结论黄连水提物对IAV活性及感染性有较强抑制作用,可能与抑制病毒RNA聚合酶活性有关。     

迷走神经对绵羊瓣胃峰电活动调节的研究

切断颈部一侧或两侧迷走神经后,初期引起瓣胃体峰电簇的时程缩短,峰电振幅增大;随时间的延长峰电簇时程渐趋稳定,振幅渐减直至无明显的变化。单切迷走神经刺激其向中端,对瓣胃体蜂电簇的发生存在着迷走—迷走抑胃反射;双切迷走后即消除了这种反射。刺激迷走神经离中端,对瓣胃体峰电簇的发生有抑制效应,此种抑制可被阻断H1受体所减弱。