林草间作系统研究概况

林草间作经营在挖掘生物资源潜力、缓解农林争地、保护及修复生态系统、推进林农增产增收、石漠化及荒漠化综合治理等方面具有巨大优势。为达到土地及自然资源的最大化利用,节约林农生产经营成本,推进农、林、牧、副业的高效、和谐、健康发展,实现森林及草地生态系统生态、经济、社会效益的有机统一。文中阐述了在中国、亚洲、澳大利亚及新西兰、非洲、美洲、欧洲等地区林草间作的研究背景、内容、类型及特征,分析了林草间作对土壤性状、养分、含水量及固土保肥的作用,总结归纳林草间作对经济、生物多样性、微气候、林木及其产品的效益分析,提出林草间作未来深入研究探索的技术手段及方向,可为林草间作的应用推广及系统性、整体性和定量研究提供参考。     

Agroforestry systems for the temperate zone

Historical development of a permanent agriculture system based on the use of agroforestry in the temperate zone is traced. In general, reasons for a renewed interest in agroforestry include the end of cheap, subsidized fossil fuels; increased concern about soil erosion and marginal land use; an international awakening as to the dangers of indiscriminate use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals; and a need to balance food production with other land uses.For the forestry profession in particular, reasons for interest in agroforestry stem from a need to revitalize rural economies, the desire to increase timber exports, and potential resolution to land use conflicts between agriculture and forestry. Through use of agroforestry management systems, an increase in both economic and silvicultural benefits are obtainable.Two agroforestry management systems are reviewed which currently appear feasible for implementation in many industrialized countries of the temperate zone. These two systems include: 1) Animal grazing and intercropping under managed coniferous forests or plantations; and 2) Multicropping of agricultural crops under intensively managed, high value hardwood plantations.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Paper No. 12046.     

退耕还林板栗园林农间作模式初探

退耕还林板栗园林农间作是在退耕还林造林地块中间作套种具有农作物的林业立体种植模式。论述了农林间作对板栗生长的影响,重点通过对"板栗+辣椒+豌豆"和"板栗+烟草(蔬菜)+绿肥"间作模式的分析,分别从效益、种植技术、注意的问题等方面进行研究。结果表明:实施林农间作是提高土地利用率,提高单位面积经济效益的重要手段;通过农林间作,给作物施肥、浇水,同时也给林木补充了肥料和水,相互促进加速了树木的生长;合理间种在增加经济效益的同时,充分发挥了栗园的生态、经济、社会效益。     

Soil Reclamation for Agriculture and Forestry after Open-Cast Lignite Mining in Lusatia, Germany: Challenges and Chances

Mining activities leave raw and partly artificial soils on dumps and tips. A prior objective of land reclamation in such areas is to restore and cultivate new soils which will fulfil their functions as a habitat for plants and animals and as a regulator in the cycling of matter and water in the landscape as well as a production site for agriculture or forestry. This paper gives an overview on major challenges and principles of soil reclamation for agriculture and forestry, reporting some results of research...     

Agroforestry systems of high nature and cultural value in Europe: provision of commercial goods and other ecosystem services

Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services.     

Ecological benefits provided by alley cropping systems for production of woody biomass in the temperate region: a review

In temperate Europe alley cropping systems which integrate strips of short rotation coppices into conventional agricultural fields (ACS) are receiving increasing attention. These systems can be used for crops and woody biomass production at the same time, enabling farmers to diversify the provision of market goods. Adding trees into the agricultural land creates various additional benefits for the farmer and society, also known as ecosystem services. However, tree-crop interactions in the temperate region have not been adequately substantiated which is identified as a drawback to the practical implementation of such systems. In order to bridge this gap, the current paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of selected ecosystem services provided by agroforestry with focus on ACS in the temperate region. The literature indicates that compared with conventional agriculture ACS have the potential to increase carbon sequestration, improve soil fertility and generally optimize the utilization of resources. Furthermore, due to their structural flexibility, ACS may help to regulate water quality, enhance biodiversity, and increase the overall productivity. ACS are shown as suitable land use systems especially for marginal sites. Based on the available data collected, we conclude that ACS are advantageous compared to conventional agriculture in many aspects, and therefore suggest that they should be implemented at a larger scale in temperate regions.     

林业的目标、原则和发展道路

作者将林业分为采掘林业、集约林业和生态林业.认为采掘林业应当被抛弃。集约林业投资高,对地力要求严格,与农业争土地、水和能源以及生态上稳定性差,在我国的发展规模应受到限制。以充分利用自然力为特征的并能使林业的多重目标得以协调发展的生态林业应占主导地位。     

十堰地区退耕还林套种模式效益调查与分析

本文就如何在退耕还林幼林期因地制宜的间作套种 ,以增加农民收益 ,提高农民退耕还林及幼林管理积极性 ,促进退耕地早成林 ,尽快实现对水土流失的有效治理等方面进行调查研究 ,并对具体套种模式的成效及措施进行了分析和评价。得出山野菜类效益型 ,牧草类产业型 ,药材类经济型 ,农作物类管理型 4种套种模式。     

Prospects for easing land tenure conflicts with agroforestry in Mediterranean France: a research approach for intercropped timber orchards

Agroforesty plots offer the opportunity to combine annual agricultural production and long-term wood capitalization. The fallow scheme now in operation in Europe intends to reduce the surplus of agricultural products. Agroforestry management could be a valuable alternative to fallow or to forestry plantations on agricultural land.Agroforestry is attractive to agricultural landowners in Mediterranean France, as agroforestry stands are less costly than forestry plantations, are less prone to fire hazards, provide agricultural returns from intercropping during the first twenty years and have many environmental benefits.An experimental network of on-farm agroforestry plots has been set up since 1988 in the Mediterranean part of France. These plots include grazed paddocks (silvopastoral systems) and ungrazed fields (silvoarable systems). They gained support both from landowners and tenants: the former expect a high value treestock, while the latter have a free use of the space between plantation lines. Plantations have been designed to allow easy mechanical intercropping. First results from two experimental sites are discussed. The growth of the trees in the agroforestry plots is much higher than in the control forestry plots.     

黄土丘陵区坡地林草间作土壤水分的动态变化

通过对黄土丘陵区坡地林草间作土壤水分动态监测,结果表明:山杏林地土壤水分高于苜蓿地13.7%;苜蓿地土壤水分变化主要在0~40 cm;山杏林地土壤水分变化主要在60~100 cm。     

Contour hedgerow intercropping in the mountains of China: a review

Hedgerow intercropping systems were introduced in China in early 1990s. Achievements in research and extension of contour hedgerow intercropping in China during the past 15 years are reviewed here. Results reported in over 70 published papers have shown that hedgerow intercropping contributes to soil and water conservation, soil fertility amelioration, land productivity improvement, bio-terrace formation, and gives more options for income generation based on local resources in mountain areas. Research and demonstration works on contour hedgerow systems have achieved success by integrating local resources and needs into the system, especially in the dry valleys of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Three Gorges region. Contour hedgerow intercropping has attracted the attention of researchers, policy-makers, and farmers, and has been taken as an alternative to implementation of the Grain for Green policy, and ecological reconstruction and restoration today. To date, hedgerow intercropping has been demonstrated and applied practically on sloping land in more than six provinces of China, particularly Sichuan, Guizhou, Shanxi, Shaanxi, as well as in the Three Gorges region of Chongqing and Hubei Province. The intercropping system has also been practiced as an optimized technology for conserving farming on sloping lands, improving cash income, and reducing agricultural risks in depressed mountainous regions in southwest and northern China over recent years. Some misunderstandings and problems in studies and extension of the system in China are summarized and clarified, and some recommendations for further research and expansion of the system are also presented in this paper.     

豆科植物在退耕还林中的应用

豆科植物种类丰富，形态性状多样，多数能改良土壤肥力、保持水土、提供多种植物性经济产品，产生良好的经济效益。在退耕还林（草）中推广栽植适宜的豆科植物，将有助于促进山区经济结构的调整，对山区退化生态环境的植被恢复和坡耕地退耕还林（草）的实施具有重要的作用和意义。     

长江上游低中山常绿阔叶林区森林的生态功能和恢复对策

本文论述了长江上游中低常绿阔叶林区森林的生态功能,认为该区的森林在维持生物多样性,涵养水源,保持水土和农业生态屏障等方面具有不可替代的重要的生态作用;提出了七个恢复对策;（1）改良“杂木林”观念,确立常绿阔叶林的不可替代地位;（2）建立常绿阔叶林自然保护区;（3）积极进行现有人工林的改造;（4）搞好农林结构调整。促进退耕还林;（5）突出流域单元的恢复重建的示范作用;（6）加强科学研究;（7）加强教育,严格执法。     

知识经济与林业

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,是国民经济建设及社会公益事业的基础,是国家自然环境安全的保障。在知识经济时代,林业将由传统经营向现代产业化方向发展。着重论述知识经济特点、内涵与林业发展的关系,阐明知识经济对林业的重要性,以及如何在新的经济环境中,改变观念,调整机制,建立林业创新体系,加速我国林业生产的发展。     

Forestry strategy and land use policy in areas with high population pressure

Premature felling and the encroachment of agriculture are the major threats to forestry on state-owned land in densely populated areas of Southeast Asia.In this article the potential for, and the constraints upon, converting forest land into agricultural land to reduce the pressure on the remaining forests of Southeast Asia are studied. It is concluded that in many countries the present areas officially designated as ‘forest’ largely reflects past decisions. Changes in the demand for products and technology, both in agriculture and forestry, have led to a shift in the relationship between land rent and use capacity. As a result, a larger area is today considered to be suitable for agriculture. Increasing the yield from land currently in agriculture can, however, be preferable to extending agriculture to marginally suitable land.As well as choosing between forestry and agriculture, land use policy must also determine the forestry strategy. Possible strategies for forestry on state-owned land include social, industrial or environmental forestry. The final choice must be based on adequate data. It is shown that in areas with high population pressure, predictions based on yield tables, determined in stands not disturbed by local people, result in the wrong decisions being made.It is also shown that the point of view on which a decision is based can influence the choice of such factors as tree species, rotation and initial tree-spacing. Objections related to conservation can hold up the conversion of forest land to agricultural land, as can objections questioning the feasibility of the conversion. On state-owned land conflicting interests and the long production period in forestry (which forces a long waiting period upon the farmer before he receives benefits and can cause legal difficulties) hamper the introduction of social forestry.Finally, the introduction of social forestry requires an ample study of socio-economic and cultural aspects of the local population. It is concluded that forest planning in areas, where social forestry could be developed, must include a study of state-owned and private land, as well as forest land and non-forest land.     

三峡库区林业综合治理研究初报

以三峡库区典型小流域为单元 ,针对不同立地类型及土地利用现状 ,建立相应的林业综合治理模式 ,通过对库区高效水土保持林、沿江库岸生态景观林带和坡耕地退耕还林生态经济型林农复合经营模式营建技术的研究与示范 ,取得了阶段性成果 ,为三峡库区水土流失治理、库区农民增收和社会经济可持续发展提供技术支撑。     

云南热区农业生态环境与山地型农业生产体系建设的探讨

以“现代集约持续农业”为指导思想，以保土、保肥为关键，开发与保护并重，在云南热区山地建立经济林或混农林业为主体的山地型农业生产体系。为实现这一目标，必须加强领导，深入调查资源现状，统一规划，提高人的素质，加强农业生产社会服务体系建设，制订稳定的经济政策和增加建设资金，总结经验，以典型示范分类指导     

农林区系鸟类生态学研究进展

鸟类是农林生态系统中非常重要的一个组成部分,在一定程度上可以抑制农作物及林木病虫害的发生,对复合农林生态系统的健康发展具有十分显著的作用,因此引起不少鸟类学家对农林区系鸟类生态学的关注。本文对鸟类生态学及其研究内容进行了阐述,并重点介绍了国内外对农林区系鸟类生态学的研究内容、方法和成果,在此基础上对研究方向做了展望。     

Forest ecosystem recovery in the southeast US: soil ecology as an essential component of ecosystem management

The forestry industry in the southeastern United States relies upon soils that are highly eroded and depleted of their original organic matter and nutrient content. Pro-active land management can ensure continued and possibly increased production and revenue through the management and recovery of the soil resource. With an emphasis on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests, this review integrates land-use history, pine ecology, silviculture, soil ecological research and the implications for forest management into a single discussion. Promoting soil recovery involves knowledge of ecosystem history and disturbance as well as nutrient cycling mechanisms, pools, fluxes and soil forming factors. Research on the rhizosphere is an area that is needed. Recovery of regional soils may confer benefits of drought and disease resistance. The goal of sustainable forestry is compatible with soil recovery; however, the technology and practices of modern forestry deserve thorough evaluation. Emphasis on the continued production of commodities, the agricultural model, is much different from managing for the functioning of healthy forest ecosystems. Many of the practices and outcomes of intensive forest management, including short rotations, harrowing, subsoiling, and burning or removal of logging slash, seem to be at odds with the goal of soil recovery. Best management practices that foster soil recovery include less intensive stand utilization and reduced soil disturbance. Stem-only harvest and longer rotations permit a recovery of soil biodiversity and an accrual of detritus and soil organic matter. Windrowing and similar techniques have dramatic and lasting effects on soil development. No-tillage agriculture as a model for pine plantations is discussed.     

农林复合经营对土壤化学性质的影响

本试验选取了拜泉县幼龄云杉纯林土壤、大豆土壤、落叶松—美国红云豆农林复合经营型土壤、杨树—水飞蓟和杨树—板蓝根林药复合经营型土壤等5种土壤类型作为研究对象,研究各种农林复合经营条件对土壤化学性质的影响。研究结果表明:实行农林复合经营对土壤化学性质有显著的影响,并因作物的品种而存在差异。总体来看,只要选择适宜的间作品种,一般对林地的土壤都有良好的改善作用。在本试验选择的3种农林复合经营类型中,杨树—板蓝根效果最好。