再生水灌溉对玉米产量、品质及重金属影响的试验研究

以龙口市和高密市污水处理厂的再生水为灌溉水源,进行玉米再生水灌溉试验,研究了不同灌水定额对玉米产量、品质、含重金属量的影响。研究表明,再生水灌溉条件下,玉米品质及产量有不同程度的提高,籽粒含重金属量与清水灌溉并无差异,重金属在植株体内的累积表现为:根>茎>籽粒,籽粒含重金属量符合《粮食卫生标准》(GB2715—2005)和《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762—2005)的要求。     

再生水灌溉条件对小麦品质、产量及重金属影响的试验研究

面临日益严重的水资源危机,再生水作为一种非常规水源越来越受到人们的重视。试验以龙口市和高密市污水处理厂的再生水为灌溉水源,研究在再生水灌溉条件下对小麦品质,产量、重金属含量的影响。研究表明再生水灌溉条件下,小麦的品质及产量略有提高,重金属在小麦体内的累积表现为:根■茎■籽粒,与清水灌溉的小麦品质无显著性差异,而且没有超出《粮食卫生标准》和《食品污染物限量》的要求,不会在小麦体内造成累积。     

土壤重金属铅污染条件下作物生态吸收效应研究

 众所周知,农田灌溉是污水处理回用的主要目标,研究污水灌溉带来的土壤重金属污染以及土壤重金属污染条件下,种植作物对重金属的吸收效应问题显得尤为重要。本文通过试验,研究了污水灌溉重金属（Pb）污染条件下,玉米种植对铅吸收的效应问题,其中包括不同生育期玉米根、茎、叶含铅量的分布,成熟期玉米主要部位对铅的吸收作用,成熟期玉米籽实对铅的吸收,玉米对土壤中铅吸收的分异特性,以及土壤中铅的迁移分析等。研究成果对于合理开发利用污灌水资源,减轻土壤污染,改善土壤生态环境都具有一定的参考价值。     

再生水灌溉对稻田重金属分布的影响

以南方稻田为研究对象,以再生水安全灌溉调控为目标,基于田间试验,研究了不同灌溉水源(农村生活污水一级处理水R1、二级处理水R2、生态塘净化水R3和河道清水R4)、不同灌溉调控(低水位W1、中水位W2和高水位W3)对土壤-作物典型重金属(镉Cd、铅Pb、铬Cr、铜Cu、锌Zn)质量比变化的影响,分析了农村生活再生水灌溉调控对土壤重金属生态风险.研究表明,农村生活污水再生灌溉稻田Cd, Pb质量比略有升高,Cr, Cu, Zn含量下降;水稻植株各部分器官重金属质量比按植株器官排序从大到小依次为茎,稻米≈叶,重金属组成从大到小依次为Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd,相对灌溉水源,水位调控对水稻植株各部分器官重金属质量比累积影响较小,再生水灌溉条件下水稻籽粒重金属质量比并未明显增加,符合稻谷污染物的限量要求;农村生活污水再生灌溉稻田Cd生态风险系数最高,Cu和Pb次之,Cr和Zn风险系数较低,R3水源灌溉下土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险最低,总体上,再生水灌溉并未对土壤造成严重污染,但长期进行再生水灌溉是否会造成重金属污染风险持续增加有待研究.     

污水灌溉对小麦和玉米的重金属积累和分布的影响

通过对邯郸市5种水质灌区的作物中重金属含量测定,结果发现:中水灌溉和井水灌溉对重金属在作物中积累影响最小,无论何种水质灌溉,4种重金属在作物中积累趋势为Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd,分布趋势基本为根大于茎和籽粒,作物体内铅和镉含量超标.分析表明,只要对污水进行铅和镉适当处理,用中水灌溉是可行的.     

不同清污轮灌模式下冬小麦对Cd敏感期分析

为了探讨不同清-污轮灌模式下冬小麦吸收重金属Cd的敏感期,选择典型污灌农田进行清污轮灌田间试验,分析了重金属Cd在冬小麦植物体内的累积动态变化。结果表明,Cd在冬小麦植物体内的累积量表现为根叶茎籽粒;灌浆期使用污水灌溉显著增加冬小麦地上部分Cd累积量和籽粒含Cd量,并降低冬小麦产量;冬小麦籽粒含Cd量与不同生育期根部含Cd量的关联度分别是0.332、0.566、0.753、0.621,即灌浆期成熟期拔节期苗期。灌浆期冬小麦根部含Cd量与籽粒含Cd量关系最为密切,苗期最小。因此,灌浆期是冬小麦吸收Cd的敏感期,苗期污水灌溉影响不明显。     

再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯中重金属累积和分布的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯重金属累积及分布的影响.结果表明,不同的灌溉条件处理下,4种重金属在马铃薯内积累趋势表现为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd;Cd在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶、根>果实;Pb在马铃薯内的分布趋势为叶>根>茎、果实;Cu在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶>根>果实;Zn在马铃薯内的分布趋...     

污水灌溉区土壤重金属污染对玉米生长影响研究

随着污水灌溉面积的持续扩大,研究污水灌溉带来的重金属污染问题,特别是重金属污染物对土壤-作物系统的影响显得尤为重要。通过试验,研究了重金属铅对玉米生长发育和对玉米性状及产量的影响。研究表明,随着土壤铅污染浓度的升高,单株叶面积、株高、总干物重等形态指标呈降低的趋势,平均单株穗长、穗粗、穗重、总粒数、百粒重下降,秃尖长度增加,玉米产量呈下降趋势。当土壤铅浓度为300 mg/kg时,玉米亩产下降21%左右。     

水、氮互作对水稻碳水化合物形成、运转和累积的影响

研究了水、氮互作对寒地粳稻籽粒灌浆期碳水化合物形成、转运和累积的影响。结果表明,适量增加氮肥用量和轻干湿交替灌溉可以显著提高功能叶蔗糖、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)及籽粒淀粉;施氮条件下,轻干湿交替灌溉有利于提高NSC输出率、运转率。而中、重干湿交替方式下,过量供应氮肥反而不利于提高功能叶蔗糖、NSC输出率、运转率及籽粒淀粉。灌溉方式对碳水化合物形成、累积的影响程度高于氮肥用量。氮肥用量150~225kg/hm2和轻干湿交替灌溉方式对籽粒灌浆期功能叶片蔗糖、茎鞘NSC输出及转运及籽粒淀粉存在显著正互作效应,为最优水、氮互作方式。     

清、污水灌溉对夏玉米生长影响的田间试验研究

污水灌溉对作物生长和土壤环境的影响倍受研究人员的关注。通过在北京东郊所进行的清、污水灌溉田间试验 ,着重探讨了污灌条件下 ,不同灌水水平和施肥量对夏玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明 ,与清水灌溉相比 ,污水灌溉 :1对夏玉米的生长发育具有一定的抑制作用 ;2对夏玉米的产量和干物质量的影响要大于对株高和叶面积指数的影响 ;3无肥处理比施肥处理的产量要高 5 .2 %。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。