银杏-茶间作模式对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

为了揭示银杏-茶间作模式对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响,对不同种植模式的土壤酶活性与土壤养分进行采样分析。结果表明,与纯茶园相比,银杏茶间作模式土壤养分和酶活性高于单作模式,土壤酶活性均随着土层垂直深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分的相关分析结果显示:土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量具有较高的相关性,因此土壤酶活性可以作为土壤养分评价的一个重要指标。     

Dynamics of soil nutrients in larch plantations

IntroductionThesoildegradationofaFtificialforestisthecoreofresearchforplantationtostabilityandafforestationinChina.lnrecentyears,studiesonsoilfertiIityofplantationshavegradua[Iyincreased.forChinesefir,massonpine,popIar,Iarch,etc.Manyspecificmeas-ureshavebeenputfotwardtomaintainthesoilfertil-ityIevelinaFtificialforest(Pan1997,Yan1997lYan1996).owingtovariabilityofsoilfertilityinplantation,ithasmanydifficuItiestostudythesoiIfertility.Forexample,thesoiIsampIeplothastobemovedhori-zontalIyino…     

Characteristics of carbon and nitrogen of soil microbial biomass and their relationships with soil nutrients in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

The soil microbial biomass and nutrient status under the native broadleaved forest and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations at the Huitong National Research Station of Forest Ecosystem (in Hunan Province, midland of China) were examined in this study. The results showed that after the native broadleaved forest was replaced by mono-cultured C. lanceolata or C. lanceolata, soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool decreased significantly. In the 0–10 cm soil layer, the concentrations of soil microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 800.5 and 84.5 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.90 and 1.03 times as much as those in the first rotation of the C. lanceolata plantation, and 2.16 and 1.27 times as much as those in the second rotation of the plantation, respectively. While in the 10–20 cm soil layer, the microbial carbon and nitrogen in the broadleaved forest were 475.4 and 63.3 mg/kg, respectively. These were 1.86 and 1.60 times as much as those in the first rotation, and 2.11 and 1.76 times as much as those in the second rotation, respectively. Soil nutrient pools, such as total nitrogen, total potassium, NH₄ ⁺-N, and available potassium, also declined after the C. lanceolata plantation replaced the native broadleaved forest, or Chinese fir was planted continuously. Less litter and slower decay rate in pure Chinese fir plantation were the crucial factors leading to the decrease of soil microbial biomass and nutrient pool in this area. Human disturbance, especially slash-burning and site preparation, was another factor leading to the decrease. There were significant positive correlations between soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and soil nutrients. To improve soil quality and maintain sustainable productivity, some measures, including planting mixed conifer with hardwood, preserving residues after harvest, and adopting scientific site preparation, should be taken. Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(12): 2,292–2,296 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

秦岭火地塘林区倒木及其土壤化学元素含量特征

以秦岭火地塘林区油松和漆树倒木为研究对象,采用国际倒木腐烂等级划分方法,测定其 5 个腐烂等级的6种化学元素( C,N,P,K,Ca,Mg) 的含量,分析倒木对土壤化学元素的影响。结果表明: 油松倒木5个腐烂等级间 C 含量没有显著差异,而漆树倒木 C 含量随着分解显著递减; 漆树和油松Ⅴ级倒木的 N 含量随着分解显著递增; Mg 含量在油松倒木分解过程中无显著差异,在漆树倒木分解后期显著增加; P,K,Ca 含量在漆树和油松分解过程中都无显著差异,但 P 和 Ca 含量随着油松和漆树倒木的腐烂呈线性增加,K 含量随油松和漆树倒木分解呈线性下降。油松和漆树倒木下土壤 C 含量随着土层加深而显著减少,K,Ca,Mg 含量随土层加深无显著差异; 土壤 C含量随倒木腐烂显著递增,N,P,Ca,Mg 含量随倒木分解无显著差异。该研究揭示倒木分解过程中各种化学元素的变化规律,对促进秦岭森林生态系统物质循环和制定林木更新措施有重要的参考价值。     

Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned agricultural land and pine plantation in the Qinling Mountains,China

In order to determine the changes in the characteristics of the vegetation and soil following agricultural abandonment and compare the effects of different restoration approaches on ecosystem recovery, we studied the vegetation community and soil characteristics (nutrients, bulk density, water content and pH) of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations and abandoned croplands in different successional stages in the Foping National Nature Reserve, located in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results indicated that natural vegetation and habitat could be restored via natural regeneration. These spontaneous restoration forests were characterized by high diversity, high soil fertility and rich unique species. The soil organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, community cover, depth of litter, depth of humus and soil water content increased significantly with years after abandonment, while the total potassium, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, soil pH did not seem to change significantly with abandonment time. The soil mineral nitrogen (NH₄-N + NO₃-N) tended to increase during the first 50 years after abandonment and then decreased. The pine plantations tended to show a low level of biodiversity in tree and herb layer, but the shrub layer (including sapling) composition and diversity were similar to secondary forests. Although the pine plantation showed lower soil fertility, they did not seem to result in the habitat-degradation.     

猕猴桃园套种蕺菜对土壤养分、酶活性及果实品质的影响

为了提高猕猴桃果实产量与品质,在猕猴桃园以套种蕺菜、清耕和对照作为试验处理,测定不同时期猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量、酶活性和果实产量及品质,分析其相关性。结果表明:套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别比对照处理提高13.95%、7.92%和3.94%,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别提高19.01%、28.89%和16.32%,土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性分别提高17.02%、12.63%、17.57%和7.98%,单果质量和单位面积产量分别提高7.14%和7.68%,维生素C、干物质、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖和可滴定酸含量分别提高7.97%、18.29%、2.09%、12.37%和14.18%。相关性分析结果表明,套种蕺菜后猕猴桃根际土壤速效钾含量与土壤中细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶活性显著正相关,与磷酸酶活性极显著正相关。土壤真菌数量与蔗糖酶活性极显著正相关。土壤放线菌数量与蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性显著正相关。土壤速效磷含量与维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量极显著负相关,与干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量极显著正相关。土壤细菌数量、放线菌数量与维生素C含量极显著负相关。土壤真菌数量与维生素C含量显著负相关。土壤脲酶活性与干物质含量显著正相关,与可滴定酸含量显著负相关。维生素C含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性极显著负相关,与土壤磷酸酶活性显著负相关。套种蕺菜有利于提高猕猴桃根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性,增加猕猴桃果实产量,改善猕猴桃果实品质。     

菌渣覆盖对榛子园土壤酶活性及理化性质的影响

为了合理利用废弃有机资源及了解覆盖菌渣对土壤的改良效果,对比分析了不同覆盖厚度处理下榛子园0~20cm土层土壤酶活性及理化性质的动态变化规律。结果表明:1试验期间,菌渣覆盖10、20、30cm处理土壤蔗糖酶活性分别比对照高3.28%、8.23%、6.10%,过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照高4.56%、19.24%、13.98%,而脲酶活性分别比对照低11.64%、3.81%、18.05%。各处理土壤脲酶活性变化趋势均为先上升后下降,8月达到最大值;各处理土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈现"V"型变化趋势,8月达到最低值;而土壤蔗糖酶活性表现出持续下降趋势。2试验期间,菌渣覆盖起到稳定土壤pH值的作用。3菌渣覆盖能够提高土壤有机质含量9.68%~13.05%,提高速效钾含量27.46%~31.47%,提高速效磷含量155.79%~194.82%。菌渣可以被作为覆盖材料来改良土壤,改善土壤环境。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from three temperate forest types in the Qinling Mountains,China

To understand soil N2O fluxes from temperate forests in a climate-sensitive transitional zone,N2O emissions from three temperate forest types(Pinus tabulaeformis,PTT;Pinus armandii,PAT;and Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata,QAT)were monitored using the static closed-chamber method from June 2013 to May 2015 in the Huoditang Forest region of the Qinling Mountains,China.The results showed that these three forest types acted as N2O sources,releasing a mean combined level of 1.35±0.56 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1,ranging from0.98±0.37 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in PAT to 1.67±0.41 kg N2O ha^-1 a^-1 in QAT.N2O emission fluctuated seasonally,with highest levels during the summer for all three forest types.N2O flux had a significantly positive correlation with soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm or in the water-filled pore space,where the correlation was stronger for temperature than for the water-filled pore space.N2O flux was positively correlated with available soil nitrogen in QAT and PAT.Our results indicate that N2O flux is mainly controlled by soil temperature in the temperate forest in the Qinling Mountains.     

秦岭中段华山松林健康评价研究

本实验以秦岭中段华山松林为研究对象,在秦岭中段的火地塘林区,按照不同的立地条件,设置26块20 m×20 m的标准样地,以生态服务功能为依据,从活力、组织结构、土壤因素、抵抗力4个方面22个指标入手,对秦岭中段华山松林生态系统健康状况进行健康评价.结果表明:秦岭中段的华山松林整体活力指标较低,大部分都处在20～35年之...     

秦岭天然华山松林碳素空间分布规律及其动态变化

基于野外调查和实验室仪器分析数据,研究了秦岭天然华山松林生物量、碳密度、碳储量的空间分布及其随龄级、海拔变化的规律。结果表明:碳在华山松各器官中的分配以树干所占比例最大,其次为树枝,树皮最小;不同器官含碳率波动在0.488 6～0.519 8之间,顺序为叶>根>干>枝>皮;华山松林生态系统的生物量碳密度为133.59t/hm~2,其中地下部分(0～80cm)约占2/3,地上部分约占1/3;华山松林生态系统的生物量碳密度在海拔1 800～1 900m最大,达142.73t/hm~2,海拔低于1 700m和超过2 300m,都较小,分别为120.81t/hm~2和107.21t/hm~2;6个龄级的天然华山松林的生物量碳密度以平均树龄20a为最小,60a为最大;通过两期清查数据对比可知,其生物量增加了2.17t/hm~2,生物量碳密度增加了0.64t/hm~2。     

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林林分生长与土壤养分的关系

为了给森林经营和资源保护提供科学依据,基于塞罕坝机械林场不同林龄(12a生幼龄林,27a生中龄林,40a生近熟林)华北落叶松人工林标准地的调查资料,采用Pearson相关分析对林分生长与土壤养分之间的关系进行探讨,结果表明:随着华北落叶松人工林林龄的增加,土壤pH值由5.76降到5.52,土壤酸性逐渐增强,速效磷含量变化范围为4.67~7.64mg/kg,与pH值变化一致,呈逐渐降低趋势;土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾以及全钾含量在中龄林中最高,分别为39.02g/kg、2.32g/kg、130.56mg/kg和17.6g/kg,近熟林次之,幼龄林最低。其中,全氮含量在各个林龄阶段差异显著(P0.05),全钾含量差异极显著(P0.01);土壤全磷含量和碱解氮含量随着华北落叶松人工林林龄的增加而增加,且在各个林龄阶段全磷含量差异显著(P0.05)、碱解氮含量差异极显著(P0.01)。总的来说,不同林龄华北落叶松土壤养分含量差异较大,幼龄林和中龄林对土壤养分的需求较高。     

草甘膦对油茶林土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

以草甘膦为除草剂,研究其对油茶林土壤微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明:草甘膦处理60天后,土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌的生长均受到极显著的抑制,分别比对照减少了44.7%、58.2%和54.7%;草甘膦处理150天后,土壤真菌、放线菌的数量仍极显著少于对照,但细菌数量显著高于对照。土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性在草甘膦处理60天后均显著低于对照;草甘膦处理150天后,土壤脲酶的活性则由抑制转变为激活,高于对照7%;土壤磷酸酶活性的抑制作用有所缓解,土壤过氧化氢酶活性的抑制作用则有所增加。草甘膦处理60天、150天后,土壤、油茶果实、叶片中均未检测出有草甘膦残留。     

秦岭瘠薄山区飞播造林存在的问题与对策

通过对秦岭瘠薄山区商州区飞播造林试验与实践,提出了飞播造林存在的问题及提高秦岭山区飞播造林成效的对策.     

不同混交林地土壤养分、微生物和酶活性的研究

研究了不同混交类型林地的土壤养分含量、微生物数量和酶活性。结果表明：各样地养分含量，特别是P含量偏低；各林地微生物中，细菌数量最大，微生物数量和酶活性随林地不同而有较大差异。     

不同类型黑松混交林土壤微生物土壤酶和土壤养分含量的研究

对 3种类型黑松混交林及纯林的土壤微生物、土壤酶及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析 ,结果表明 :各土壤类型土壤微生物数量、土壤酶的活性均表现出差异 ,混交林的土壤养分含量均高于纯林 ,尤以黑松×刺槐、黑松×麻栎混交林显著 ;土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量之间呈显著相关关系     

Hydrological effects of forest litter and soil in the Simianshan Mountains in Chonging, China

A preliminary study of the hydrological effects of forest litter and soils in the Simianshan Mountains was carried out. Results indicate that the annual accumulation of different forest litters is about 6.80–20.21 t/hm² and the maximum water carrying capacity ranges from 1.8 to 4.6 mm. Among them the water carrying abilities of the litter of Lithocarpus glabra and natural deciduous forests are larger than that of Pinus massoniana. A power function relationship exists between the accumulated water-carrying volume and time. An investigation of the physical properties shows that forest soils, to a depth of 1 m, have a powerful water-carrying ability, varying from 7.84 to 18.87 mm. Non-linear regression analysis shows that the soil infiltration rate is significantly correlated with time. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(1): 33–37 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

关于秦岭北麓周至林区发展徒步健身旅游线路的思考

通过对秦岭北麓周至林区自然生态景观、人文景观、适应时代需求等优势资源的分析,对打造一条国内著名、国际知名品牌的徒步健身旅游线路提出合理化的建议。     

秦岭林区径流水化学对雨水酸化的响应

在秦岭南坡天然林分布地带选择火地塘典型林区,测定区内雨季降雨和流域出口径流水样pH值及水化学成分,探讨秦岭林区径流水化学对雨水酸化的响应.结果表明:长期雨水酸化可导致林区径流pH值降低,Ca2+和Mg2+浓度降低,K+和Na+浓度变化与雨水酸化关系不大;径流Zn,Pb和Cd浓度对雨水酸化响应不明显,酸化雨水未导致森林土壤富集的重金属释放.     

不同林龄湿地松林土壤酶活性与土壤养分特征

以大鹤国有防护林场3种不同林龄(15、23、34 a)的湿地松林为研究对象,研究了不同林龄湿地松林土壤酶活性及其养分含量变化特征。结果表明:土壤pH值随着林龄增加呈先降低后升高,随着土层深度的增加逐渐升高。随着林龄的增长,土壤有机质先增加后降低;土壤水解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量逐渐降低。土壤中的脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性随林龄的增长逐渐降低;酸性磷酸酶活性仅在表层土随着林龄的增长逐渐降低,而随着土层的加深表现为先增长后降低。土壤养分和酶活性随土层深度的变化均存在显著性变化。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶均与土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷和速效钾存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),多酚氧化酶与速效钾呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。滨海地区湿地松在林龄较低阶段土壤养分较为充足,随着林龄的增长,土壤肥力逐渐下降,不利于森林可持续发展。     

不同海拔毛竹土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质关系的研究

以江西省大岗山地区的毛竹林为研究对象,利用相关分析和主成分分析对不同海拔(300、400、500、600、700m)土壤纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、β-葡糖苷酶和多酚氧化酶活性的变化特征进行了分析,探讨了其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:土壤化学指标表现出随海拔的升高而增加的变化特征,除碱解氮外,其他各指标均处于较低水平,但物理指标的变化各不相同;随海拔升高,β-葡糖苷酶与多酚氧化酶活性呈现出增加的趋势,而纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶活性无明显变化规律;几种土壤酶对土壤肥力的指示效果不同,β-葡糖苷酶在评价毛竹林土壤肥力上具有重要指示效果,其后依次为蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶,但淀粉酶不适宜用来评价土壤肥力状况;通过主成分分析计算综合得分,不同海拔毛竹土壤肥力随海拔的升高而增加。