不同轮作模式下小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生动态和种群密度

轮作是防治小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的重要农业措施,为了明确青海省春麦区不同轮作模式对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的控制效果,采用田间大区试验法对生产中应用的6种轮作模式进行了研究。结果表明:不同轮作模式下,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度变化差异极显著,其中小麦与马铃薯、油菜、蚕豆轮作两年或以上能有效降低小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度,土壤中的孢囊量减少39.31%~84.39%,单孢虫口数量减少73.21%~95.35%,虫口密度减少83.76%~97.82%;不同作物间,小麦与马铃薯或蚕豆的轮作效果(虫口密度减少74.39%~79.37%)显著优于小麦与油菜的轮作效果(虫口密度减少67.16%)。在同一地块相同条件下,种植油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯、小麦4种作物,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫均能正常孵化,4月底土壤中的2龄幼虫(J2)量增加,5月上旬达到高峰期,5月中旬开始,土壤中的J2、孢囊量、虫口密度和单孢虫口数量均急剧下降,6月至7月份下降幅度小,趋于稳定;田间空孢囊率于5月中旬至6月中旬急剧增加,7月份趋于稳定,8月份以前,4种作物田禾谷孢囊线虫的孵化动态和种群密度变化趋势一致,8月中旬,小麦田随着新孢囊脱落到土壤中,禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度开始上升,小麦收获后土壤中的孢囊量比播种前增加28.62%,虫口密度增加41.30%;而油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田土壤中的孢囊量比播种前减少32.27%~48.36%,虫口密度减少70.91%~81.73%,8月中旬至10月份小麦田禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度极显著高于油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田。     

燕麦孢囊线虫在河北冬麦区的种群动态

为明确河北省燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae在自然环境下的侵染与发育特点,于2009-2012年分别采用漂浮法、浅盘法和酸性品红染色法在3个不同区域对土壤中孢囊和2龄幼虫(J2)以及根系内线虫进行了系统调查,并对孢囊内卵的发育动态进行检测.在土壤中除6月上中旬未检测到J2外,周年均分离到J2.冬前J2出现小高峰,种群密度为12.3 ～18.6条/100mL土样;在4月上中旬J2大量发生,种群密度为52 ～ 65条/100 mL土样.冬前J2侵入小麦后能够发育至3龄幼虫,3龄幼虫发生高峰在4月下旬至5月上旬,4龄幼虫的发生高峰在5月中下旬,白雌虫形成高峰期在5月下旬,且1年后孢囊内卵孵化率达到86.5％.研究表明,燕麦孢囊线虫在河北省小麦上1年发生1代,关键侵染期在3月下旬至4月中旬.     

禾谷孢囊线虫与不同小麦根系的互作表型特征

为了明确高抗品种‘华麦1号’的抗禾谷孢囊线虫机制,以Pluronic F-127胶体为介质,比较了禾谷孢囊线虫2龄幼虫(J2)侵入根系前对抗病品种‘华麦1号’与感病品种‘豫麦34’和‘矮抗58’的根尖趋性差异,并采用室内人工接种法观察了线虫侵入3个品种后的发育进程。结果表明,J2对3个品种的根尖均表现明显的趋性,对‘矮抗58’的趋性最强,而对‘华麦1号’的最弱,接种4h和6h时‘华麦1号’与‘矮抗58’根尖吸引的线虫总量差异显著(P0.05);组织染色观察到J2对3个品种的根系均有一定数量的侵入,但高抗品种‘华麦1号’根系侵入的幼虫量和后期形成的白雌虫量均显著低于感病品种‘豫麦34’和‘矮抗58’。结果证实,‘华麦1号’的抗性机制主要表现为减少线虫的有效侵入量、抑制侵入后的线虫生长发育。     

内蒙古中西部地区小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生分布

2005—2008年调查了内蒙古中西部地区7个盟市的20个春小麦种植区,共采集分离并鉴定了255份根际土壤和根系。调查结果表明,禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae Woll.）在呼和浩特市、乌兰察布市、包头市、巴彦淖尔市、鄂尔多斯市、锡林郭勒盟等地区都有分布。其中,在乌兰察布市的察哈尔中旗、呼和浩特市的内蒙古农科院和内蒙古农业大学农场禾谷孢囊线虫虫口密度最大,每250 g土壤的孢囊平均含量分别达到了38.4、29.4个和16.4个。     

旱稻孢囊线虫（Heterodera elachista）孵化特性研究

为了解旱稻孢囊线虫的孵化特性,从水稻根系及根系附近土壤分离孢囊,在室内离体条件下研究不同温度及水稻根系分泌物、土壤浸液、水稻根汁等因子对2龄幼虫孵化的影响,并观察不同温度下2龄幼虫的存活能力.结果表明:旱稻孢囊线虫孵化的适宜温度范围为28～32℃,且在该温度范围初孵2龄幼虫的存活率高、存活时间相对较长,35℃下孵化率及初孵2龄幼虫的存活率、存活时间均明显下降,40℃下无线虫孵化,20℃下孢囊线虫孵化率仅为0.9％,4℃下可延长2龄幼虫的存活时间.水稻分泌物、水稻土壤浸液和水稻20倍根汁对旱稻孢囊线虫孵化具有刺激作用,5倍根汁和4 mmol/L氯化锌溶液对线虫的孵化有抑制作用.上述结果可为制定旱稻孢囊线虫防治措施提供依据.     

两种小麦孢囊线虫在河南省郑州的侵染动态比较研究

 近年来, 小麦孢囊线虫病已成为我国小麦生产上的重要病害之一。掌握病原线虫的侵染动态是病害防控基础。本文在田间条件下, 对两种孢囊线虫—禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)和菲利普孢囊线虫(H.filipjevi)在河南郑州的侵染动态进行了比较研究, 结果显示:小麦出苗后2周即可发现孢囊线虫的二龄幼虫侵入到小麦根内, 4周后少量二龄幼虫发育为三龄, 6周后根内幼虫数量达到第一次高峰, 同时发现少量四龄幼虫。小麦出苗60 d后, 由于温度较低, 根内各虫态数量基本维持稳定;在120 d后, 温度逐渐回升, 根内二龄幼虫数量逐渐增加, 幼虫数量的第二次高峰出现在小麦出苗后150 d左右, 但入侵幼虫数量明显少于第一次。此后根内幼虫陆续发育为白雌虫和孢囊, 白雌虫数量高峰出现在小麦出苗后180 d后。H.filipjevi三龄、四龄幼虫及白雌虫出现的时间均比H.avenae的早一周。     

山东省烟草孢囊线虫的群体动态和世代发生特点

为探究烟草孢囊线虫Heterodera glycines的田间侵染循环特点,2012年从山东省诸城市某烟田定点定期取样,对土壤和根组织中的线虫进行分离和染色后镜检并计数。结果显示,4月29日至9月9日在土壤中均检出烟草孢囊线虫2龄幼虫（J2）,有4个发生高峰,最大密度在7月9日,为7.3条/100 g土壤。5月13日至8月13日在根组织中出现J2,有3个明显高峰,最大密度在7月15日,为30条/10 g根;年轻雌虫在5月21日至8月30日形成,有3个明显高峰,最大密度在7月2日,为54条/10 g根。研究表明,烟草孢囊线虫 1年发生4代,平均世代历期27 d;后两代存在明显世代重叠现象;第4代线虫侵染量很少,且根内线虫发育不良。     

安徽颍上县禾谷类孢囊线虫发生与危害

为了解安徽皖北麦区及颍上县禾谷类孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematode,CCN)发生和危害情况,用"zig-zag"法在皖北不同麦区采集小麦根际土样60份,利用Fenwick&Oostenbrink法分离CCN孢囊,统计卵密度发生频度。依据孢囊阴门锥等形态特征,鉴定颍上县CCN种类。利用扩散系数法判断CCN田间平面分布型,利用系统观察法,动态监测小麦生长季节0～300mm土层的2龄幼虫(J2)虫口变化。通过酸性品红染色方法监测早期侵染;选择CCN密度中等田块,以涕灭威作播前土壤处理,比较‘泛麦5’等品种的药剂处理间的株高和产量差异。结果表明,在皖北麦区,62%的田块CCN卵发生密度为1～10个/g土;经鉴定发生在颍上县的CCN为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae),颍上黄桥镇双楼村禾谷孢囊线虫在田间为块状分布;在颍上监测到J2对小麦侵染的最早时间在3月18日,当感染田块卵密度在2.5～20.5个/g土时,产量损失为9.8%～14.9%,其中‘泛麦5’产量损失显著,达14.9%。     

甘肃小麦禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-ITS和28S rDNA-D2/D3区序列特征及ITS-RFLP分析

禾谷孢囊线虫是危害禾谷类作物的重要病原,严重威胁我国小麦主产区的小麦产量和品质。利用通用引物对甘肃、河南、安徽禾谷孢囊线虫群体28SrDNA-D2/D3区和rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定,利用UPG-MA方法分析了甘肃省7个种群、河南1个种群、安徽1个种群的禾谷孢囊线虫群体D2/D3区和ITS区的系统发育关系;用9种限制性内切酶对7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区进行了RFLP分析。结果表明:中国甘肃的禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-D2/D3区片段长度约为780bp,rDNA-ITS片段长度约为1040bp。7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体、1个河南安阳群体、1个安徽蚌埠群体的D2/D3区和新西兰的H.aucklandica群体亲缘关系很近;其ITS区同澳大利亚的H.australis、北京通州的H.avenae(AY148382)的亲缘关系很接近。RFLP分析表明,9种限制性内切酶酶切禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS共产生了22个酶切片段,不同酶切的RFLP分布型在7个种群间没有差异。甘肃省禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区具有高度的保守性,与中国的C型群体相近,但不同于欧洲的A型群体和印度的B型群体。这是首次报道甘肃CCN种群分子特征。     

甘肃小麦禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-ITS和28S rDNA-D2/D3区序列特征及HS-RFLP分析

禾谷孢囊线虫是危害禾谷类作物的重要病原,严重威胁我国小麦主产区的小麦产量和品质.利用通用引物对甘肃、河南、安徽禾谷孢囊线虫群体28S rDNA-D2/D3区和rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定,利用UPG-MA方法分析了甘肃省7个种群、河南1个种群、安徽1个种群的禾谷孢囊线虫群体D2/D3区和ITS区的系统发育关系;用9种限制性内切酶对7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区进行了RFLP分析.结果表明:中国甘肃的禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-D2/D3区片段长度约为780 bp,rDNA-ITS片段长度约为1 040 bp.7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体、1个河南安阳群体、1个安徽蚌埠群体的D2/D3区和新西兰的H.aucklandica群体亲缘关系很近;其ITS区同澳大利亚的H.australis、北京通州的H.avenae(AY148382)的亲缘关系很接近.RFLP分析表明,9种限制性内切酶酶切禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS共产生了22个酶切片段,不同酶切的RFLP分布型在7个种群间没有差异.甘肃省禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区具有高度的保守性,与中国的C型群体相近,但不同于欧洲的A型群体和印度的B型群体.这是首次报道甘肃CCN种群分子特征.     

Transfer of Biological Soil Suppressiveness Against Heterodera schachtii

ABSTRACT Heterodera schachtii-suppressive soil at a rate of either 1 or 10% (dry wt/wt) transferred suppressiveness against the beet cyst nematode to fumigated field plots when mixed into the upper 10-cm soil layer. Soil suppressiveness was established after 1 month of moist fallow and 77 days of Swiss chard cropping in the 10% transfer treatment and after 230 days in the 1% transfer treatment. The number of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. schachtii, monitored initially at 150 degree-day intervals and later at 300 degree-day intervals, indicated the status of suppressiveness in the different treatments during the cropping period. In a greenhouse experiment, amending fumigated field soil with 0.1, 1.0, or 10% suppressive soil, suppressed multiplication of H. schachtii when soils were infested with an additional 5,000 J2. In a second greenhouse experiment, a fumigated sandy loam amended with 10 or 25% suppressive soil and a fumigated loam amended with 25% suppressive soil had significantly fewer eggs per cyst than the nonamended fumigated treatments when 1,000 J2 were added.     

The Decline of Heterodera avenae Populations1

Populations of the cereal cyst nematode fail to multiply in many soils in Europe and farmers are able to grow susceptible crops intensively on infested land. Similar numbers of females develop on roots in summer in soils where numbers of the nematode increase or decline. Two fungi, Nematophthora gynophila and Verticillium chlamydosporium parasitize females on roots, prevent cyst formation, decrease fecundity, and limit nematode numbers. Formalin (38 % formaldehyde) soil drenches at 3000 1/ha reduce the activity of these fungi and populations of the nematode increase, N. gynophila is an Oomycete which infects by motile zoospores whose activity is decreased when summer rainfall is light whereas V. chlamydosporium is much less affected by soil moisture. The decline of Heterodera avenae populations is associated with large numbers of spores in soil. At present it is not possible to control the nematode by introducing these fungi into soils where they are few or absent.     

Genetic relationships and isozyme variability in the Heterodera avenae complex determined by isoelectrofocusing

Isozyme variability was assessed among the principal species of the cereal cyst nematode complex to complete and enhance the information provided by classical nematode systematics, in order to clarify inter- and intraspecific relationships within this complex. Twenty populations of cereal cyst nematodes ( Heterodera avenae , H. filipjevi , H. latipons and H. mani ) were compared by means of five different isoenzymatic systems (esterase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase and superoxide dismutase) using isoelectrofocusing (IEF) on the electrophoretic separation. The results are in agreement with previous morphological and biochemical characterizations, which established genetic diversity between the Gotland strain and H. avenae and identified the Gotland strain with H. filipjevi . Populations from Israel, all included in the H. avenae group, exhibited well-defined intraspecific dissimilarity. The highest degree of polymorphism was found in the H. avenae group for all five enzymatic systems studied. The H. mani population was also included in the H. avenae group by these isozyme analyses. Malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase and phosphoglucomutase isozymes, fractionated for the first time by IEF in the cereal cyst nematode complex, displayed a higher level of polymorphism than using conventional electrophoresis. Isoelectric focusing has proved to be a useful tool for detecting genetic diversity within and among species of the cereal cyst nematode complex and for taxonomic purposes.     

Effect of invasion by cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenue) on the growth and development of the seminal roots of oats and barley

The effect of juvenile cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae) on the root growth of oat and barley seedlings was tested in three pot experiments. Invasion by juveniles hindered the extension of the seminal root axes of both cereals; after invasion, axes took 2–3 days to attain normal rates of extension. This response was found in susceptible and resistant cultivars. When oats and barley were exposed to continued invasion over 9 days, barley produced a larger root system than oats and was less stunted by nematode invasion. The density of nematodes per unit of root was less in barley than in oats. The effects on root growth were similar to reported responses of roots to mechanical damage.     

禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的分子鉴定及抗性基因研究进展

禾谷孢囊线虫是温带禾谷类作物上的世界性重要病原线虫。本文回顾关于禾谷孢囊线虫的分子鉴定和亲缘分析等方面的研究,以及对国内外小麦品种抗性基因的筛选和应用等结果。根据上述方面的结果拟定更为合理的防治策略。     

河北省禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度和冬小麦产量损失的关系

为明确禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae对小麦的危害,于2011年10月—2012年6月在自然环境条件下采用定量接种方法测定了其在不同接种密度下对冬小麦产量和线虫繁殖的影响。结果表明,随着禾谷孢囊线虫接种密度的增加,小麦的株高、穗长、小穗数、分蘖数和籽粒重均呈下降趋势。小麦产量随着接种密度的增加损失率增加,在接种密度大于29个卵和2龄幼虫/g土时,小麦产量损失率均达50%以上,接种密度为465个卵和2龄幼虫/g土时损失率最大,达到77.7%;当接种密度小于116个卵和2龄幼虫/g土时,禾谷孢囊线虫的最终密度随着接种密度的增加而增加,但接种密度大于该值时,最终线虫密度则随着接种密度的增加而减少;且其繁殖系数随着接种密度的增加而降低。以小麦单株籽粒重为参数,利用Seinhorst模型拟合孢囊线虫密度与产量的关系,可知小麦对禾谷孢囊线虫的最低忍耐值为5个卵和2龄幼虫/g土,相对最低产量为0.23。