中黑盲蝽乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系及其药剂敏感度比较

采用正交试验和浸渍法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应时间等5个因素对中黑盲蝽3龄若虫乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性的影响和7种农药对中黑盲蝽3龄若虫的毒力,以探讨中黑盲蝽Adel-phocoris suturalis Jakovlev AChE活性测定的最佳反应条件及其对不同药剂的敏感度。测定中黑盲蝽若虫AChE活性的最适反应条件：酶浓度为8头/mL、底物浓度为4mmol/L、反应时间为5min、反应温度为40℃,pH值为6.5。毒死蜱、辛硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷、灭多威、敌敌畏、马拉硫磷、丁硫克百威对中黑盲蝽3龄若虫的LC50值分别为20.50、22.97、32.20、46.63、61.52、73.47、153.41μg/mL。7种药剂对中黑盲蝽若虫体内AChE的抑制能力由大到小依次为毒死蜱、辛硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷〉灭多威、敌敌畏、马拉硫磷〉丁硫克百威。研究表明,毒死蜱、辛硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷是防治中黑盲蝽较有潜力的药剂。     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

利用浸叶法测定了美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对１１种不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性。实验结果表明,齐墩螨素对美洲斑潜蝇具有较高的毒力,其ＬＣ_５０仅为０.０８１８ｍｇ／Ｌ,其次是菊酯类杀虫剂溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯。美洲斑潜蝇对有机磷杀虫剂马拉硫磷、敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂灭多威和丁硫克百威具有较强的耐药性。     

杀虫剂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力研究

测定了11种杀虫剂对江苏省南京市马群和山东泰安市郊区斜纹夜蛾田间种群的毒力。用点滴法测定结果表明:6种杀虫剂对南京斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力(LD50)大小顺序为:高效氯氰菊酯>氯氟氰菊酯>辛硫磷>马拉硫磷>毒死蜱>灭多威;对泰安斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力大小顺序为:高效氯氰菊酯>氯氟氰菊酯>马拉硫磷>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>灭多威。高效氯氰菊酯对两种群的毒力最大,灭多威的毒力最小。山东泰安种群较南京种群对杀虫剂略敏感。用浸叶法测定结果表明:9种杀虫剂对南京斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:除尽>菜喜>高效氯氰菊酯>米螨>抑太保>氯氟氰菊酯>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>抑食肼。对山东泰安斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序为:除尽>菜喜>抑太保>高效氯氰菊酯>毒死蜱>辛硫磷>米螨>氯氟氰菊酯>抑食肼。除尽和菜喜对两种群的毒力最高,抑食肼的毒力最低。山东泰安斜纹夜蛾种群除对氯氟氰菊酯和米螨的敏感性略低于南京种群外,对其他药剂均比南京种群敏感。     

枣园绿盲蝽发生规律及杀虫杀卵药剂筛选

本文调查了枣园绿盲蝽成虫的发生动态规律,明确了成虫的两个发生高峰;室内通过喷施法评价了5种农药对绿盲蝽卵的杀灭效果,用药膜法评价了5种农药对绿盲蝽成虫的杀灭效果.结果表明,杀卵效果最好的是马拉硫磷,其次为吡丙·虫螨腈.杀成虫效果最好的是联苯菊酯,其次为高氯苯油.结合发生规律与药剂筛选结果,建议在萌芽前施用马拉硫磷或吡丙·虫螨腈杀灭虫卵,在两个成虫高峰期施用联苯菊酯或高氯苯油进行防治.     

试管药膜法测定10种杀虫剂对绿后丽盲蝽若虫的室内毒力*

本文研究了绿后丽盲蝽密度和食物有无对试管药膜法毒力测定结果的影响,建立了试管药膜法测定绿后丽盲蝽毒力的方法,即将20头绿后丽盲蝽的3龄若虫接入内壁分布有均匀药膜的试管中,让其在试管爬行3 h,然后转移到正常饲养条件下,24 h和48 h后统计其死亡率。应用此法测定了10种杀虫剂对绿后丽盲蝽若虫的毒力,24 h后毒力大小顺序分别为:辛硫磷>硫丹>甲维盐>马拉硫磷>毒死蜱>高效氯氰菊酯>吡虫啉>乙酰甲胺磷>啶虫脒>阿维菌素,致死中浓度（LC50）分别为：8.32、14.75、24.25、27.58、51.04、127.45、151.68、194.47、399.26、439.24 mg/L。48 h毒力大小顺序分别为: 辛硫磷>硫丹>甲维盐>马拉硫磷>毒死蜱>乙酰甲胺磷>高效氯氰菊酯>吡虫啉>啶虫脒>阿维菌素,致死中浓度（LC50）分别为：7.08、10.65、12.98、15.97、27.58、33.61、66.31、103.82、176.30、255.97 mg/L。本文结果表明,试管药膜法是测定杀虫剂对绿后丽盲蝽若虫触杀作用的简便易行的方法。     

河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性动态

为了明确河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对主要杀虫剂的抗性水平及其发展趋势,采用浸渍法,于2014—2020年分别测定了河北省保定、沧州和邯郸地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明:与国内历史敏感基线相比较,河北省棉蚜对高效氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性均达到高抗至极高抗水平,抗性最高分别达到242、13353、1367和205倍;对氧乐果和噻虫嗪的抗性也达到中等至高水平抗性。应用Pearson相关性分析评估各药剂的logLC₅₀值的相关性,发现保定种群对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.041)、噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) 的抗性呈显著正相关;沧州种群对高效氯氰菊酯和丁硫克百威 (r = 0.81, p = 0.027)、高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.90, p = 0.006)、丁硫克百威和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.91, p = 0.005) 的抗性呈显著正相关;邯郸种群对高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.83, p = 0.022)、高效氯氰菊酯和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.97, p < 0.001)、丁硫克百威和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.045) 的抗性呈显著正相关。本研究结果表明,河北省棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性显著,且可能存在严重的交互抗性。     

利用MTT法测定杀虫剂对家蚕细胞的毒力

利用 四氮唑嗅盐法(MTT法)和叶片浸渍法分别测定了毒死蜱、丁硫克百威和阿维菌素对家蚕卵巢细胞(BmN)和家蚕活体(2龄幼虫)的毒力,结果表明,两种生测方法获得的毒力测定结果并不完全一致,毒死蜱和丁硫克百威对家蚕细胞和家蚕2龄幼虫的毒力差异均极显著。因此细胞的毒力测定尚不能替代昆虫活体测定。用MTT法测定了毒死蜱原药和乳油对家蚕卵巢细胞的毒力,结果表明同一杀虫剂的原药与制剂对细胞的毒力有较大差异。因此研究杀虫剂对离体细胞的毒力时,建议使用原药。     

新疆喀什棉铃虫敏感性基因保护研究

从新疆喀什采集棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera Huebner)在室内建立实验种群,以点滴法测定了该种群对31种杀虫剂的敏感性毒力数据,对所测得的毒力基线进行了排队分析。结果表明,新疆喀什棉区棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、部分有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂如久效磷、丙溴磷、辛硫磷、甲胺磷、蔬果磷和甲基对硫磷等表现敏感;对氨基甲酸酯类的灭多威敏感度接近敏感毒力基线。而对有机磷酸酯类的另一些品种如亚胺硫磷、氧乐果、倍硫磷、敌百虫及其他品种如硫双灭多威、异丙威和硫丹等却表现高度耐性。最后,就新疆棉区棉铃虫对杀虫剂敏感性基因保护进行了讨论。     

广西不同甜菜夜蛾种群对杀虫剂的敏感性

应用室内浸叶法测定了广西3个甜菜夜蛾种群对杀虫剂的敏感性,结果表明,广西不同菜区甜菜夜蛾种群对杀虫剂的敏感性不同。柳江甜菜夜蛾种群对氟啶脲、溴虫腈和氟虫脲的敏感性最高,分别是南宁种群的3.06、5.90、5.17倍,是桂林种群的2.28、2.56、4.93倍;桂林甜菜夜蛾种群对虫酰肼和多杀菌素的敏感性最高,分别是柳江种群的3.82、10.62倍,是南宁种群的4.91、4.36倍;南宁甜菜夜蛾种群对毒死蜱的敏感性几乎与桂林种群一样,是柳江种群的2.80倍;广西3个甜菜夜蛾种群对氟虫腈、高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素和溴氰菊酯的敏感性均相当低,无法求出毒力回归方程。     

丁硫克百威防治白背飞虱和南方水稻黑条矮缩病效果

为了明确丁硫克百威拌种剂对水稻白背飞虱和南方水稻黑条矮缩病的防治效果及其对天敌的影响,用35%丁硫克百威种子处理干粉剂不同剂量对水稻种子拌种。结果表明,用35%丁硫克百威种子处理干粉剂30g/kg拌种,对白背飞虱和南方水稻黑条矮缩病的防治效果较好;对稻田捕食性蜘蛛种群数量有一定影响,但对水稻黑肩绿盲蝽没有显著影响。在水稻生产中,可采用35%丁硫克百威种子处理干粉剂拌种防治秧田期水稻白背飞虱和南方水稻黑条矮缩病。     

Surface contact toxicity and synergism of several insecticides against different stages of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)

BACKGROUND: Five formulated insecticides (lambda‐cyhalothrin at 10 mg m^?2, bifenthrin at 50 mg m^?2, fipronil at 10 mg m^?2, fenitrothion at 50 mg m^?2, imidacloprid at 5 mg m^?2) and one active ingredient (DDT at 500 mg m^?2) were evaluated using a surface contact method against early and late instars and adults of two strains of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.). Synergism of lambda‐cyhalothrin and fipronil using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was also assessed. RESULTS: The order of susceptibility of different stages of bed bugs was as follows: early stage ? lambda‐cyhalothrin > bifenthrin = imidacloprid > fipronil > fenitrothion > DDT; late stage—lambda‐cyhalothrin > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > imidacloprid > fipronil > DDT; adult—lambda‐cyhalothrin > imidacloprid > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > fipronil > DDT. The late instars exhibited significantly higher LT₅₀ among the life stages. The addition of PBO to fipronil increased the susceptibility of the insects. CONCLUSIONS: Lambda‐cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, fenitrothion and fipronil at the recommended application rates were effective against C. hemipterus. Although imidacloprid demonstrated good initial response against C. hemipterus, the insects showed substantial recovery 72 h post‐treatment. The late instars (fourth and fifth instars) should be used as the model for toxicological evaluation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

七种杀虫剂对暗黑鳃金龟成虫和幼虫的毒力及田间防控效果

为筛选防治暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela的有效药剂,用浸虫法测定了7种药剂对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力,分别采用浸虫法、浸叶法、药膜法测定了7种药剂对其成虫的毒力,并通过大田试验作了进一步验证。浸虫法测得高效氯氟氰菊酯对成虫的毒力最高,LC₅₀值为1.38 mg/L;浸叶法测得辛硫磷毒力最高,为42.05 mg/L;药膜法测得毒死蜱毒力最高,为18.51 mg/L。其中,高效氯氟氰菊酯毒力值变化最大,浸虫法毒力是浸叶法毒力的61.86倍;氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫腈在3种生测方法中毒力相当,但均较低。丁硫克百威对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力最高,LC₅₀值为7.29 mg/L。田间试验结果显示,35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂4 500 g/hm²(有效成分,余同)防效达80.66%,对花生的保果、增产幅度分别为77.90%、17.56%;30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂2 250 g/hm²、20%丁硫克百威乳油3 000 g/hm²与辛硫磷防效相当,且显著高于其它药剂。因此,选用以上药剂于7月中下旬花生封垄前田间灌墩可以有效减轻暗黑鳃金龟为害。     

Lack of immunosuppressive effects of acute and subacute administration of malathion on murine cellular and humoral immune responses

Malathion has been previously shown to cause allergic responses and suppress the generation of a humoral immune response in vivo. In this study, the effect of in vivo administration of malathion on cellular, humoral and mitogenic responses was examined. Acute (50% LD₅₀) or subacute (10% LD₅₀ per day for 14 days) treatment with malathion in vivo did not affect the in vivo generation of specific antibody secreting cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to allogeneic tumor. However, 5 days following acute administration of malathion, there was a slight increase in humoral immune responsiveness. Acute treatment with 50% LD₅₀ purified malathion did not affect body weight, splenic cell number, or thymus size. However, mitogenic responses to Concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly enhanced on all days tested following acute administration of malathion. In contrast, subacute treatment with malathion did not affect mitogenic response to Con A or LPS, but led to a significant decrease in thymic cell number.     

Fipronil resistance mechanisms in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker

Fipronil resistance mechanisms were studied between the laboratory susceptible strain and the selective field population of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker in the laboratory. The borer population was collected from Wenzhou county, Zhejiang province. After five generations of selection, fipronil resistance ratio was 45.3-fold compared to the susceptible strain. Synergism experiments showed that the synergistic ratios of PBO, TPP and DEF on fipronil in susceptible and resistant strains of C. suppressalis were 7.55-, 1.93- and 2.91-fold, respectively, and DEM showed no obvious synergistic action on fipronil. Activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase in the resistant strain were 1.89- and 1.36-fold higher that in susceptible strain, and no significant difference of glutathione-S-transferase activity was found between the resistant and susceptible strains. The K_m and V_max experiments also demonstrated that fipronil resistance of C. suppressalis was closely relative to the enhanced activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase. Moreover, cross-resistance between fipronil and other conventional insecticides and the multiple resistant properties of the original Wenzhou’s population were also discussed.     

Using synergists to detect multiple insecticide resistance in field populations of rice stem borer

The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), an important insect pest of rice in China, has developed resistances to several classes of insecticides in field. In order to investigate multiple resistance mechanisms, synergistic tests were conducted with the Ruian (RA) population and Lianyungang (LYG) population, two representative populations to different insecticides. Results showed that diethyl maleate (DEM), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), had no significant synergistic or inhibitory effect on the high level of resistance to monosultap (313.4-fold) and moderate level to chlorpyrifos (36.9-fold) in Ruian field population from the year 2011 (RA11). DEF significantly synergized the activity of triazophos in RA11 population (536.8-fold), with synergism ratio of 1.92. DEF and PBO significantly suppressed 43.3% and 40.4% of resistance to fipronil in RA11 population (48.4-fold), respectively, with the synergistic ratios of 1.76 and 1.69. When pretreated with PBO, the activity of deltamethrin against RA11 population were significantly synergized, with synergism ratio of 9.57, and with reducing resistance levels from 152.5- to 15.9-fold. The results of this study indicated that resistance to several classes of insecticide among the field populations of C. suppressalis might be provided by the combination of the multiple resistance mechanisms. Metabolic resistance mechanism might be the major reason for the evolution for resistance to deltamethrin and fipronil, while resistance to monosultap, triazophos and chlorpyrifos is not associated with metabolic resistance.     

甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼的抗药性研究初报

在室内用虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾幼虫进行抗药性选育,经过12代汰选,甜菜夜蛾对虫酰肼产生了5.47倍的抗性,抗性发展缓慢。该种群对甲氧虫酰肼有一定交互抗性,对有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类等多种杀虫剂都不存在交互抗性,抗性比值在0.83~1.63倍之间。     

Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against pyrethroid‐ and organophosphate‐resistant populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is an important pest worldwide, with over 112 host plants, and is exposed to insecticides throughout the year, resulting in the rapid development of resistance. Insecticide mixtures can delay the development of resistance more effectively than sequences or rotations. Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and fipronil were assessed separately and in mixtures against laboratory susceptible S. litura and two field‐collected populations. RESULTS: The field‐collected population from Khanewal (KWL) was significantly more resistant to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos than one collected from Muzaffar Garh (MGH). Mixtures of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos and of deltamethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios significantly increased (P < 0.01) toxicity to cypermethrin and deltamethrin in field populations. The combination indices of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos at 1:1 and 1:10 ratios and cypermethrin + fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for the KWL strain and of cypermethrin + profenofos or fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for MGH were significantly below 1, suggesting synergistic interactions. The inhibitors DEF and PBO largely overcame resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and profenofos, suggesting that resistance to the insecticides was associated with esterase and monooxygenase detoxification respectively. CONCLUSION: Chlorpyrifos, profenofos and fipronil could be used in mixtures to restore cypermethrin and deltamethrin susceptibility. These findings may have considerable practical implications for S. litura resistance management. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of selected insecticides on the mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)

Mole crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) are severe subterranean pests of turfgrasses, commonly targeted with neurotoxic insecticides. Ideally insecticides used against mole crickets should induce quick knockdown or mortality to minimize damage caused by their tunneling. However, neurophysiological effects of insecticides on mole crickets are mostly unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate neurophysiological and toxic effects of several insecticides on tawny mole cricket (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder) adults and nymphs, and potential synergy between pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides. Bifenthrin, fipronil, and the combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid provided the fastest median mortality when injected. The combination of bifenthrin + imidacloprid elicited faster toxicity than either active ingredient alone. Imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused immediate knockdown, whereas fipronil immobilized mole crickets within 1-2 h. Acephate, bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and bifenthrin + imidacloprid caused significant neuroexcitation. Bifenthrin + imidacloprid resulted in greater increases of spontaneous neural activity than the additive effects of imidacloprid and bifenthrin alone. Excitatory compounds acting at sodium and chloride channels (bifenthrin and fipronil) were the most toxic against S. vicinus. Combining a sodium channel toxin (bifenthrin) and a synaptic toxin (imidacloprid) led to greater than additive neurophysiological and toxic effects, which to our knowledge provides the first documented evidence of synergistic neurological “potentiation”.     

Subacute chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes and the protective effects of catechin and quercetin

This study examined the effects of chlorpyrifos in the rat erythrocyte antioxidant system and evaluated the ameliorating effects of catechin and quercetin on the oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos. Sexually mature male Wistar rats were given chlorpyrifos (5.4 mg/kg, 1/25 of the oral LD₅₀), catechin (20 mg/kg), quercetin (20 mg/kg), catechin plus chlorpyrifos, and quercetin plus chlorpyrifos daily via gavage for four weeks. No statistical differences were found in the catechin-only and quercetin-only groups compared with the control group. By the end of the fourth week, chlorpyrifos alone increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared with the control group in rat erythrocytes. In the catechin-plus-chlorpyrifos and quercetin-plus-chlorpyrifos groups, there were statistically significantly decreased MDA levels and increased SOD, CAT, and GPx activities compared with the chlorpyrifos-only group. Thus, it appears that catechin and quercetin ameliorate chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vivo.     

防治桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的有效药剂及其降解动态

研究树下土表施药防治桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的取代药剂。用毒土法测定了分属4类的13种药剂对桃小食心虫越冬幼虫的触杀毒力,其结果以毒死蜱、三唑磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基对硫磷和辛硫磷毒力较高,LC_(90)值依次为18．38、22．48、35．95、47．63及49．57 mg·kg~(-1),甲氰菊酯、丙溴磷、阿维菌素、甲胺基阿维菌素、氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷、丙硫克百威和丁硫克百威LC_(90)值处于77．11～205．86mg·kg~(-1)之间。用高效液相色谱法测定了毒力较高的毒死蜱、三唑磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯以及阿维菌素在土壤中的降解动态,半衰期分别为8．28、11．37、10．17及19．70天。欲达30天的有效控制期,按LC_(90)值计算,这4种药剂在土壤中的初施浓度应分别为226．36、139．90、278．03及346．81mg·kg~(-1)。从药剂毒力、降解速率、相同控制期所需剂量及应用成本综合评价,毒死蜱、三唑磷具有较高的应用价值。