尼帕病毒研究进展

尼帕病毒（Nipah virus）是属于副黏病毒科、副黏病毒亚科、亨尼病毒属的一种病毒。病毒可引起猪、人类和其他哺乳动物的感染。人和动物感染该病毒后死亡率较高,目前缺乏有效的疫苗和治疗方法。论文就尼帕病毒感染和研究等情况进行重点阐述。     

尼帕病毒研究进展

尼帕病毒病（Nipah Virus Disease,NVD）是最近发现的一种新的人畜共患传染病。尼帕病毒（Nipahvirus,NiV）作为其致病病原,对猪和人均有很强的致病力,从而给养猪业带来巨大经济损失,以及给人类带来巨大恐慌。因此了解其病毒特性、基因组结构、致病机理、诊断方法等至关重要。本文针对这几个方面对尼帕病毒作了概述,以便更好地了解该病毒,为其深入研究提供一些参考。     

广东从化无规定马属动物疫病区蝙蝠分布及其尼帕病毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解广东从化无规定马属动物疫病区蝙蝠的分布及其尼帕病毒感染情况。[方法]采用声频调查结合粘网捕捉和手抄网捕捉方法进行蝙蝠样品的采集,并用荧光定量PCR检测方法对采集的蝙蝠咽/肛拭子进行尼帕病毒进行检测。[结果]发现广东从化无规定马属动物疫病区的蝙蝠集群性并不明显,种群密度较低且平均,调查记录的蝙蝠大多是属于小蝙蝠亚目的食虫蝙蝠,并未发现尼帕病毒的自然宿主―狐蝠;对采集的241只蝙蝠进行尼帕病毒检测,结果均为阴性。[结论]本次调查未发现蝙蝠携带尼帕病毒,但也发现本地区存在较多数量和种类的蝙蝠,为预防和控制尼帕病毒传入及可能发生的流行,有必要开展对蝙蝠的长期监测。     

尼帕病毒病的研究进展

尼帕病毒病是由尼帕病毒（Nipah virus,Ni V）引起的人畜共患病。尼帕病毒主要侵害中枢神经系统和呼吸系统,引起多种动物和人类严重脑炎和呼吸系统疾病,出现急性发热、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。由于发病率和死亡率高,因此,Ni V被美国疾病控制中心列为最危险的生物安全4（P—4）级病原。     

尼帕病的传播途径及风险因子

尼帕病毒(Nipah vrius,Niv)的天然宿主是果蝠,病毒可通过被果蝠排泄物污染的水果传染给猪,人可通过与病猪接触或饮用Niv污染的枣椰树汁感染,并形成人与人之间的Niv传播。自1998年马来西亚首次报道该病以来,新加波、印度、孟加拉国等9个国家流行过该疫病,造成近千人感染,约50%患者死亡,对公共卫生造成严重威胁。我国虽没有该疫病的相关报道,但与疫区的生猪走私、水果贸易、人员交流等加大了尼帕病传入的风险,而且果蝠在我国东南地区的自然分布也存在尼帕病的原发可能性。现通过尼帕病的起源、病原特性、易感动物、传播途径等因素来分析尼帕病的风险因子,确定其人畜共患的危害性,为更好地控制该病的输入,制定合理的防控应急预案提供参考。     

尼帕病毒病诊断技术

尼帕病毒病是由尼帕病毒（Nipah virus）感染引起的人畜共患病。其特征为急性发热性脑炎和高死亡率。病原体是副粘病毒科（Paramyxoviridae）副粘病毒亚科（Paramyxovirinae）的亨尼帕属（Henipavirus）成员,毒力强。本文就尼帕病毒病诊断技术进行简要概述。     

尼帕病的流行与防控技术研究现状

尼帕病首次暴发于东南亚地区的马来西亚,不但严重危害养猪业,而且严重影响着人类的健康。目前,孟加拉国、印度每年都有尼帕病暴发的报道。通过病毒N基因序列的系统进化分析发现,尼帕病毒进化分为两个发展方向。目前还没有研制出有效的抗尼帕病毒药物、疫苗。我国已经初步建立了实时定量RT-PCR和间接ELISA检测尼帕病毒的方法,虽然还没有发现该病的报道,但存在传入的风险。提议我国应将尼帕病纳入综合防控管理范围,积极开展尼帕病防控的宣传与培训,加强尼帕病的技术研究和监测,并制订相关的应急预案。     

尼帕病毒病

尼帕病毒病（Nipah virus disease,NV)是一个新近被认识的人畜共患病，该病于1999年3月首次被分离。人和家畜通过接触感染动物而被感染，依其在马来西亚最初被检测到的地名而将其命名为尼帕病毒病（NV），它和另一个新近认识的病毒－亨得拉病毒（Hendra ivrus，HIV)具有一定的同源关系。HIV于1994年在澳大利亚亨得拉镇首次发现并以此地而命名。NV和HV都属于副粘病毒科家族成员，虽然这些病毒仅仅能引起一些病例的爆发，但因它们具有感染突主范围广，感染人类能引起高死亡率等生物特性，已引起了公众对尼帕病毒的重视及对基对公司健康影响的关注。     

尼帕病毒病及其病原的研究进展

概述了尼帕病毒病在国外的流行状况、尼帕病毒（Nipah virus，NiV）的变异及我国的研究现状，着重阐述了近年来在其基础病毒学、诊断技术及防治方面的研究进展，主要包括病毒蛋白的功能及其相互作用、受体的发现、动物模型、荧光PCR及ELISA诊断技术、抑制NiV感染及治疗等方面的研究成果，为该病的深入研究提供了参考。     

尼帕病的防控

尼帕病是由尼帕病毒引起的一种人畜共患传染病。该病的发病率高,主要引起神经症状和呼吸道症状。该病极高的发病率、致死率和重要的公共卫生意义,已经引起全球的广泛关注。对尼帕病的病原、流行病学特点、临诊症状、病理变化、诊断及防控措施作一介绍,以期为有效防控该病提供参考。     

尼帕病毒研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus,NiV)是新近发现的引发脑部炎症或呼吸道疾病等重症的新型人畜共患病病毒,该病毒最初于1999年马来西亚尼帕镇的1名脑炎患者脑脊液中分离获得,至今已经历了数次大的流行,造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡.该病毒可由动物传播给人,也可直接人与人传播,并且能够在猪等动物身上引起严重疾病,狐蝠科的果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主.NiV感染人后的病死率极高,并且目前还没有有效的疫苗和治疗措施,生物危害性极大,被列为生物安全4级病原(BSL4).笔者从NiV的分类及分型、基因和蛋白质组、流行和分布、疫苗研制、临床和病理变化以及实验室诊断技术等方面对NiV做简单的概述.     

尼帕病毒病的研究进展

尼帕病毒病是由副黏病毒科中的尼帕病毒引起的人兽共患病,它是严重危害人类与养猪业等的一种较新的重要病原。文章综述了该病主要病原学特征包括病毒的特性和功能蛋白,分析讨论了传染源、传播途径及人畜的易感性,以及人、猪、犬和猫感染后的病理变化简单描述了其致病机理、临床症状、诊断和防制措施。     

Reactivity of anti-Nipah virus monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental Nipah and Hendra virus infections

The immunohistochemical reactivity of seven clones of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised to Nipah virus antigens were investigated using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded porcine and equine lung tissues from experimental Nipah and Hendra virus infection, respectively. Either microwave irradiation or enzymatic digestion effectively unmasked the viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Four clones showed positive reaction to both Nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue and Hendra virus-infected equine lung tissue. Two clones (11F6 and 13A5) reacted with Nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue, but not with Hendra virus-infected equine lung tissue. These Nipah virus-specific monoclonal antibodies may therefore be useful for immunohistological diagnosis of Nipah virus infection and for further research on Nipah virus pathogenesis.     

动物副黏病毒感染与对策思考

尼帕病毒(Ni V)和亨德拉病毒(HeV)属于副黏病毒亚科的亨尼帕病毒属的成员。Ni V和HeV感染引起新的两种重要的人兽共患传染病。有关APMV-1(NDV)的发病和流行以及病原学研究认为APMV-1不断发生演化,新的基因型不断产生,对不同宿主的致病力不断变化,病毒感染的宿主谱不断扩大。本文简要介绍两种新的人兽共患传染病和APMV-1对鹅、鸭、猪的感染研究现状,就APMV-1宿主感染谱与演化加以分析,思考新的动物副黏病毒病防控对策。     

尼帕病毒的研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus)属副黏病毒科(paramyxoviridae),为非节段性单负链RNA病毒,因1999年首次从马来西亚尼帕镇脑炎患者的脑脊液中分离出而得名,其以高致死性为主要特征,主要侵害中枢神经系统和呼吸系统,引起急性发热、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。其因感染的宿主广泛、疾病进展迅速、病死率极高而引起人们的高度关注。笔者对尼帕病毒的生物学特性和分子生物学特性、致病性、致病机理及实验室诊断方法进行了综述。     

Hendra and Nipah virus infections.

The most important clinical and pathological manifestation of Hendra virus infection in horses and humans is that of severe interstitial pneumonia caused by viral infection of small blood vessels. The virus is also capable of causing nervous disease. Hendra virus is not contagious in horses and is spread by close contact with body fluids, such as froth from infected lungs. Diagnosis should be based on the laboratory examination of blood, lung, kidney, spleen, and, if nervous signs are present, also of the brain. Evidence of infection with the more recently identified and related Nipah virus was found in the brain of one horse in which there was inflammation of the meningeal blood vessels. Fruit bats, especially Pteropus s., have been incriminated as the natural and reservoir hosts of both Hendra and Nipah viruses.     

Nipah virus: epidemiology,pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis,vaccine designing and control strategies – a comprehensive review

Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.     

Menangle and Nipah virus infections of pigs.

Viruses belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae generally have not been recognized as a significant cause of disease in pigs until recently. Between 1997 and 1999, there were large outbreaks of disease in pigs in Australia and Malaysia due to infection with viruses that have been shown to be new members of the Paramyxoviridae family. This article reviews current knowledge of Menangle and Nipah virus infections in pigs, the only major species of domestic animals to experience serious disease after infection with these viruses.     

Serological examination for evidence of infection with Hendra and Nipah viruses in Queensland piggeries

OBJECTIVE: To examine piggeries in Queensland for evidence of infection with Hendra virus and Nipah virus. DESIGN: A serological survey was designed to provide 99% confidence of detecting at least one infected pig herd in Queensland, assuming that for each virus, at least 5% of herds would have been exposed to virus and that at least 40% of the finisher pigs in these herds would have detectable antibodies to virus. PROCEDURE: A two stage sampling regimen was used. All samples were tested with serum neutralisation tests developed and performed at the Australian Animal Health Laboratory. RESULTS: There was no evidence of antibody to either virus in the 500 samples collected from 100 herds. CONCLUSION: The results of the survey support a case that commercial pigs in Queensland are free of both Hendra virus and Nipah virus infections.