外源脱落酸对涝渍胁迫下棉花产量的影响

以鄂抗棉13为试验材料,在人为涝渍环境下,外施适宜浓度的脱落酸(ABA),探讨外源脱落酸对涝渍胁迫下棉花(Gossypium spp)产量的影响。结果表明,ABA能有效提高棉花抗涝性,增加涝渍条件下的单株棉铃数和棉铃重,进而提高棉花产量。     

涝渍胁迫对大豆产量性状的影响

在测坑中于大豆（Glycinein max）开花期进行持续涝渍胁迫试验，结果表明：大豆开花期受涝渍胁迫时间愈长。大豆减产愈严重。大豆受涝2d～10d．减产11．19％～42．84％。大豆不同生育阶段受涝渍胁迫．以苗期受灾最轻，开花期受灾最重。在低产田中．大豆经常遭受涝渍胁迫，减产高达90％以上。分析表明。涝渍水深（SFEW30）与大豆相对产量（Ry）存在着很好的线性负相关关系。     

涝渍胁迫对大豆产量性状的影响

在测坑中于大豆(Glycine max)开花期进行持续涝渍胁迫试验,结果表明:大豆开花期受涝渍胁迫时间愈长,大豆减产愈严重,大豆受涝2 d~10 d,减产11.19%~42.84%。大豆不同生育阶段受涝渍胁迫,以苗期受灾最轻,开花期受灾最重。在低产田中,大豆经常遭受涝渍胁迫,减产高达90%以上。分析表明,涝渍水深(SFEW30)与大豆相对产量(Ry)存在着很好的线性负相关关系。     

外源水杨酸对涝渍胁迫下小麦产量及相关生理指标的影响

为了研究水杨酸(SA)在小麦对涝渍胁迫响应过程中的作用,利用200 mmol/L SA外源喷施涝渍胁迫条件下的小麦叶片,检测逆境处理期间小麦叶片内几种常见保护酶的活性,丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量及相对外渗电导率,并于收获后测产。结果表明,与对照相比,SA处理可以显著提高涝渍条件下小麦叶片内脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,显著降低相对外渗电导率及MDA含量;大田试验结果表明,SA处理可以显著提高涝渍条件下小麦的产量。     

灌浆期涝渍胁迫对小麦生理生化特性的影响

研究了耐湿性不同的小麦品种豫麦 62号和百农 32 1 7在灌浆期涝渍胁迫条件下生理生化特性的变化。结果表明 :在涝渍胁迫条件下 ,豫麦 62号游离脯氨酸 (Pro)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量和超氧物歧化酶 (SOD)活性均高于百农 32 1 7,后者的丙二醛 (MDA)含量则明显高于前者。说明耐湿性不同的品种存在着一定的生理生化差异     

脱落酸浸种提高萌发期水稻种子对涝渍胁迫的抗性研究

[目的]探究脱落酸(ABA)浸种对涝渍胁迫条件下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为农业生产提供借鉴。[方法]分别用蒸馏水和0.1μmol/LABA溶液浸种24 h,正常催芽萌发至胚根长2～5 mm,涝渍处理72 h,测定水稻种子的出苗率及各项形态指标。[结果]与涝渍对照相比,ABA浸种处理的出苗率、根长、株高、干重、相对活力指数分别增加了38.7%、23.6%、13.3%、37.8%和34.8%。[结论]ABA处理可显著提高涝渍条件下水稻种子的出苗率、秧苗素质及种子相对活力指数。     

涝渍胁迫下辣椒的生理特性

在土培条件下采用模拟涝渍胁迫的方法,对8个辣椒(Capsicum annum L.)品种在涝渍胁迫期间和随后恢复过程中的叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和抗氧化酶活性及胁迫后的形态特征进行了研究和观察。结果表明,涝渍胁迫下,8个辣椒品种叶绿素含量均降低,而可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先升后降趋势。另外,辣椒叶片外观形态结果表明,湘妹籽008的耐涝性最强,河西牛角椒和新一代中华红的耐涝性最差,而早星、红玫瑰、红贵404、博辣五号、新尖椒四号的耐涝性中等。     

涝渍对棉花产量及其构成的影响

在棉花盛花期的不同时段对不同品种设置淹水处理试验,研究淹水对棉花产量、产量构成及其形成动态的影响,结果表明,棉花淹水后成铃减少是涝渍导致棉花减产的主要原因;淹水能抑制棉铃发育及纤维发育,导致铃重和衣分降低,严重影响产量。棉花盛花期内,涝渍灾害发生越迟产量损失越大。淹水对单铃籽棉干重的抑制作用一般在棉株受淹后10d开始表现,淹水解除后持续约20d。开花后10d左右的棉铃受淹后恢复期很短,对铃重影响最大;刚开始发育的棉铃受淹后恢复期较长,对铃重的影响相对较小;淹水对已处于纤维加厚高峰期棉铃的籽棉干重增长抑制作用较小。淹水对棉纤维干重增长的抑制作用与其对棉铃籽棉干重影响的趋势相似。     

弱光涝渍复合胁迫对夏玉米产量及光合特性的影响

[目的]旨在探讨不同生育时期弱光涝渍复合胁迫影响夏玉米产量和光合特性的生理机制.[方法]选用DH605为试验材料,通过在大田条件下设置不同生育时期遮阴、淹水以及遮阴+淹水处理,即分别为三叶期淹水(V3-W)、拔节期淹水(V6-W)、开花期淹水(VT-W);三叶期遮阴(V3-S)、拔节期遮阴(V6-S)、开花期遮阴(VT...     

脱落酸对涝渍条件下棉花幼苗生长及相关生理指标的影响

涝渍胁迫是长江中下游棉花产区面临的主要逆境之一。在前期研究基础上,利用5μmol/L脱落酸(ABA)喷施涝渍胁迫条件下的棉花幼苗叶片,检测涝渍处理期间棉花幼苗叶片内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,以及叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、可溶性糖及脯氨酸的含量,并于涝渍处理后测量株高及生物量。结果显示:与对照相比,ABA处理可以显著提高涝渍条件下棉花幼苗的株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低MDA及H_2O_2含量。由结果可知,外源喷施ABA可以提高棉花的耐涝性。     

不同小麦品种钾素积累差异及其对钾肥施用的产量效应

在盆栽条件下，研究了52个小麦品种的生物学产量及其地上部分钾积累量的差异。结果表明，在供钾水平相同时，不同小麦品种的生物学产量及其钾积累量差异显著；不施钾条件下，钾积累量与生物学产量有极显著的相关关系；施钾条件下，钾积累量与生物学产量无显著的相关关系。根据钾效应系数（EC），将52个小麦品种分成了5组。     

拟南芥乙烯信号突变体响应脱落酸的生长表型分析

就拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)乙烯不敏感突变体ein2-1、ein3-1、etr1-1和etr1-3对脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)的响应进行了分析.结果表明,突变体对一定浓度范围ABA的敏感性存在差异.在黑暗条件下,ABA和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(1-Aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid,ACC)共同处理对突变体下胚轴的抑制作用减小.光照和黑暗两种条件下共同处理时,各突变体根相比野生型均表现对ABA敏感性降低.正常光照条件下,ABA和ACC共同处理与ABA单独处理相比,ein2-1下胚轴生长敏感性降低,etr1-1下胚轴生长敏感性提高,etr1-1和etr1-3根生长对ABA敏感性降低;黑暗条件下ABA和ACC共同处理与ABA单独处理相比,ein2-1和etr1-1下胚轴生长对ABA敏感性降低,etr1-3根生长对ABA敏感性明显降低,表明ein2-1、etr1-1和etr1-3在不同条件下的ABA敏感性发生了变化.由此表明ABA有可能对ein2-1、etr1-1和etr1-3的乙烯信号转导通路产生影响.     

Yield and water use responses of winter wheat to irrigation and nitrogen application in the North China Plain

With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain(NCP). A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels(W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation) and four N fertilizer rates(N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha~(-1); N2, 200 kg N ha~(-1); N3, 300 kg N ha~(-1)) on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice(W3 N3), the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha~(–1) is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.     

受渍小麦土壤氧含量的变化特征及渍害指标确定

【目的】分析小麦不同受渍时期的土壤氧含量变化特征,构建基于土壤氧含量的小麦受渍指标,为准确及时鉴别小麦受渍程度提供理论基础。【方法】选取小麦耐渍品种扬麦11与不耐渍品种郑麦7698,采用盆栽试验,分别在拔节—开花、开花—成熟2个时期进行渍水试验,设持续渍水0(CK)、5、12和20 d共4个处理,通过测定土壤氧含量和小麦产量,分析不同品种、不同处理冬小麦低氧胁迫受渍持续时长与产量的关系,筛选出以土壤氧含量为特征值的小麦受渍指标。【结果】土壤氧含量随着时间及生育期的推移逐渐降低,其高低起伏与自然降雨密切相关;拔节—开花时期受渍土壤氧含量减少量大于开花—成熟时期。CK的土壤氧含量随着生育期变化,在播种至拔节期以前主要保持在20 mg/L以上;从拔节期至灌浆期降至10 mg/L左右;灌浆期以后在10 mg/L以下。渍水处理阶段,2个生育时期小麦土壤氧含量低于5 mg/L;确定在4月下旬以前,可用土壤氧含量作为小麦受渍指标,受渍土壤氧含量的受渍阈值为5 mg/L。扬麦11和郑麦7698的产量与受渍处理天数均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),不管品种是否耐渍,渍害持续时间越长,对小麦产量影响越大。生育前期土壤相对水含量对土壤氧含量影响较大,渍水下的土壤相对水含量使土壤氧含量维持在5 mg/L以下,而在生育后期,相对水含量对土壤氧含量影响不明显。分析小麦产量与土壤氧含量低于5 mg/L持续时长的关系,得出基于土壤氧含量的小麦受渍害指标标准,即在拔节—开花时期,扬麦11土壤氧气含量低于5 mg/L分别持续7、17和25 d以上时,郑麦7698分别持续8、18和24 d以上,认定小麦受轻度、中度、重度渍害影响;扬麦11与郑麦7698在开花—成熟时期持续11、18和27 d以上,认定小麦受轻度、中度、重度渍害影响。【结论】以小麦受渍时土壤氧含量的变化特征作为渍害判别标准符合江汉平原小麦种植实际生产现状,确定在4月下旬以前,可用土壤氧含量作为小麦渍害受渍指标,受渍土壤氧含量的阈值为5 mg/L。     

外源ABA对低温下雷公藤幼苗的生理响应

以1年生的雷公藤扦插苗为试验材料,对其外施浓度分别为5、10、15、20、25 mg·L-1脱落酸(ABA)溶液,以喷施蒸馏水为对照(CK),并进行连续7d的低温胁迫处理.研究低温胁迫下ABA对雷公藤幼苗叶片质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、保护酶和脯氨酸等生理生化指标的影响.研究表明,喷施浓度为15-20 mg·L-1的A...     

Allele mining of wheat ABA receptor at TaPYL4 suggests neo-functionalization among the wheat homoeologs

ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) play a central role in the water loss control of plants. A previous report indicated that TaPYL4 is a critical gene in wheat that improves grain production under drought conditions and increases water use efficiency. In this study, we analyzed the sequence polymorphisms and genetic effects of TaPYL4s. Based on isolated TaPYL4 genes from chromosomes 2A, 2B and 2D, three haplotypes were detected in the promoter region of TaPYL4-2A, and two haplotypes were present in TaPYL4-2B and TaPYL4-2D, respectively. Marker/trait association analysis indicated that TaPYL4-2A was significantly associated with plant height in 262 Chinese wheat core collection accessions, as well as the drought tolerance coefficient (DTC) for plant height in 239 wheat varieties from Shanxi Province in multiple environments. However, the frequencies of favored drought-tolerant haplotype TaPYL4-2A-Hap2 were considerably low, accounting for only 10%, and lines with this certain Hap could be reserved in the breeding program. TaPYL4-2B was significantly associated with grain number, and the favored haplotype TaPYL4-2B-Hap1 was the dominant allele of above 90% in the collection. For TaPYL4-2D, there were no significant differences in these traits between the two haplotypes in either of the two panels. These results indicate that variation might lead to functional differentiation among the homoeologs and the haplotypes had undergone artificial selection during breeding. Two molecular markers developed to distinguish these haplotypes could be used for breeding in water-limited regions.     

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management, however, the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen (N) input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous (P) fertilization. In this study, two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014–2019 under identical conditions. Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments. In field experiment 1, the two factors included three planting patterns (mono-cropped wheat (MW), mono-cropped faba bean (MF), and wheat and faba bean intercropping (W//F)) and four N application rates (N0, 0 kg N ha^–1; N1, 90 and 45 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; N2, 180 and 90 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; and N3, 270 and 135 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively). In field experiment 2, the two factors included three P application rates (P0, 0 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; P1, 45 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; and P2, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1) and the same three planting patterns (MW, MF, and W//F). The yield performances of inter- and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat (IW) and MW were estimated. The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield. Wheat yield increased by 18–26%, but faba bean yield decreased by 5–21% in W//F compared to MW and MF, respectively. The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.12. N and P fertilization benefited IW yield, but reduced intercropped faba bean (IF) yield. Nevertheless, the partial LER of wheat (pLER_wheat) decreased with increasing N application rates, and the partial LER of faba bean (pLER_{faba bean}) decreased with increasing P application rates. Thus, LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased. IW maintained a similar yield as MW, even under reduced 40–50% N fertilizer and 30–40% P fertilizer conditions. The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^–1, respectively, and 63 and 62 kg ha^–1 for P₂O₅, respectively. In conclusion, W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield, but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased. Thus, it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping. Based on the results, rates of 150 kg Nha^–1 and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1 are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.     

小麦幼苗根系形态对镉胁迫的响应

为了研究镉(Cd)在小麦体内的吸收、转运过程,以及Cd对小麦根系形态的影响,本文通过水培试验分析了小麦在5种Cd水平下(0、0.5、5、50、200μmol·L~(-1))处理3、6、11、17 d和23 d后各项生长指标的变化,并用荧光显微镜观察了Cd处理17 d后小麦根系形态的变化情况。结果表明,小麦幼苗对Cd的吸收能力与Cd浓度成反比关系,且在Cd0.5处理下,小麦对Cd的吸收和转运的能力显著高于其他处理。随着Cd处理浓度的增加,小麦幼苗的生物量、株高、总根长、根体积、总根尖数目逐渐减小,根系平均直径逐渐增加。相关性分析结果表明,小麦幼苗对Cd的吸收能力与平均直径呈显著正相关,对Cd的转运能力仅与平均直径呈显著负相关。进一步通过荧光显微镜观察,结果显示Cd处理可诱导小麦幼苗根系皮层细胞增多、薄壁细胞增大以及内皮层细胞壁木质素的沉积。Cd诱导的根系直径增粗对小麦Cd的吸收及转运都起着非常重要的作用。     

ABA浸种对水稻生长及产量的影响

采用0．1mg／kg和O．3mg／kg ABA浸种24h和36h,以清水浸种作对照,研究了ABA浸种对水稻秧苗生长和产量的影响。结果表明：ABA浸种处理水稻秧苗素质和产量均优于对照,其中浸种36h、ABA浓度为0.1mg／kg和0.3mg／kg的处理分别比对照产量提高9．5％和19．5％,ABA浸种处理的水稻平均产量比对照高9．9％。     

海南露地辣椒磷肥肥效研究

采用田间小区试验,对海南露地辣椒磷肥肥效进行试验。结果表明,露地辣椒施磷较不施磷显著增产增 收,增产6.3%~11.8%,平均9.4%;增加经济效益7.4%~16.2%,平均13.0%。该试验条件下露地辣椒磷肥（P2O5）适宜用 量为120 kg/hm2左右。