Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity and Availability of Added Phosphorus in Soils from Aquaculture Areas in Thailand

A series of 20 soil samples was collected from aquaculture areas in 14 provinces of Thailand. Samples represented 10 soil suborders and exhibited wide variation in physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were treated with 0, 25. 50, 100, and 200 ppm phosphorus and incubated under water-saturated conditions for 1 mo. Amounts of added phosphorus recoverable by water extraction decreased markedly as phosphorus adsorption capacity (PAC) of samples increased ( r = 0.88 to 0.96, P < 0.01). This suggests that relative abilities of bottom soils to adsorb and release phosphorus added to ponds in fertilizers or feeds can be assessed from PAC data. Because of the importance of phosphorus adsorption by soil in regulating phosphorus availability to phytoplankton in ponds, the PAC appears to be a more useful technique than traditional phosphorus extraction methods as an index of the phosphorus status of aquaculture ponds. The PAC was highly correlated with clay content of soils ( r = 0.957; P < 0.01), and a knowledge of clay content will permit a rough assessment of phosphorus status.     

Using Experimental Microcosms in Shrimp Research: The Growth-Enhancing Effect of Shrimp Pond Water

After preliminary six week experiments showed that shrimp pond effluent from an intensive culture growout pond had the capacity to nearly double shrimp growth in laboratory tanks, an 18 day experiment was designed to determine if similar results occurred in the presence of high quality feeds. The results presented here corroborate the hypothesis that autochthonous factors in shrimp pond water stimulate shrimp growth. These results revealed that performance of currently available shrimp feeds is greatly improved in the presence of pond effluent, regardless of feed quality. Increased feed performance did not appear to be an artifact of supplemental feed availability in pond effluent. The implications from these experiments are that, even in intensive culture systems (above 40 shrimp per m²), in-situ sources of nutrition play an important role in shrimp growth.     

Water Quality and Phytoplankton Communities in Intensive Shrimp Culture Ponds in Kung Krabaen Bay, Eastern Thailand

Water quality and phytoplankton communities were studied in 20 intensive shrimp culture ponds and in the inlet and drainage canals at Kung Krabaen Bay, Eastern Thailand during the first shrimp crop of 1992. The grow-out ponds were categorized into two groups: low stocking density (<60 PL/m²) and high stocking density (>60 PL/m²). The results showed that there were no significant differences in water quality between the two stocking density groups. Phytoplankton collected using a 60-μm mesh net consisted of 79 genera with concentrations ranging from 1,822 to 72,527 cells/L from the first month up to the time of shrimp harvesting. Water quality deteriorated in high and low stocking density shrimp ponds, which had an influence on abundance and diversity of net phytoplankton communities. Biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia-nitrogen were most closely related to abundance of net phytoplankton communities during the shrimp grow-out period. Salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen appeared to play an important role in phytoplankton community variation in inlet and drainage canals. Phytoplankton community structure in drainage canals showed more variation than in ponds. The management implications of the results and recommendations for further studies are also considered.     

Sedimentation of Soils from Three Physiographic Regions of Alabama at Different Salinities

This study evaluated the rate of sedimentation from water under various salinities, over a time period of 72 h. The particles come from soils that are commonly found in shrimp growing areas of Alabama: Black Belt Prairie, Piedmont Plateau, and Upper Coastal Plain. Different salinity treatments and settling times resulted in significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in the reduction of turbidity and TSS for each soil type. Solutions containing 2 ppt salinity had a similar rate of turbidity reduction as the solutions with 5, 10, or greater ppt treatments. Concentrations of turbidity and TSS decreased rapidly between 1 and 12 h of sedimentation; very little decline was observed during the time intervals 12–72 h. Higher salinity treatments yielded settling patterns similar to the 2 ppt salinity treatment. After 1 h, turbidity was removed by 65% in the control compared with 85% salinity treated samples. Variations in turbidity and TSS among the three sediments suggest that finer particles, the Piedmont Plateau soils, settled at a slower rate than larger particles. This difference occurs because the percentage of turbidity and TSS removed was significantly higher in mineralized waters compared to freshwater. Therefore, a small amount of salt, 2 ppt, can be used in pond aquaculture treatments to reduce the turbidity and TSS concentrations in shrimp ponds.     

Quality of liming materials used in aquaculture in Thailand

Samples of 45 brands of liming materials were obtained in Thailand and analyzed for chemical and physical properties. Eight of 10 products sold as ground calcium carbonate (calcitic agricultural limestone) were properly identified by vendors and of high quality, that is, neutralizing value and fineness rating above 85%. Seven of 15 products sold as ground dolomite (dolomitic agricultural limestone) were properly identified, seven were ordinary pulverized limestone instead of dolomite, and one was lime. The seven dolomitic agricultural limestone samples were of high quality, that is, fineness ratings above 85% and neutralizing values above 95%. Only two of eight misidentified samples were of high quality. Only one of four products sold as marl had neutralizing value and efficiency rating above 85%, but all were properly identified. Five products sold as crushed seashell had been burned and should have been identified as lime. However, neutralizing values (72–103%) were lower than those of good quality lime. All 13 samples sold as lime were properly identified, and eight were of good quality, that is, neutralizing value above 120% and fineness rating above 85%. The cost of liming materials ranged from US$ 0.01 to 0.20kg^–1 for marl and from US$ 0.10 to 0.14kg^–1 for lime. There was no relationship between product quality and cost. Fish and shrimp farmers in Thailand should insist that manufacturers and vendors of liming materials provide data on product composition.     

环渤海主要城市近岸海域水质状况综合评价

为评价环渤海13个城市近岸海域水质状况,基于渤海195个监测站位2020年3月和5月的实测水质数据,选取化学需氧量、无机氮、总氮、活性磷酸盐、总磷和石油类物质作为评价因子,采用雷达图指数、内梅罗指数和主成分指数对环渤海主要城市近岸海域水质状况进行了综合评价和等级划分。结果显示,渤海近岸海域主要污染物为无机氮和总磷,其次为石油类物质;葫芦岛、秦皇岛、大连和烟台的近岸海域水质状况较好,而位于辽东湾北岸辽河口附近的盘锦、锦州、营口以及位于莱州湾西侧的滨州近岸海域水质状况较差;3类水质综合指数对海水中盐度和悬浮物浓度敏感性较强,且相互之间及其与水质优良面积比例存在显著相关性,表明所选择的3类水质指数能够真实反映渤海近岸海域水质状况。研究结果可为渤海水质评价与综合治理成效评估提供借鉴。     

河口区中国对虾养殖水源的水质状况研究

<正> 随着我国对虾养殖的迅速发展,河口地区养殖对虾用水的水质状况的研究日益重要。由于河口区水质状况与滨海地区有着很大的差别,不仅不能直接用于育苗生产,成虾养殖也受到了限制。本文对于上海河口地区养殖对虾的水源于1989年11月～1990年11月间进行了连续13个月的碱度、硬度、硫酸     

双岛湾海域人工鱼礁区水质状况及其季节变化特征

根据2011年夏季(8月)、秋季(11月)和2012年冬季(3月)、春季(5月)水环境调查资料,采用单因子污染指数法、营养指数法、营养状态指数法和有机污染综合指数法对威海双岛湾海域人工鱼礁区域的水质状况进行了评价.结果表明:(1)鱼礁区溶解氧、pH、无机氮、活性磷酸盐和COD污染指数均＜1.0,海水未受到上述因子的污染;(2)鱼礁区海水处于贫营养水平,水质指标季节变化不明显;(3)鱼礁区与鱼礁影响区、对照区比较,海水营养指数、营养水平和有机污染指数无显著差异,显示鱼礁短期内对水质改善作用不明显.     

Sperm Quality of Pond-Reared and Wild-Caught Penaeus monodon in Thailand1

Sperm quality, as determined by visual examination and by reaction with “egg-water” was not significantly different (P > 0.05) for sperm obtained by electro-ejaculation from ablated or non-ablated pond-reared Penaeus monodon. Nor was sperm quality different between pond-reared and wild-caught prawns. Normal sperm, determined by appearance, ranged from 17.1 to 21.0%, while reactive sperm ranged from 1.5 to 3.0%. There were, however, significant correlations (P < 0.01) between spermatophore weight and prawn weight (r= 0.73, N= 434). Male prawns weighing 4150 g produced on average spermatophores weighing 22.7 mg and containing 0.8 million sperm, while prawns weighing 61-90 g produced on average spermatophores weighing 56.6 mg with 2.5 million sperm. Ablation did not increase spermatophore size or sperm quality, although it significantly increased mortality of ablated males. Male prawns could be re-ejaculated at about weekly intervals with no change in sperm quality. Wild-caught female prawns artificially inseminated with spermatophores from electro-ejaculated males produced normal spawns with 51% average egg fertilization, and 41% nauplii hatch success. Nauplii hatch success following spawning increased from >60% for newly inseminated females to near zero after 30 days post-insemination, indicating spermatophore depletion and/or deteriorated sperm quality during spermatophore storage in the thelycum. The findings of the present study indicate that electro-ejaculation and artificial insemination are relatively simple and practical methods for improving captive reproduction performance of closed-thelycum prawns such as P. monodon, and that pond-reared and wild-caught males produced sperm of similar quality.     

高邮湖各生态功能区后生浮游动物群落特征及水质评价

为了解后生浮游动物群落结构特征和水质现状,于2016年1月、4月、7月、10月对高邮湖后生浮游动物进行定量调查,测定各项水质理化参数,并基于全湖和各生态功能分区,采用水质综合营养状态指数、后生浮游动物优势种群组成、B/T指数对高邮湖营养状况进行多指标分析与评价。结果表明,此次调查高邮湖后生浮游动物有17科、27属、47种;其中轮虫7科、14属、28种,占总种类的59.6%;枝角类5科、7属、10种,占总种类的21.3%;桡足类5科、6属、9种,占总种类的19.1%,小型后生浮游动物(轮虫)的生物密度和种类所占比例较高,而大型后生浮游动物(甲壳动物)占比较低。后生浮游动物年均密度为1 434.7个/L,年均生物量为3.2070 mg/L。高邮湖水质总氮、总磷均为超标项目,全湖和各生态功能区的水质指标与后生浮游动物评价结果相吻合,表明高邮湖已经为富营养型湖泊,处于轻度富营养化阶段。     

2008-2009年青堆子湾水质状况与富营养化水平

2008—2009年春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,对青堆子湾进行了水质调查。调查结果表明,青堆子湾海域各个季节的化学需氧量、无机氮、无机磷等含量均符合Ⅱ类海水水质标准,一般表现为夏、秋季含量高于春、冬季;青堆子湾海域春、夏、秋、冬季的氮、磷比值分别为35.5,169.7,22.3和77.9,均大于Redfield比值(16),水体大部分时间磷比较缺乏。利用现有的营养状态质量法对青堆子湾的富营养化水平现状进行了评价,结果显示青堆子湾春夏秋冬4个季节的营养状态质量指数分别为2.34、6.99、3.95、1.80,夏季和秋季呈现富营养化水平,但控制因子各不相同,夏季富营养化主要控制因子是叶绿素a,而秋季富营养化是化学需氧量、总氮、总磷及叶绿素a共同作用的结果。     

安康水库水环境现状研究

研究安康水库水质与水生生物,为南水北调水源地的水质保护和渔政管理提供参考。在瀛湖库区设7个采样点,2015年7月-2016年6月每月1次、2016年8月-2017年6月每2个月1次采集水样,检测水质与藻类。结果显示,安康水库水体透明度在1.2m以上,12月份最高,3.5m;pH7.38～8.50,中性偏碱;溶解氧10.46mg/L;高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)与5日生化需氧量指数(BOD5)6-8月份最高,12-2月份较低,总体符合地表水I类水质标准;Cl-、Mg2+、Ca2+、SO2-4等的含量及水体总硬度均符合I类水质标准。水库藻密度最高值出现在4月,最低值在12月,分别为3.49×10~6个/L与0.07×10~6个/L,全年藻密度均值为0.8×10~6个/L。安康水库水质大部分时间内为I类水,水质总体状况优良,冬季的水质优于春夏季。     

放养密度和微生态制剂对施氏鲟养殖水质的影响

将初始体质量(54.86±10.19)g的施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii饲养在面积16m~2(4m×4m)、水深1.7~1.9m的陆基围隔中,密度分别为2 000尾/667m~2、3 000尾/667m~2、4 000尾/667m~2和5 000尾/667m~2,每个密度组均设3个平行,常规饲养,混合泼洒光合细菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌,第一次泼洒量为光合细菌50m L、枯草芽孢杆菌50g和乳酸菌50g,之后每5d泼洒第一次量的1/2,研究微生态制剂对静水土养殖池塘水质的影响。结果显示:水体中溶解氧量随养殖密度的增加逐渐降低(P0.05),氨氮、亚硝酸盐浓度随养殖密度的增加逐渐升高(P0.05)。在使用微孔增氧的条件下,泼洒微生态制剂对溶解氧量和氨氮浓度的影响不显著(P0.05),但显著降低了水体亚硝酸盐浓度(P0.05),显著增加了浮游动物生物量(P0.05)。     

生物水净化剂对养殖池塘水质的调控作用初探

生物水净化剂是含有芽孢杆菌、酶和营养物质的一种微生态制剂。可以用于集约化水产养殖的各个环节和其它水处理过程。进行了3种不同浓度(2、4、8g／m^3)的生物水净化剂30d的试验。结果表明。生物水净化剂对养殖水体具有以下主要作用及特点：①对水质的改善起到积极作用。增加水体透明度。降解氨氮。降低化学耗氧量;②3个浓度对水质改善都有较理想的结果,其中2g／m^3组最为经济、有效;③对养殖水体的净化作用快,使用后第2天就具有明显效果;作用时间长,净化效果可维持2～3周。     

不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌对罗非鱼鱼苗的养殖水体水质及其抗病力的影响

罗非鱼鱼苗的养殖水体中引入不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌,检测水体的水质指标、鱼苗体内与免疫相关酶的酶活力、鱼苗的生长率和成活率。实验结束时,引入1.0×10^4 cfu/mL枯草芽孢杆菌实验组,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量分别为2.72 mg/L、0.15 mg/L,显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;AKP活力、抗菌活力分别达249.9 U/g prot、0.59μg/mL,显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;鱼苗成活率也显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,比对照组提高了11.0%。结果显示：适合浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效地改善鱼苗养殖水体的水质,提高机体免疫力和成活率。     

开化山区坑塘流水养鱼技术的传承与推广

通过实地调查，以浙江省开化县山区为例，摸清了坑塘流水养鱼的民间传统与技术要点，并对其所具有的生态环境与水产生态养殖优势作了进一步阐述，提出了进一步传承与推广开化山区坑塘流水养鱼技术的相关措施，以便取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

A Survey of Water Quality Characteristics of Effluent from Hawaiian Aquaculture Facilities

Ten water quality parameters were measured in influent and effluent water at 11 aquaculture facilities in Hawaii. The data were grouped into four categories based on the types of organisms cultured: freshwater fish, freshwater prawn, marine fish, and marine shrimp. Within each category, concentrations of most parameters were lognormally distributed and spanned one to two orders of magnitude. Geometric mean concentrations of suspended materials, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pigments were highest in effluent from freshwater prawn ponds and lowest in marine fish pond effluent. Nitrate/Nitrite and total ammonia concentrations were higher in fish pond effluent than in crustacean pond effluent. Parameter concentrations were generally higher in effluent than in influent water, with freshwater fish and prawn ponds exhibiting the greatest increases in suspended materials and pigments. In contrast, nitrate/nitrite concentrations were lower in effluent than in influent waters. These data provide a basis for analyzing the environmental impacts of warm-water aquaculture effluent discharges.     

Quality of Kapi,Salted Shrimp Paste of Thailand,Inoculated with Bacillus spp. K-C3

The use of Bacillus spp. K-C3, isolated from commercial Kapi, salted shrimp paste of Thailand, as the starter culture for Kapi production, at different levels including 10², 10⁴, and 10⁶ CFU/g dry weight sample named Kapi-B2, Kapi-B4, and Kapi-B6, respectively, in comparison with naturally fermented Kapi (Kapi-C) was studied. All inoculated samples exhibited higher extent of proteolysis and lipolysis as indicated by higher trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptide, degree of hydrolysis, and free fatty acid content in the final products. The greater rate of fermentation in the inoculated samples directly affected characteristics of Kapi and yielded Kapi with browner color and enhanced lipid oxidation as indicated by peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values. Increased antioxidative properties, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), were obtained in Kapi with added inoculum. Moreover, those inoculated samples also contained higher intensity of volatile compounds, in which N-containing compounds, mainly pyrazine derivatives, were dominant. Kapi-B4 and Kapi-B6 showed the highest extent of these aforementioned values compared with Kapi-C and Kapi-B2. Therefore, inoculation with Bacillus spp. K-C3 at the level higher than 10⁴ CFU/g dry weight sample is a potential means to accelerate the fermentation rate and yielded Kapi with preferable characteristics.     

阳澄西湖水质与鲢土腥异味相关性研究

本研究旨在揭示富营养湖泊水质对放流鱼类土腥异味的影响,并探讨土腥异味的净化规律。在阳澄西湖设置了6个网围养殖区,于2009年初开始陆续放养鲢、鳙等养殖品种,次年春节前后捕捞并补放鱼种。2009-2011年连续三年跟踪监测了各围养区的总氮（TN）、总磷（TP)、化学耗氧量（CODMn）、叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度,2012年5月从各围养区分别取鲢10尾,分析了肌肉中土臭味素（GSM） 和2-甲基异茨醇（2-MIB）含量,另从土腥异味较重的网围中取70尾鲢在清水中净化,并于净化后不同时间监测其肌肉中GSM和2-MIB含量。结果表明阳澄西湖水质总体处于劣ⅴ类,但Chl-a浓度在蓝藻水华阈值以下。网围养殖的鲢肌肉中GSM和2-MIB含量较高,且与TN、TP、Chl-a浓度呈显著的正相关关系。经过8天净化,鲢肌肉中GSM和2-MIB浓度分别下降了55%和72%,经过32天净化,GSM和2-MIB含量低于检出限。上述结果提示阳澄西湖围养滤食性鱼类有效控制了蓝藻水华的发生,表明鱼体的土腥异味与水质有关,可通过32天的净化消除鲢鱼的土腥异味。