楚雄州林下中药材白芨和滇黄精丰产栽培试验研究

为加快楚雄州生物医药大健康产业的发展步伐,于2016年2月—2017年9月,选择楚雄州具有代表类性的郁闭度0.5~0.7的云南松林下,开展白芨和滇黄精丰产栽培试验,对栽培密度、腐殖土量、底肥量、追肥量等四因素设三个不同水平进行正交试验。结果表明,栽培密度对二者保存率有极显著影响,但白芨适合密植,以15 cm×20 cm株行距为佳;滇黄精不宜密植,以25 cm×40 cm株行距为佳。腐植土对二者块茎生长量有显著影响,底肥及追肥对二者生长无明显影响。     

施肥、造林密度和种植穴规格对杉木幼林生长的影响

为完善杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)高效栽培技术，采用正交试验方法，研究施肥、造林密度和种植穴规格3个因素对杉木生长的影响，以期获得杉木高产的最佳组合。结果表明，造林密度和施肥条件是影响杉木早期生长的关键因素，种植穴规格影响不显著。不同区域的最优栽培技术组合略有不同，融安县和融水县试验点最优组合为A₃B₁C₃，即造林密度1 666株/hm²，种植穴规格40 cm×40 cm×40 cm，施用基肥+追肥；全州县试验点最优组合为A₁B₂C₂，即造林密度2 500株/hm²，种植穴规格50 cm×50 cm×50 cm，施用基肥；南丹县试验点最优组合为A₁B₃C₃，即造林密度2 500株/hm²，种植穴规格60 cm×60 cm×60 cm，施用基肥+追肥。经综合分析，杉木造林密度宜选择1 666～2 500...     

红葱林下栽培技术研究

对红葱开展施肥、覆盖及密度试验,结果表明,施用菇渣肥红葱的重量比施有机肥高;覆盖黑膜比覆盖稻秆栽培的效益更好。在不同的林种结构和不同的立地条件下,种植密度对红葱重量有不同的影响。     

红葱林下栽培技术研究

对红葱开展施肥、覆盖及密度试验,结果表明,施用菇渣肥红葱的重量比施有机肥高;覆盖黑膜比覆盖稻秆栽培的效益更好。在不同的林种结构和不同的立地条件下,种植密度对红葱重量有不同的影响。     

施用有机硫酸钾镁肥对高原粳稻产量的影响

用获得有机认证的国安牌天然有机硫酸钾镁肥(用量20 kg/亩)与农家肥(用量1 500 kg/亩)为试验材料,设四个处理和2个对照,研究对高原粳稻产量及其构成因素以及穗部性状的影响。试验结果表明:农家肥与硫酸钾镁肥两种肥料配合施用稻谷产量高于单独施用任意一种肥料;将肥料分两次施入所获得的产量高于只作底肥施入;即有机肥硫酸钾镁与农家肥配合,其中用100%农家肥+60%硫酸钾镁肥作底肥,移栽后14 d将剩余的40%硫酸钾镁肥作追肥的施用方法稻谷产量最高。     

定植密度和施肥种类对蕨菜生长及产量的影响

为了给人工栽培野生蕨菜提供理论依据和技术指导,研究了不同定植密度和施肥种类对人工栽培蕨菜生长及鲜菜产量的影响。结果表明,低密度(25cm×11cm)栽培有利于地下根茎的发育和株高、叶柄长度的增加,但鲜菜产量较低;施用鸡粪不仅地下根茎发育较好,且地上株高、叶柄长度增加,第3年鲜菜产量显著高于施用复合肥、草木灰和不施肥处理。因此,高密度(25cm×5cm)栽植配合施用鸡粪,是获得蕨菜鲜菜最高产量的适宜组合措施。     

桉树林下套种草珊瑚栽培技术研究

本试验采用L9(34)正交试验设计法,探讨不同桉树林郁闭度、不同种植坡向及不同追肥种类对林下草珊瑚生长发育及产量的影响。试验结果表明:郁闭度是影响桉树林下套种草珊瑚的关键因素,郁闭度0.7最适宜草珊瑚生长发育,且产量最高;种植坡向对草珊瑚的高生长影响较明显,而对产量影响不大,南坡最适宜草珊瑚种植;种植后的追肥种类对林下套种草珊瑚影响不大,结合生产实际,建议最好是采用无机肥与有机肥结合施用,以达最佳效果。     

紫科1号红豆杉栽培技术研究

以中科院选育的优良无性系紫科1号红豆杉为试材,设置密度、底肥各3个水平共9个交叉组合,3次重复,在4种海拔进行栽培试验。结果表明:紫科1号红豆杉最适宜的栽培条件为海拔784 m左右、底肥0.5 kg/株左右(复合肥)。该条件下紫科1号红豆杉第1年高生长量可达40 cm以上,分枝达8个以上,冠幅可达14 cm。因此,推荐种植密度为25 000株/hm2(50 cm×80 cm)。     

巨桉短周期工业用材林培育技术研究

针对不同的土壤类型、整地、造林密度、施肥等栽培、管理措施分析,表明栽培巨桉应选择中厚层山地黄壤、整地规格为60cm×60cm×60cm,重施基肥和追肥、造林密度为1667株/hm2,即株行距为2m×3m.在轮伐期为6-8年时,其经济效益是同等立地条件下马尾松林分经济效益的3.5倍.宜在巨桉适生区大力发展.     

皇竹草丰产栽培技术研究试验初报

根据皇竹草的生物学特性和赣州市气候条件,结合本地和外地的丰产栽培经验,对皇竹草进行不同种植密度、施用不同肥料种类、利用不同繁殖材料繁殖以及在不同的土壤条件下种植等一系列实验,通过分析,初步总结出了皇竹草的丰产栽培技术。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.