高浓度臭氧对春小麦膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了高浓度O3对春小麦叶片膜脂过氧化程度、活性氧含量、抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着臭氧浓度的升高,不同生育时期小麦叶片的相对电导率、MDA含量显著上升(P<0.01);穗粒重明显下降(P<0.05);O2-.产生速率和H2O2含量显著增加(P<0.05)。SOD活性、CAT活性、POD活性随生育进程和O3浓度升高而显著下降。而对抗氧化物如类Car含量、ASA含量的影响不显著。臭氧浓度增加,促使小麦叶片膜的伤害,引发了膜脂过氧化作用,产生了过多的活性氧自由基,破坏了抗氧化系统功能,影响了叶片的正常生理代谢。     

供钾方式对烟叶含钾量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同供钾方式对烟叶含钾量的影响及提高石灰性土壤上烤烟含钾量的可能途径。结果表明,施钾能显著提高烟叶产量,其中以粉肥结合喷优丰处理效果最好,在干旱条件下,增施钾肥可以显著提高烟叶含钾量,尤其能较大幅度提高中上部烟叶含钾量,粉肥对提高烟叶含钾量的效果稍优于粒肥。采用喷施“优丰９８－２”进行根外补钾,可显著提高烟叶含钾量,在石灰性土壤上,干旱是提高烟叶含钾量的障碍因子,仅凭土壤施钾来     

Correlation between lipid peroxidation and phenolics content in leaves and roots of sugar beet infected with Rhizoctonia solani

The correlation between intensity of lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant capacity of sugar beet plants (cv. ‘Drena’) infected with Rhizoctonia solani Kühn isolate (AG 2-2 IIIB group) was studied. Successful inoculation was confirmed by the presence of infection cushions in a cross section of leaf petioles. On the 7^th day of the experiment, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC. 4.3.1.5) activity was in negative correlation with intensified lipid peroxidation process in leaves of sugar beet plants (r= –0 .99). Also, in leaves and roots of inoculated sugar beet plants, total flavonoids content (35% and 20%, respectively) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging activity (80% and 55%, respectively) were significantly reduced. Necrotic processes resulting from R. solani infection of sugar beet plants was followed by induction of plant phenolics metabolism; however, antioxidant capacity of these plants was reduced.     

Differential effect of diclofop-methyl on fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves of sensitive and tolerant plant species

The herbicide diclofop-methyl caused an early and pronounced inhibition of the incorporation of [¹⁴C]acetate into leaf lipids of the sensitive plant species maize (Zea may L.), wild oat (Avena fatua L.), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.). With an EC₅₀ value of approximately 10^?7M inhibition was already apparent 0.5–4 hr after herbicide application. The fatty acid biosynthesis of tolerant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and soybean (Glycine max L.) was not affected, with one exception [wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) belongs to the more tolerant species]; the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis, however, was in the same order of magnitude as in sensitive plants. More detailed studies showed that in wheat a recovery from inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis occurred. Four days after herbicide application (0.18 kg diclofop-methyl/ha) in wheat normal fatty acid biosynthesis was restored, whereas in sensitive maize a 60% inhibition was maintained over the whole experimental period (8 days). The results support the view that tolerance of wheat to diclofop-methyl is based on its inactivation in leaves, whereas the tolerance of dicotyledonous species may probably lie at the level of the site of action of diclofop-methyl. In experiments with intact leaves, the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis resulted in an enhanced flow of [¹⁴C]acetate into organic acids and amino acids. This effect, however, was not always reproducible in experiments with leaf pieces or isolated root tips.     

Bioassays using detached tobacco leaves to determine the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to fungicides

Two bioassay methods are described which use detached tobacco leaves to measure the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to systemic fungicides. Tobacco leaves (13–15 cm²), treated with fungicides before or after detachment from the plant, were inoculated with sporangia in water drops and, after incubation in beakers and Petri plates, the disease severity and/or production of sporangia was determined 4–7 days after treatment with the fungicides. Of 15 systemic fungicides applied to detached leaves, eight N-phenylamides at 0.066?1.0 μg ml^?1 controlled blue mould; metalaxyl was the most effective fungicide. Isolates of P. tabacina, collected in the field from tobacco plants grown in soil treated with metalaxyl, were not resistant to the fungicide applied to detached leaves prior to inoculation. The fungicide, applied to leaves before detachment, was used to measure the efficacy of five systemic N-phenylamide fungicides sprayed on the basal and unsprayed distal portions of the leaves. Blue mould was controlled on the basal portion of the leaf by all the fungicides at 0.66?1.0 μg ml^?1, but it required the application of 3–30 times more chemical on the basal portion to achieve comparable blue mould control on the distal part of the leaf.     

菌核净在植烟土壤及烟叶中的消解动态

为了探明菌核净的残留污染风险,在室内模拟和田间试验条件下,采用气相色谱法研究了菌核净在贵州植烟土壤及烟叶中的消解动态及其在土壤中消解的影响因子。 结果表明:在供试条件下,土壤微生物对菌核净在土壤中的消解起着重要作用,其在灭菌土壤中的半衰期为未灭菌土壤的3.5倍;土壤类型、温度、含水量和菌核净浓度对其消解也有影响,在贵州5个地区植烟土壤中的消解速率由高到低依次为花溪土壤>黔南土壤>凯里土壤>遵义土壤>毕节土壤;土壤中菌核净的消解速率随土壤温度和含水量的增加而加快,随施药剂量的增加而减慢。田间试验结果表明,菌核净在烟叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.8和8.2 d。     

苯肽胺酸对辣椒内源激素及果实品质和产量的影响

明确苯肽胺酸对作物内源激素和果实品质及产量的影响,对其在农业生产中合理使用具有重要意义。本研究以辣椒为供试作物,芸苔素内酯为对照药剂,在田间小区试验条件下,采用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA) 等生理生化测定方法,研究了不同质量浓度的苯肽胺酸处理 (133.3、200.0、266.7 mg/L) 对辣椒叶片中内源激素含量、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明:与空白对照相比,分别于辣椒蕾期、花期和果期喷施苯肽胺酸后,其叶片中生长素 (IAA) 和玉米素 (ZT) 含量分别提高了4.15%~28.54%和23.41%~163.10%,脱落酸 (ABA) 含量降低了5.47%~28.97%,而对赤霉素 (GA₃) 含量无明显影响;苯肽胺酸处理的辣椒叶片中IAA/ZT比值呈先降低后升高趋势,而IAA/ABA、ZT/ABA、GA₃/ABA的比值在各测定期均升高;对照药剂芸苔素内酯处理对辣椒叶片内源激素的含量和比例也有较明显的影响,但与苯肽胺酸处理相比存在一定的差异。苯肽胺酸处理能明显改善辣椒果实品质,与空白对照相比,单果质量、果形指数和干重 (每100 g鲜果) 最高可分别增加14.75%、49.67%和26.09%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C和辣椒素含量分别提高69.75%~99.62%、29.17%~94.32%、15.86%~55.35%和1.82%~31.69%;苯肽胺酸处理具有明显增产效果,总产量比空白对照增加了20.66%~37.19%;芸苔素内酯处理也能改善果实品质和提高产量,尤其是增产效果明显,较空白对照增加了38.02%,但改善果实品质的整体效果弱于苯肽胺酸。研究表明,苯肽胺酸能够影响辣椒叶片的内源激素含量和比例,并可提高辣椒产量和改善果实品质,但与芸苔素内酯对辣椒的作用机理和效果不同,其田间推荐剂量为有效成分质量浓度133.3~200.0 mg/L。     

Contribution of both lignin content and sinapyl monomer to disease resistance in tobacco

As a major component of the cell wall, lignin has been suggested to play an important role in the plant defence response to various pathogens. However, how lignin is involved in plant pathogen interaction is still unclear. Here, a series of transgenic tobacco lines were cultivated with a range of differences in lignin content and composition. Evaluation of pathogen resistance in these plants indicated that lower total lignin content aggravated the severity of tobacco black shank and bacterial wilt diseases, while increased sinapyl lignin (S) alleviated the disease symptoms. The regression analysis indicated both lignin content and S lignin were positively correlated with disease resistance. These two factors had additive effects, exhibiting stronger correlation with disease resistance when they were combined. Neither guaiacyl lignin (G) nor S/G ratio showed close correlation with disease resistance. The expression of pathogenesis‐related protein genes PR2 and PR3 was induced after pathogen inoculation. However, the up‐regulation of PR2 and PR3 was not associated with a disease resistance‐induced increase in lignin content. These data collectively suggest that both total lignin content and S lignin are main factors that contribute to the basic defence response in tobacco.     

Removal of duvatrienediols from the surface of tobacco leaves increases their susceptibility to blue mold

Dipping leaf strips of greenhouse or field-grown tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Ky-14) plants into acetone for 1 s, prior to inoculation with sporangia of Peronospora tabacina Adam, increased their susceptibility to blue mold. Disease severity and sporangial production on leaf discs from acetone-treated leaves were markedly increased compared to those on discs from untreated leaves. Treatment with acetone also decreased variation in susceptibility of leaves from plants of various ages. Disease severity on discs obtained from attached leaves which were dipped in acetone for 1 s was three times greater up to 15 days after dipping than on discs from leaves that were not dipped. TLC and GLC analyses of the acetone extracts indicated that 95% or more of the major cuticular diterpenoids, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols (DVT), were removed from the surface by dipping for 1 s. These compounds had not reappeared on the leaf surface 15 days after leaves were dipped in acetone for 1 s. Aqueous suspensions of the acetone-soluble constituents as well as authentic DVT, inhibited sporangial germination of P. tabacina (ED₁₀₀ = 25 ppm) and the antifungal activity was accounted for by DVT. When DVT was removed from a leaf surface and added back to the same leaf strip, the resistance of the leaf tissue was restored. As tobacco plants aged, their susceptibility to blue mold decreased and the quantity of DVT on the leaf surface increased. The data support a role for DVT in the resistance of tobacco against blue mold.     

不同pH值缓冲液处理下蚕豆叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸及丙二醛含量的变化

研究了外源pH缓冲液处理下,离体和整株蚕豆叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量的变化.结果表明,酸碱处理离体蚕豆叶片10 min和30 min后,叶片组织相对含水量在pH 6.5时最高;酸性处理下的叶片脯氨酸含量较高;pH 5.0时丙二醛含量较高.整株蚕豆叶片处理5 h的叶片组织相对含水量在pH 6.5时最高,处理12 h以pH 5.0时最高;pH 5.5处理5 h叶片脯氨酸含量最高,处理12 h脯氨酸含量的变化不大;处理5 h时丙二醛含量的变化随pH的降低略有下降,但处理12 h丙二醛含量的变化不大.     

Pathogenicity of Stemphylium lycopersici isolated from rotted tobacco seeds on seedlings and leaves

A preemergence damping-off of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was found in Fukuoka, Japan, in 2009. A fungus repeatedly isolated from the black-rotted seeds reproduced the symptoms in tobacco seeds, and the preemergence damping-off developed after flower and soil inoculation with the fungus. Brown spots and blight developed on leaves of tobacco seedlings after inoculation with the isolate. The fungus was reisolated from the rotted seeds and blighted leaves. The causal fungus was identified as Stemphylium lycopersici based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report to confirm the pathogenicity of S. lycopersici in tobacco in the world.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测吲唑磺菌胺在烟叶中的残留及消解动态

为研究吲唑磺菌胺在烟草中的残留消解特征,建立了采用Qu ECh ERS前处理与液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)检测相结合的烟叶中吲唑磺菌胺残留量的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)吸附剂净化,液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱法检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg 3个添加水平下,吲唑磺菌胺在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的平均回收率分别为88%~93%和93%~107%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.5%~13.9%和6.7%~7.4%,定量限(LOQ)分别为0.01和0.02 mg/kg。利用该方法分别于2013年和2014年检测了山东和四川烟叶中吲唑磺菌胺的残留消解动态和最终残留量。结果表明:吲唑磺菌胺在烟叶中的半衰期为5.1~9.8 d;按照有效成分105和157.5 g/hm2的剂量,分别施药3次和4次,距末次施药14 d后,烟叶中吲唑磺菌胺残留量为LOQ~5.95 mg/kg。     

Uptake and distribution of [14C]metalaxyl by detached tobacco leaves

When the petioles of detached tobacco leaves (10–17 cm²) were incubated in aqueous solutions containing [¹⁴C]metalaxyl, uptake of the fungicide was dependent on the temperature and photoperiod. Detached leaves took up 78% more [¹⁴C]metalaxyl at 26°C than at 16°C. The rate of uptake in the light at 21°C was linear, but after an additional 20h in the dark, there was only twice as much fungicide in the leaves. Different sized leaves contained the same amount of fungicide per cm² area. Uptake by detached leaves of the ¹⁴C-labelled anilide lactones ofurace and RE-26940 [2-methoxy-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-thienyl)acet-2′,6′-xylidide] was similar to that of metalaxyl. At the concentration of metalaxyl (66 ng ml^?1) that controlled blue mould (Peronospora tabacina) on detached tobacco leaves, the amount of fungicide in the leaves was found to be 7.25 ng. Autoradiography showed that the distribution of [14C]metalaxyl in detached leaves after incubation for 23h was uniform, although higher concentrations of the label were present in the smaller veins of the leaves.