牛胚胎移植及后代在高寒地区适应性观察试验

互助县在2001-2004年先后从新疆呼图壁种牛场胚胎工程中心引进不同品种牛冷冻胚胎172枚,进行了胚胎移植试验.结果表明：平均受胎率为41.86%,产犊成活率为91.67%.胚胎移植所产的黑白花、安格斯、西门塔尔、利木赞犊牛平均初生重、6月龄重、12月龄重显著高于同龄本地黄牛（P＜0.01）;周岁平均日增重显著高于同龄本地黄牛（P＜0.01）;且胚胎移植后代牛的体尺也相应高于本地黄牛.胚胎移植后代牛的生长发育良好,在青海高寒地区具有良好的适应性.     

贵州喀斯特地区胚胎移植安格斯牛生长性能初探

本研究以贵州喀斯特地区胚胎移植所产的17头公犊,25头母犊共42头安格斯牛为材料,对其初生至12月龄的体重、体尺等生长发育指标进行了测定,并与原产地同龄段安格斯牛和本地黎平黄牛的相应生长发育指标进行比较,以确定胚胎移植安格斯牛在本地区的适应性.结果表明,胚移犊牛基本适应当地自然条件和饲养管理条件,生长性能较本地黎平黄牛明显高;胚移公犊各年龄段体重明显低于原产地同龄段公犊,甚至低于胚移母犊;胚移牛不同年龄阶段日增重,公、母犊均以3月龄以前最快,3～6月龄最差.     

利用杂交牛进行胚胎移植及其效益分析

2004年12月到2005年3月,在广西贺州西牛牧业公司牛场选择10头次西门塔尔牛做超数排卵处理,超排成功率90%(9/10),共获得胚胎(包括未受精卵)102枚,可用胚胎64枚;可用胚胎平均7.1枚/头。利用从山东购进的杂交牛240头作受体进行西门塔尔牛和荷斯坦牛的胚胎移植,结果西门塔尔牛鲜胚移植受胎率平均55%,冻胚移植受胎率平均45.8%;荷斯坦牛冷冻胚胎移植受胎率为41.5%。目前已经产犊134头,其中母犊68头,公犊66头。对其经济效益进行分析,效益较佳。     

应用广西黄牛作受体进行奶牛胚胎移植的研究

本试验通过超排11头荷斯坦牛,获得42枚可用胚胎,分别移植到19头广西本地黄牛和18头低产奶牛中,广西黄牛受体的妊娠率为36.81%,其中母犊5头,公犊2头。荷斯坦牛受体的妊娠率为44.44%,流产2头,流产率25%,产犊6头,公母各3头。黄牛受体与荷斯坦牛受体生下的荷斯坦胚胎牛初生重差别明显,但经培育后,体重差距逐步缩小;产奶性能无差别。广西本土黄牛可以用于荷斯坦牛胚胎移植的受体牛,加强饲养管理可获得好的受胎率;做好胚胎移植出生犊牛培育,可获得良好的经济效益。     

胚胎移植杜泊羊杜泊与本地绵羊杂交比较观察

笔者以引进的肉用绵羊品种杜泊羊与本地半细毛羊杂交,结果表明,胚胎移植组,杜细杂交组及对照组的受胎率分别为69.8%、91.5%和92.0%,产活羔率分别为102.5%、100%和100%;胚胎移植组的初生羔羊成活率为97.6%,杜细组和对照组的羔羊成活率均为100%;产羔羊的4月龄成活率分别为75.6%、95.3%和100%,出生至7月龄时,胚胎移植组的成活率为73.8%,较杜细组的90.7%和细毛羊组91.3%的成活率有所降低。杜细组的平均初生体重、4月龄和7月龄的平均体重在3组中均处于最高,杂交组和胚胎移植组的羔羊体重由初生时的3 kg左右提升到7月龄的35 kg以上;而本地的对照杂交组至7月龄时的平均体重仅为29.1 kg左右。说明杜泊羊能改进本地半细毛羊的繁殖和生产性能,为后代肥羔的生产提供良好条件,增加养羊效益,解决山区群众增收难的问题。     

甘南高寒牧区娟犏牛生长发育指标测定

对用娟姗牛冻精杂交甘南牦牛所产的杂交一代娟犏牛的生长发育指标进行测定,并与同龄牦牛犊对比。结果表明:娟犏牛公牛犊初生、6月龄、12月龄和18月龄的体重分别比同期公牦牛犊增加7.05、43.03、64.06和74.30 kg,分别提高了52.81%、58.58%、78.82%和54.54%;母牛犊体重分别增加6.17、34.80、55.24和65.95 kg,分别提高了47.94%、48.03%、70.88%和51.61%,差异均极显著(P<0.01)。公、母娟犏牛初生～6月龄、6～12月龄、12～18月龄的平均日增重分别为533.78 g和490.06 g、160.28 g和144.00 g、362.22 g和336.44 g;0～18月龄娟犏牛犊公、母平均日增重分别比同期当地牦牛犊增加124.59 g和110.70 g,差异极显著(P<0.01),杂交效果明显。     

安格斯肉牛冻精与隔年产犊牦牛杂交改良效果分析

通过对上年未产犊牦牛采用补饲与同期发情处理技术,并采用安格斯肉牛细管冻精开展牦牛杂交,出生的犏牛犊采用犊牛培育技术,对不同培育条件对犏牛犊牛生长发育的影响,研究结果表明,采用上年未产犊母牦牛补饲技术,与对照组相比,试验组隔年产犊母牦牛的发情率、受胎率、产犊率及犊牛成活率分别为86.67%、82.23%、78.34%和96.46%,分别提高22.84%、27.59%、33.03%和7.62%,差异显著(P<0.05)。采用犏牛犊牛培育技术,与传统对照组相比,犊牛培育组和培育对照组公、母犏牛初生的体高、体斜长、胸围、管围体重明显增加,差异显著(P<0.05)。上年未产犊母牦牛补饲与同期发情处理技术结合犏牛犊牛培育技术,显著提高其杂交一代犏牛的生长发育速度,提高犊牛的繁殖成活率。     

安格斯牛在大通地区生长发育观测初报

以当地黄牛为对照,对胚胎移植后所产的18头(♀8,♂10)安格斯牛在大通县的生长发育情况进行分析。结果表明,初生公犊为29．12 kg,母犊为25．42 kg。3月龄、6月龄、12月龄公犊平均体重分别为108．57 kg、183．59 kg和322．8 kg,比青海黄牛公牛相应月龄分别提高55．2％、67．7％和81．2%;母犊平均体重分别为102．61 kg、171．33 kg和301．61 kg,比青海黄牛牛相应月龄分别提高38．1％、68．4％和79．9％;而且,安格斯牛的体型外貌、体尺均比青海黄牛有明显提高,表现出良好的肉用牛特征。     

贵州胚胎移植安格斯牛生长性能研究

试验观测贵州胚胎移植安格斯牛初生至12月龄的体重、体尺等生长发育情况,并与原产地同龄段安格斯牛和黎平本地黄牛进行比较。结果表明:胚胎移植犊牛基本适应当地自然条件和饲养管理条件,生长性能较黎平本地黄牛明显提高;公犊各年龄段体重明显低于原产地同龄段公犊,甚至低于胚胎移植母犊;不同年龄阶段日增重,公、母犊均以3月龄以前最快。     

牛胚胎移植技术在生产中的应用

随着现代畜牧业水平的不断提高,一些发达国家胚胎移植技术已走向生产应用,近年来美、加两国移植产犊数已超过万头,法国仅国家胚胎公司一家每年就移植上千头牛。目前国外胚胎移植水平是:鲜胚移植受胎率为40—60％;冻胚移植受胎率为40—50％;供体牛超排一次平均得可用胚胎3.77—5枚。     

高寒牧区无角陶赛特羊胚胎移植试验及其后裔的生长发育指标测定

在环青海湖地区的共和县引进澳大利亚无角陶赛特羊胚胎,以当地青海半细毛羊为受体,进行胚胎移植,结果移植冻胚60枚,产羔28只,移植妊娠率为46.67%,羔羊成活率为100%。羔羊生长发育指标测定结果表明,胚胎移植羔羊平均出生重3.25kg,4月龄前生长发育最为迅速,平均日增重达205.96g,6月龄平均体重32.47kg。     

Bovine embryo transfer pregnancies. I. Abortion rates and characteristics of calves

Data were obtained from 1,908 pregnancies resulting from bovine embryo transfer procedures. Responses examined included sex ratio, fetal, neonatal and preweaning death losses, birth weight and calving assistance. The sex ratio for 1,751 embryo transfer calves examined was 51.11% males. Cows older than 10 yr that had become repeat breeders produced more (P less than .05) male calves than other donors. Breed of embryo, age and quality of embryos at the time of transfer, embryo storage time from collection to transfer, asynchrony of recipient with donor estrus and number of palpable corpora lutea in superovulated donors were not related to sex ratio (P greater than .05). The abortion rate between 2 and 3 mo of gestation in embryo transfer recipients was 3.15%, and between 3 to 7 mo, 2.14%. Neonatal and preweaning losses for 1,682 calves with complete information were 1) congenital defects, .54%; 2) death due to premature birth (7 to 8 mo of gestation), .18%; 3) dystocia-related deaths, 2.38%; 4) deaths of unknown causes at birth, 2.14%; 5) deaths of unknown causes from 24 h after birth to weaning, 1.43%; 6) deaths due to calfhood diseases, 1.25% and 7) deaths due to environmental factors, 1.13%. Total losses of 2-mo pregnancies due to abortion or death of calves or recipients were 14%. Birth weight of embryo transfer calves changed .29 kg/d of deviation from average gestation length (P less than .005) for pregnancies within breeds. Birth weight was also affected (P less than .005) by donor breed and recipient breed and age. Male calves averaged 2.19 kg heavier (P less than .005) than females. Calving assistance was affected by donor breed; Angus calves required the least assistance (P less than .005). Hereford, Holstein and Limousin calves were similar and intermediate; Simmental calves needed the most calving assistance. Recipient breed and age influenced calving ease, with younger recipients of Angus and Hereford descent requiring more assistance (average calving score, 2.1) than both cow (1.3) and heifer (1.5) recipients of the larger Continental European breeds. Characteristics of 305 non-embryo transfer calves were not significantly different from 185 embryo transfer calves from the same farms. We conclude that embryo transfer calves did not differ from the non-embryo transfer population in any of the characteristics studied.     

Effects of using sires selected for yearling weight and crossbreeding with beef and dairy breeds: birth and weaning traits

Data consisting of 948 calf records collected from 1978 to 1982 were analyzed to determine the effects of breeding methods used to improve commercial herds genetically on birth and weaning traits. Four distinct groups were used in the project: Group 1 (G1), an unselected, random mating Hereford control line; Group 2 (G2), a Hereford group using sires selected for yearling growth; Group 3 (G3), a rotational cross with Angus, Hereford, Charolais and Simmental breeds; and Group 4 (G4), a rotational cross with Angus, Hereford, Simmental and Holstein-Friesian breeds. Traits analyzed were birth weight (BW), calving difficulty (CD), percent assisted births (%AB), percent born alive (%BL), preweaning average daily gain (PWDG), relative growth rate (RGR), weaning weight (WWT) and percent weaned (%WND). The use of high yearling weight sires in G2 increased calf size (P less than .01) at birth and weaning by 8.9 and 28.1 kg, respectively, along with increased CD (P less than .01). Use of rotational crossbreeding systems increased calf size and growth from birth to weaning (P less than .01), but decreased CD and %AB (P less than .01) by .17 units and 13.5%, respectively. Including Holstein-Friesian in G4 resulted in further increases in preweaning growth (P less than .01) and calving ease was improved without affecting BWT compared with G3.     

德系乳肉兼用型西门塔尔牛胚胎移植效果研究

[目的]建立德系乳肉兼用型西门塔尔牛群体,探索文山牛快速扩繁和生产性能提升技术。[方法]在马关县从600头文山黄牛、西本杂、安本杂和短本杂牛母牛中选择270头,用CIDR+PG法进行同期发情处理,选择黄体合格的受体,采用非手术法移植德系乳肉兼用型西门塔尔牛胚胎,在移植后60~90 d通过直肠检查法进行妊娠诊断,确定妊娠率,跟踪调查产犊情况,并测定胚胎移植所产犊牛的初生体重和主要体尺指标。[结果]受体牛同期发情处理270头,胚胎移植87头,妊娠28头,移植妊娠率32.18%;妊娠母牛中产犊17头,产犊率60.71%,产犊19头,成活16头,产犊成活率84.21%。公母犊牛平均的初生重33.00 kg,体高69.50 cm,体斜长62.19 cm,胸围72.69 cm,管围13.50 cm。[结论]首次在文山州开展了牛胚胎移植获得成功,杂交牛受体的移植妊娠率极显著或显著高于文山牛受体,秋季移植的妊娠率极显著高于春季和冬季的。提示以杂交牛为受体在秋季进行胚胎移植可有效提高移植成功率。     

纯种和牛快速扩繁关键技术研究

为达到快速扩繁纯种和牛的目的,试验从供体牛高强度超数排卵、胚胎性别鉴定及不同品种受体牛移植对产犊、妊娠期和犊牛初生重的影响进行研究。结果表明,纯种和牛连续超排9次,每次间隔30 d,第2次头均回收胚数22.78枚,显著高于第5~9次结果（P< 0.05）,其余各组之间无显著差异（P> 0.05）;第1~3次头均可用胚数分别为8.67、13.78、8.56枚,组间无显著差异（P> 0.05）,第2次头均可用胚数显著高于第4~9次头均可用胚数（P< 0.05）,极显著高于第7、9次头均可用胚数（P< 0.01）。性别鉴定胚胎和常规胚胎移植妊娠率和产犊率差异均不显著（P> 0.05）,性别鉴定胚胎的母犊率为95.56%。西门塔尔杂交牛受体产犊率高于和牛杂交牛、荷斯坦奶牛受体,但差异不显著（P> 0.05）。和牛杂交牛受体妊娠期极显著高于西门塔尔杂交牛和荷斯坦奶牛受体（P< 0.01）,西门塔尔杂交牛和荷斯坦奶牛之间差异不显著（P> 0.05）;西门塔尔杂交牛受体所产和牛母犊初生重显著高于和牛杂交牛受体（P< 0.05）,极显著高于荷斯坦奶牛受体（P< 0.01）,3个品种受体牛产和牛公犊初生重之间差异不显著（P> 0.05）;同一品种受体牛其产公、母犊牛的妊娠期及初生重均相近。     

Study on the Key Techniques of Rapid Propagation in Purebred Wagyu

In order to rapid propagation of purebred Wagyu, the experiment were conducted to study the effects of high intensity superovulation, embryo sex identification and different breeds recipient cattle on calving, gestation period and calf birth weight. Wagyu were superovulated repeatedly for nine times with a 30 days interval. The results indicated that the average number of total embryos collected at the second time was 22.78, which was significantly higher than those of the fifth to ninth times (P< 0.05),and there was no significant difference between the other groups (P> 0.05).There was no significant difference between the number of transferable embryos in the first to third times (P> 0.05). The available embryos number of the second times superovulation were significantly higher than those of the fourth to ninth times (P< 0.05),and were remarkably significantly higher than those of the seventh and ninth times (P< 0.01). There were no observably differences of pregnant rate and calving rate between sex identified embryos, and regular embryos respectively (P> 0.05).The female calf percentage of sexed embryos was 95.56%. The calving rate of the Simmental-catalo receptors were higher than those of Wagyu-catalo and Holstein receptors (P> 0.05). The gestation period of Wagyu-catalo were remarkably significantly greater than those of Simmental-catalo and Holstein receptors (P< 0.01), however, there was no significant difference between Simmental-catalo and Holstein receptors (P> 0.05). The birth weight of female calves calved by Simmental-catalo receptors were higher than those of Wagyu-catalo (P< 0.05), which was extremely significantly higher than those of Holstein receptor (P< 0.01). The male calf birth weight was no significant difference in the three breeds receptors (P> 0.05). There were obvious differences between male and female calves in gestation and birth weight with in the same recipient breed.     

Genetic trends and breed overlap derived from multiple-breed genetic evaluations of beef cattle for growth traits.

Genetic evaluations for a multiple-breed population of beef cattle were used to estimate genetic trends for five breeds, and genetic differences and overlap among 14 breeds. Genetic evaluations studied were for direct contributions to birth weight, gain from birth to 200 and 365 d, and maternal contribution to gain from birth to 200 d. Almost all genetic trends were positive, but the magnitude of the trends varied among breeds. Trends were nonlinear between 1985 and 1995 for most breed and trait combinations. The rates of increase in genetic trends were generally higher for the lighter weight breeds, and lighter weight breeds had faster growth rate genetic trends at 1995 than the heavier breeds. Genetic trend estimates for yearling gain at 1995 were 2.46, 2.23, 1.73, 1.70, and 1.46 kg/yr for Angus, Hereford, Limousin, Charolais, and Simmental, respectively. Corresponding birth weight genetic trends were .130, .226, .049, .130, and .048 kg/yr. Mean genetic differences between breeds have been decreasing in magnitude due to these differences in genetic trends between heavier and lighter breeds. Genetic variation for the traits studied seemed to be greater within than between breeds for calves born and cows calving between 1993 and 1995. Genetic trends at 1995 suggest that ratios of within:between breed variation will increase and that across-breed genetic improvement initiatives for growth traits will become more important in the future.     

Sahiwal cattle in semi-arid Kenya: genetic aspects of growth and survival traits and their relationship to milk production and fertility

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for growth and survival traits of Sahiwal cattle in Kenya and determine their relationship to milk production and fertility. Performance records of 5,681 animals were obtained from the National Sahiwal Stud and the traits considered were: birth weight (kilogrammes), weaning weight (kilogrammes), pre-weaning average daily gain (grammes per day), post-weaning average daily gain (grammes per day), yearling weight (kilogrammes), mature weight at 36 months (kilogrammes), pre-weaning survival rate (SR), post-weaning survival rate (PSR), lactation milk yield (kilogrammes), age at first calving (days), and calving interval (days). The data was analysed using univariate and bivariate animal model based on restricted maximum likelihood methods, incorporating all known pedigree relationship among animals. The additive direct effects were more pronounced than maternal genetic effects in early and in post-yearling growth performance. The additive genetic variance and heritabilities were low for SR and PSR. The correlation between direct additive genetic and maternal genetic effect were negative for pre-yearling traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among growth traits and between growth and milk yield were positive, whilst those between growth and fertility were weak and negative. Correlations between survival and growth were generally low and positive. The estimates obtained in this study provide the necessary technical parameters for evaluating alternative breeding programmes and selection schemes for sustainable improvement of Sahiwal cattle.     

凉州区肉牛繁殖技术试验示范与推广研究

[目的]为筛选出适合凉州区肉牛繁殖的新模式。[方法]选择夏洛莱（XL）、利木辛（LM）、安格斯（AG）成年种公牛生产冻精,在西门塔尔和本地黄牛杂交一代（西本F1）成年母牛上实施人工授精,对杂交犊牛分月龄进行外貌体尺测定。[结果]XL冻精与西本F1代的后代体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围等生长指标均高于LM和AG后代指标。试验2方法是选择XL、LM、AG成年母牛生产冻胚,在成年母牛上实施胚胎移植,犊牛出生后进行外貌体尺测定。结果是：夏洛莱胚胎移植后代牛初生重、6月龄、12月龄体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围均高于利木辛与安格斯牛杂交后代（P〈0.01）。试验3方法是选择西杂F1和F2代母牛,用引进的XM（西门塔尔）牛X性控冻精实施人工授精,犊牛出生后统计相关数据。结果是：三组共授配母牛138头,情期妊娠75头,情期平均受胎率为54.1%,平均母犊率为90.3%。[结论]夏洛莱品种改良西杂一代牛后代生长发育比其余品种好;实施胚胎移植后,夏洛莱品种胚胎移植后代牛比其余品种在凉州区生长适应性强,适宜在该环境条件下生长;西门塔尔牛性控冻精的配种试验是成功的,是生产母犊的较好方法。     

牛胚胎移植技术在甘南高寒地区的应用试验

甘南州于 2021 ~ 2022 年在夏河县达麦乡开展安格斯牛、娟姗牛冷冻胚胎移植试验 ,结果表明：对 187 头牛进行同期发情处理,发情 137 头,发情率 73.26%,共移植 69 头,受体可用率 50.36%,受孕 35 头,受胎率 50.72%,产犊 33 头,移植安格斯牛胚胎受体母牛难产率 14.29%。得出结论：通过加强专业技术人员的操作水平、改善饲养管理模式、完善移植环境、筛选适合本地区的胚胎品种等措施,可有效提高胚胎移植试验受胎率,推动牛胚胎移植技术在甘南高寒地区的应用推广。