不同种植方式下磷素营养对陆稻和水稻米质的影响

 以粳型陆稻中旱3号和粳型水稻扬辐粳8号为材料,设置裸地旱作和水作2种种植方式及3个磷素(P2O5  )水平：低磷（LP,45  kg/hm2）、常磷(NP,90  kg/hm2)和高磷(HP,135 kg/hm2),比较了陆稻和水稻米质的差异。旱作条件下,随着施P量的增加,陆稻和水稻产量均随之增加;  水作条件下,HP下陆稻的产量较NP增加,水稻的产量HP较NP减少,但差异均不显著。旱作条件下,中旱3号LP水平下整精米率、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质表现较好,扬辐粳8号（NP水平下外观品质表现较好）与中旱3号基本一致;水作条件下,中旱3号LP水平下整精米率较高,NP水平下蒸煮食味品质较好,扬辐粳8号与中旱3号基本一致,但外观品质表现不一。旱作使陆稻和水稻的整精米率提高,外观品质改善,水稻蒸煮品质和营养品质提高。与水稻相比,陆稻的加工品质、营养品质和食味品质较优。表明陆稻和水稻的米质对种植方式和磷素的互作响应有差异。     

Variation in rice quality of different cultivars and grain positions as affected by water management

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of cultivar and grain position on rice quality under different water management treatments. Water treatments significantly affected all quality traits in the study, except alkali digestibility (AD). There were significant interactions of water treatment by grain position and genotype for brown rice rate (BRR), chalky grain rate (CGR) and amylose content (AC), and interactions of grain position by water treatment and cultivar for head milled rice rate (HMRR). The interaction of water treatment by genotype for protein content (PC) was also significant. Of all variance components, water treatment ranked the highest for PC. Similarly grain position was ranked the highest for AC, BRR, CGR and HMRR. In comparison with wet cultivation, plastic-film mulched cultivation had significantly lower BRR, HMRR, CGR and higher PC. There were marked differences in milled quality, appearance and AD among differently positioned grains within a spike. For appearance and PC, the difference between plastic-film mulched cultivation and wet cultivation was greater for upland rice than paddy rice. For milled and cooking–eating quality, the difference between plastic-film mulched cultivation and wet cultivation was greater for the good quality paddy rice than the upland rice and the poor quality paddy rice. In plastic-film mulched cultivation, top grains showed lower milled quality and PC. While in wet cultivation, the opposite result was seen. With the decrease in soil water content, BRR and appearance showed increased and decreased differences among grains within a spike, respectively. The results indicate the possibility of improving rice quality by use of better water management and suitable cultivars.     

断根和覆草旱作条件下水稻的产量效应

通过大田对比试验研究了常规水稻与覆草旱作水稻的产量构成、根系呼吸强度以及断根对产量的影响。 结果表明,覆草旱作水稻籽粒产量(5850.9 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])明显低于常规水稻（6685.7 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup]）,但前者的秸秆产量(5735.5 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])高于常规水稻(5489.5 kg/hm[sup]2[/sup])。常规水稻实粒占平均单蘖总量的百分数远大于覆草旱作水稻,覆草旱作水稻叶、鞘、秕粒的比例大于常规水稻。覆草旱作的根冠比（0.116）显著大于常规水稻（0.087）,前者的根系呼吸强度是常规水稻的2.7倍。旱作水稻断根后普遍有增产的趋势,而常规水稻则有减产的趋势。常规水稻断1/4、2/4和3/4根系时,平均每穴籽粒产量较不断根的分别下降23％、15％和20％。然而,旱作条件下,断1/4、2/4和3/4根系的水稻较全根的分别增产20％、7％和3％。由此可见,水稻旱作抑制了同化产物向籽粒的转运,叶和鞘中积累了较多的同化产物;旱作水稻根系冗余生长,消耗了大量碳水化合物,可能导致水稻籽粒产量下降。     

种植方式对水稻和陆稻氮素吸收利用的影响

 以武香粳99-8（水稻）和中旱3号（陆稻）为材料，研究了种植方式对水稻和陆稻生育后期N素吸收利用的影响。与水种稻（对照）相比，中旱3号覆膜旱种时产量显著低于对照，武香粳99-8覆膜旱种时和对照没有显著差异，裸地旱种产量均为最低。覆膜旱种和裸地旱种抽穗期植株的含N率较低，抽穗至成熟期植株含N率下降速率为水种＞裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种。抽穗和成熟期植株吸N量大小为水种＞覆膜旱种＞裸地旱种。旱种稻成熟期茎鞘中的N素分配显著高于对照，籽粒显著低于对照，品种间叶片有所不同。抽穗期旱种稻的N素物质生产效率显著高于对照。成熟期覆膜旱种N素物质生产效率最低。旱种稻N素籽粒生产效率（中旱3号覆膜旱种除外）和N素收获指数较对照增加，大小为裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种＞水种。与武香粳99-8相比，中旱3号抽穗后植株含N率下降快，植株N素积累量较小，叶片和籽粒中N素分配比例高，茎鞘低；N素物质生产效率（成熟期）、N素籽粒生产效率和N素收获指数高，产量低。     

水稻和陆稻籽粒灌浆特性的比较

应用Richards方程对水作和旱作水稻与陆稻的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,研究两种稻灌浆特性在不同水分管理条件下的差异。结果表明,与水作相比,水稻旱作穗数和粒重明显降低,产量下降;强势粒和弱势粒的灌浆速率降低,活跃灌浆期缩短,强势粒和中势粒的起始生长势减弱,到达最大灌浆速率的时间延迟,强、弱势粒进入灌浆盛期的间距缩短,从而影响弱势粒的灌浆,强、弱势粒灌浆速率的差异增大,最终导致粒重和结实率降低。陆稻旱作与水作相比,除活跃灌浆期略有缩短以及强、弱势粒进入灌浆盛期的间隔略有延长外,整体上灌浆过程变化不大。与水稻相比,陆稻在两种水分条件下灌浆过程和产量及其构成因子的差异较小,表现为籽粒灌浆的起始生长势特别是强、中粒位势的起始生长势低,灌浆前、中期灌浆较强,强、中势籽粒对同化物的激烈竞争使弱势粒灌浆变差,籽粒灌浆期短,特别是灌浆后期持续时间短,导致结实率和粒重低,最终影响产量。旱作条件下,水稻与陆稻相比,籽粒灌浆速率较小,活跃灌浆期较长,强、弱势粒灌浆呈现明显的异步性。     

栽培模式对稻米品质特性的影响

以超级稻组合88S/1128和常规优质稻品种湘晚籼17号为材料,探讨了不同栽培模式(旱作覆膜、水作覆膜、旱作不覆膜、常规栽培等)对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,2个品种一致表现为旱作覆膜栽培的糙米率、精米率最高,水作覆膜栽培的整精米率最高;同一品种不同栽培模式的粒长和长宽比无显著差异,但覆膜栽培的垩白粒率、垩白大小更高。88S/1128旱作覆膜与常规栽培相比,直链淀粉含量降低、胶稠度变小、糊化温度升高;而湘晚籼17号旱作覆膜与常规栽培相比,直链淀粉含量降低、胶稠度变大、糊化温度降低。2个品种蛋白质含量表现一致,均为旱作不覆膜常规栽培旱作覆膜水作覆膜。稻米品质性状变异度最大的为外观品质,其次为蒸煮食味品质,碾米品质变异度相对较小。     

"热大99W"序列旱稻新品系农艺特征与抗旱特性的研究

海南山栏稻原种与水稻常规品种杂交,Ｆ２或Ｆ３单株再与水稻雄性不育恢复系杂交,其后代又与雄性不育系再杂交,在四交Ｆ６代进行单株选择,Ｆ７代进行株系选择,Ｆ８代对入选的９个品系进行农艺性状比较、产量构成分析和抗旱生理指标测验。结果表明其中３个品系具有良好的农蕊性状和较高的产量潜力（产量可超过４５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）,同时表现较强的抗旱性。从而获得兼备水稻理想株型和山栏稻抗旱性的丰产旱稻新品系,为进一步培育优良旱稻新品种奠定了重要基础,并对稻作抗旱育种的技术路线进行了有益的探讨。     

香港市场稻米品质的初步研究

本文研究了来自香港稻米市场上的11个籼米的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质。香港市场要求稻米的外观品质是精白度高、米粒细长、垩白度低及米粒半透明;间接指示食味品质的胶稠度软,糊化温度低及直链淀粉为20%左右。食味品尝试验的结果表明港米饭色泽洁白,饭粒细长,质地柔软而略有黏性,与其外观和食味品质指标相符。品尝小组对港米的评分与香港市场价格成显著正相关,说明港米不但适合香港人民的口味,也可能为广大国内群众所喜爱,可以作为我国优质米的一个重要类型。从对我国供港大米主要基地广东、广西两省的米质分析可以看出;目前两广优质米不论在外观上或是蒸煮食味品质上都与港米存在一定的差距。     

稻鱼(鳅)耦合对稻米品质的影响

为了研究稻田养鱼(鳅)对水稻稻米品质的影响,本实验对水稻稻米的外观品质、营养品质、碾磨品质、蒸煮品质的相关指标进行了分析,探究稻鱼(鳅)种养耦合模式和常规种植模式下对稻米品质的影响.每一模式都种植两个水稻品种,中早39和H优518.试验结果表明,与常规的水稻种植模式相比,在稻鱼生态种养模式下的稻米精米率、整精米率、糙米率都显著提高,碱消值显著提高,并且垩白度、垩白粒率都下降(其中H优518组的下降达到显著水平),蛋白质含量显著下降.相比于常规种植模式,稻鳅种养耦合模式下糙米率、精米率、整精米率都显著提升,垩白度、垩白粒率显著降低,碱消值提升不显著,蛋白质含量显著下降.从整体上看稻田生态种养组合的稻米品质相比于常规种植模式有着明显提升.     

施氮量对机插稻主要米质性状的影响

以粳型超级稻宁粳3号和常规粳稻镇稻11号为材料,在机械插秧条件下,研究施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2)对粳型超级稻主要米质性状及淀粉粘滞谱(RVA谱)特征的影响。结果表明:施氮量对两个品种的稻米加工品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质及淀粉RVA谱3个曲线峰值的影响达到显著或极显著水平,对淀粉RVA谱其他特征参数的影响因不同品种而异;增加施氮量使两品种外观品质变差。随施氮量的增加,两个品种的糙米率、精米率、整精米、精米蛋白质含量呈增加趋势,而稻米的直链淀粉含量、食味值和淀粉RVA谱曲线峰值(峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度)呈现下降趋势。表明增施氮肥在提高粳型超级稻和常规粳稻加工和营养品质的同时,降低了稻米食味品质,并使稻米淀粉粘性变劣。     

稻田综合种养对长江中下游地区水稻产量和稻米品质影响的文献研究

基于已发表的文献数据,综述了长江中下游地区不同稻田综合种养模式对水稻产量形成和稻米品质的影响,并探讨其影响机理。41%的样本量数据表明,稻田综合种养的水稻产量高于水稻单作,而59%的样本量呈相反趋势;稻田综合种养的水稻穂数和穗粒数普遍减少,而结实率和千粒重增加。在长江中下游地区,相比于水稻单作,稻田综合种养稻米的加工、外观、蒸煮和食味品质在一定程度上得到改善。其中,糙米率、精米率和整精米率极显著提高0.72%～2.74%,胶稠度增加2.11%,垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量和稻米蛋白质含量则分别下降13.78%、11.76%、3.01%和6.67%。     

Differences in Grain Yield and Quality in Main and Ratoon Rice in Southern Henan Province

【Objective】 The combination of mid-season rice+ratoon rice is a new pattern of rice planting in southern Henan Province. However, the changes in grain yield and quality between the main and ratoon seasons remain unclear. Clarifying the changing law of grain yield and rice quality can lay a theoretical and practical basis for the screening of ratoon rice varieties with higher grain yield and better rice quality in southern Henan Province. 【Method】 In this study, 12 hybrid indica rice combinations suitable for single-cropping rice were used as materials under local high-yield cultivation conditions. The tested combinations were divided into four types according to their yields in main and ratoon seasons: BH, both high grain yields in main and ratoon season; HL, high grain yield in main season and low grain yield in ratoon season; LH, low grain yield in main season and high yield in ratoon season; BL, both low grain yields in main and ratoon seasons. The difference in rice quality was also analyzed. 【Result】 1) The processing quality and appearance quality in ratoon season were significantly improved, however, the protein contents decreased, and the eating quality of rice was improved to different extents as compared with those in main season; 2) Except for BL type (only one combination, Shenliangyou 11), the processing quality of BH and HL was better, and HL has better appearance quality and cooking and eating quality. There was no significant difference in protein contents among different yield types in main season, while in ratoon season, the protein contents in BH were 10.7 % higher than those in HL, and 1.75% lower than those in LH. 3) The effect of daily average temperature after full heading on grain quality was far greater than the sunshine hours, and the relatively low average daily temperature after full heading in ratoon season was the main reason for its better grain quality. 【Conclusion】 Based on higher grain yield and better rice quality, Liangyou 6326, Tianliangyou 616, Guangliangyou 476 and Fengliangyouxiang 1 were suitable varieties for ratoon cultivation in southern Henan Province.     

稻田养鳖对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响

为了探究稻田养鳖对水稻产量形成和稻米品质的影响,于2018年在湖南省长沙县明月村采用田间试验,比较黄华占稻鳖共作再生季(RHT)、Y两优800稻鳖共作再生季(RYT)、黄华占常规单作再生季(RHN)、Y两优800常规单作再生季(RYN),4种模式的稻米产量和品质(外观品质、加工品质、蒸煮品质、食用品质).结果显示:稻鳖共作模式有利于增加水稻有效穗数、实粒数,显著提升再生稻的产量;提高出糙率、精米率和整精米率,改善稻米的加工品质;降低垩白率和垩白度,提升稻米的外观品质;但对于稻米RVA特性和蛋白质的含量及组成两个品种的作用效果不同.     

Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s

While the yield potential of rice has increased but little is known about the impact of breeding on grain quality, especially under different levels of N availability. In order to investigate the integrated effects of breeding and N levels on rice quality 12 japonica rice cultivars bred in the past60 years in the Yangtze River Basin were used with three levels of N: 0 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1,and 360 kg N ha-1. During the period, milling quality(brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage, and head rice percentage), appearance quality(chalky kernels percentage, chalky size, and chalkiness), and eating and cooking quality(amylose content, gel consistency, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback) were significantly improved, but the nutritive value of the grain has declined due to a reduction in protein content. Micronutrients, such as Cu, Mg, and S contents, were decreased, and Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Ca, K, P, B contents were increased. These changes in grain quality imply that simultaneous improvements in grain yield and grain quality are possible through selection. Overall, application of N fertilizer decreased grain quality, especially in terms of eating and cooking quality. Under higher N levels, higher protein content was the main reason for deterioration of grain quality, although lower amylose content might contribute to improving starch pasting properties. These results suggest that further improvement in grain quality will depend on both breeding and cultivation practices, especially in regard to nitrogen and water management.     

豫南地区头季和再生季水稻产量与品质差异分析

【目的】 “中稻+再生稻”组合是豫南稻区新的水稻种植模式,但是头季与再生季水稻产量和稻米品质变化尚不清楚。明确其产量和米质变化规律可为豫南地区高产优质再生稻品种选择提供理论与实践依据。【方法】以两优6326等12个适于单季种植的杂交籼稻为材料,在当地高产栽培条件下,依据头季和再生季两季产量将其划分为两季产量均高(双高)、头季稻产量高再生季产量低(头高再低)、头季稻产量低再生季产量高(头低再高)和两季产量均低(双低)等四种类型,并分析了米质的差异。【结果】 1)与头季稻相比,12个组合的再生季稻米加工品质和外观品质显著改善,蛋白质含量降低,稻米食味品质不同程度变优。2)两季不同产量类型之间比较,除双低类型(仅深两优11号一个品种)外,双高类型和头高再低类型加工品质较优,而头高再低类型的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质较优。蛋白质含量在各产量类型头季稻之间无显著差异,而再生季双高类型较头高再低类型高10.7 %,比头低再高类型低1.75 %。3)齐穗后日平均温度对稻米品质的影响远大于日照时数,再生季齐穗后日平均温度较低是其稻米品质优于头季稻的重要原因。【结论】综合产量及品质,两优6326、天两优616、广两优476和丰两优香1号是适于豫南地区的高产优质再生水稻品种。     

水分管理方式对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

 以杂交籼稻汕优63和丰优香占及粳稻武育粳3号和9516为材料,研究了中期搁田、结实期干湿交替灌溉以及旱作对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与水层灌溉相比,搁田处理显著提高了水稻产量。结实期干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量的影响因施氮量不同而有所差异。在常规施氮量（240 kg/hm2）下,干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量无显著影响,而在高氮（300 kg/hm2）条件下,干湿交替灌溉显著提高了水稻产量。水稻旱作与常规水作产量无明显差异。除武育粳3号外,中期搁田处理显著提高了汕优63和丰优香占的氮肥利用率;结实期干湿交替灌溉提高了高施氮量处理氮肥的农学利用率和生理利用率;水稻旱作有利于提高氮肥吸收利用率。     

海南山栏稻农艺特征与抗旱生理特性研究

研究了１２个山栏稻原始种质的主要农艺性状、品质特征及抗旱生理特性，并与水稻不同类型的对照进行比较分析。结果表明，在旱地栽培条件下，山栏稻的穗长、穗粒数、衙粒重及单株产量均显高于对照水稻．但不时也表现高杆、穗颈过长、移片大且披垂等不良性状。在品质方面，山栏稻糙米粗蛋白含量、１７种氨基酸含量及２种必需氨基酸含量显高于水稻对照。山栏稻种子在高渗溶液中的发芽率、离体叶片保水率、质膜稳定性和分蘖秆长整齐     

水稻水作与旱作对抽穗后剑叶光合特性、衰老及根系活性的影响

对水稻水作与旱作栽培模式下水稻衰老和后期一些生理活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,由于水分的影响,水稻旱作不同程度加速了水稻生理机能的衰退,使籽粒干物质积累受阻,粒重下降而减产。水稻水作不仅改善了水稻剑叶光合因子,提高了光合效率,而且剑叶呼吸速率下降缓慢,相对电导率上升缓慢,SOD酶活性较高,MDA含量低,表明剑叶后期衰老进程慢,促进籽粒增重,产量高。此外,旱作水稻生育末期根系干物质积累、活力高及代谢旺盛的优势对籽粒增重也是一种负向影响;而水稻水作开花-灌浆期根系活力高,生育末期根系生理活性迅速衰退,保证了籽粒的充实     

花后水稻穗部夜间远红外增温处理对稻米品质的影响

 以武育粳3号为材料,在开放环境下使用远红外加热器对水稻穗部进行增温处理,研究了灌浆结实期穗部日间或夜间增温对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,夜间增温降低了糙米率、精米率和整精米率,增加了垩白发生,降低了稻米的加工品质和外观品质,与日间增温影响一致。夜间增温提高了稻米蛋白质含量,与日间增温相似,但夜间增温有降低稻米直链淀粉含量的趋势,与日间增温相反。夜间增温处理淀粉结构与日间增温差异较分明,尤其是胚乳腹部,夜间增温胚乳腹部的淀粉粒个体较大,棱角分明,排列紧密;而日间增温淀粉体较小,呈圆形和椭圆形,但数量较多。夜间增温对淀粉相对结晶度的影响与日间增温相似,但夜间增温增幅较小。总体来说,灌浆结实期夜间增温对稻米的加工品质、外观品质、营养品质影响与日间增温一致,对蒸煮食味品质和淀粉结构的影响与日间增温存在很大的差异,且夜间增温对稻米品质的影响程度整体上小于日间增温。     

施氮量和灌溉方式的交互作用对东北粳稻稻米品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同灌溉方式和氮肥对水稻品质的影响及其互作效应。【方法】以常规粳稻沈稻47和杂交粳稻粳优586为材料，进行防雨棚盆栽试验，设置浅水层灌溉、浅湿灌溉、轻干湿交替灌溉和重干湿交替灌溉4种灌溉方式及正常施氮(normal nitrogen, NN, 180 kg/hm2)和高氮(high nitrogen, HN, 220 kg/hm2)2种氮肥水平，研究不同肥水处理对稻米品质的影响。【结果】灌溉方式和施氮量对稻米品质有明显的互作效应，在正常施氮和高氮水平下，稻米的加工品质、外观品质、营养品质和蒸煮食味品质均以轻干湿交替灌溉为佳。正常施氮水平下，重干湿交替灌溉下稻米的整精米率、胶稠度、最高黏度和崩解值低于浅水层灌溉，而其垩白度、垩白粒率、直链淀粉含量及消减值却高于浅水层灌溉。高氮水平下，重干湿交替灌溉处理的加工品质、外观品质、营养品质和蒸煮食味品质优于浅水层灌溉，但二者间差异不显著。灌溉方式对氨基酸的影响因施氮量和品种的不同而存在差异。常规施氮水平下，轻干湿交替灌溉显著提高了稻米的总氨基酸含量；高氮水平下，重干湿交替灌溉显著提高了沈稻47的氨基酸总量，而粳优586总氨基酸含量则在轻干湿交替灌溉处理下取得较高值，必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量与总氨基酸含量趋势一致。【结论】轻干湿交替灌溉方式可以改善稻米品质。在本研究条件下，沈稻47和粳优586分别以轻干湿交替灌溉和施氮量为180 kg/hm2和施氮量为220 kg/hm2时，米质较好。