氮沉降对木荷马尾松林叶片元素计量比的影响

为研究氮沉降对不同林龄木荷—马尾松混交林养分的影响,在室外分别设置了N0(0 kg·hm-2·a-1)、N1(50 kg·hm-2·a-1)、N2(100 kg·hm-2·a-1)和N3(150 kg·hm-2·a-1)4个处理的浓度,进行1 a的氮沉降模拟试验。结果表明,N1、N2和N3处理在试验后期均使30、50年生林木叶片中碳、氮、磷含量较试验前期有所增加,40年生林木叶片碳、氮含量增长明显,而磷含量在N2、N3处理较试验前期有所下降。30、50年生林木叶片氮磷比值主要在14-16之间,说明30、50年生林木同时受到氮、磷的限制,而40年生林木叶片氮磷比值均大于16,说明40年生林木主要受到磷的限制,但不同林龄叶片碳氮比值在试验后期均低于试验前期,下降明显。因此,氮沉降对不同林龄木荷—马尾松混交林叶片的碳、氮、磷含量及其计量比有着不同的影响。     

麻竹山地笋用林施用有机肥和生长调节剂的产量效应

对山地麻竹笋用林采用回归正交试验设计,施用有机肥和生长调节剂,分析研究了笋林的出笋量和经济效益.结果表明:不同处理麻竹林竹笋产量、挖笋数量、竹笋个体质量分别为11 451 ～25 440 kg·hm-2、7 840 ～15 360个·hm-2、1.41 ～1.66 kg·个-1;有机肥和生长调节剂对竹笋产量和数量的影响较为显著,竹笋产量和数量随有机肥施用量的增加而升高;经分析,竹笋产量、数量与施肥关系回归方程拟合良好;麻竹最佳施肥方案为有机肥2 484.8 kg·hm-2,生长调节剂用量为6.006 L·hm-2;竹笋最高产量的施肥量为有机肥2 482.35 kg·hm-2,生长调节剂用量为6 L·hm-2.各处理麻竹施肥收益的变化范围为-5 699.5 ～7 310.2元·hm-2,麻竹施肥对竹林经营收益影响显著,竹林施用有机肥和生长调节剂与竹林收益回归方程拟合良好.     

有机肥对沙地樟子松幼龄林、中龄林生长的影响

为探明有机肥对沙地樟子松生长的影响，在沙地樟子松幼龄林、中龄林连续4年进行带状沟施有机肥（生物炭、猪粪和牛粪），测量单株树高、胸径和材积。结果表明：不同配比的有机肥可以促进沙地樟子松幼龄林和中龄林树高、胸径和单株材积生长，幼龄林最佳施肥量为生物炭66.67 kg·hm-2、猪粪66.67 kg·hm-2、牛粪17.80 kg·hm-2，中龄林最佳施肥量为生物炭53.33 kg·hm-2、猪粪200.00 kg·hm-2、牛粪200.00 kg·hm-2。因此合理施肥能促进沙地樟子松幼龄林、中龄林的生长。     

不同抚育措施对毛竹林效益的影响

采用随机区组试验设计法,进行毛竹林不同抚育措施试验,试验结果表明,不同抚育措施的毛竹出笋数1206个﹒hm-2~1388个﹒hm-2,比CK增长34.0%~54.2%,新竹成株率63.2%~65.8%,与CK无差异,新竹平均胸径为9.55~10.72cm,比CK大7.66%~20.85%。方差分析表明:不同抚育措施对毛竹的出笋数和新竹平均胸径均有极显著影响,对毛竹的新竹成竹率没有显著影响。不同抚育措施以化学除草经济效益最好,全垦深翻的产值较高达1.579万元·hm-2、比平均值(1.120万元·hm-2)大41.0%。化学除草的纯收入较高达0.666万元·hm-2,比平均值(0.547万元·hm-2)大21.8%。本文为经营毛竹林选择合适抚育措施提供参考。     

撑绿竹纸浆原料林施肥效应研究

对撑绿竹纸浆林施肥采用"3414"三因素四水平的二次回归试验设计,建立了N、P、K施肥与撑绿竹新竹产量间的回归模型。结果表明,施用N肥是影响撑绿竹新竹产量的主导因子,N、K2O间存在一定程度的正交互作用。在设定的N、P、K肥0-3水平内符合肥料效应函数法原理的前提下,通过频率分析可得推荐施肥用量:纯N为177.744-261.096kg·hm-2,平均219.420kg·hm-2;P2O5为29.700-45.900kg·hm-2,平均37.800kg·hm-2;K2O为100.800-152.910kg·hm-2,平均126.855kg·hm-2。施肥比例:N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.172∶0.578。     

三种不同植被恢复模式地上生物量及其营养元素含量研究

在广西忻城县喀斯特石山区对三种不同植被恢复模式 (任豆间种竹子模式、金银花模式、竹子模式 )地上部分生物量进行测定 .结果表明 :① 3种不同植被恢复模式的净生物量 ,显示出金银花(1 19t·hm-2 ·a-1) >竹子 (1 0 4t·hm-2 ·a-1) >任豆间种竹子 (1 0 1t·hm-2 ·a-1) ;②各种模式地上部分生物量的主要营养 (N ,P ,K)含量 ,显示出任豆间种竹子 (75 0 9kg·hm-2 ) >竹子 (33 4 0kg·hm-2 ) >金银花(2 2 95kg·hm-2 ) ;③各种模式地上部分生物量的主要营养含量的分配 ,均显示出N >K >P的规律。     

昆明市核桃低产园改造技术研究

以昆明市低产云新系列早实核桃园(种植8年和4年)和低产漾濞核桃园(种植12年)为研究对象,以未采取综合改造措施园区为参照,对比研究综合改造措施对核桃生长和产量的影响,为昆明市低产核桃园的经营管理提供技术支持。结果表明:(1)综合改造对低产云新系列早实核桃园(种植8年和4年)和低产漾濞核桃园(种植12年)的核桃生长、产量均有显著的提升效果;(2)综合改造技术对低产漾濞核桃园(种植12年)的效果最为显著,实施后亩产提高了70. 6%。在低产云新系列早实核桃园和低产漾濞核桃园的改造后,应配合持续的经营管理措施,以维持改造成效。扩大试验范围,形成技术标准并推广是下一步工作的重点。     

尾巨桉和厚荚相思人工林细根主要营养元素贮存量及其季节动态研究

通过对广西东门林场某分场5年生尾巨桉和厚荚相思人工林细根主要营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)贮存量及其季节动态进行的研究,结果表明:尾巨桉、厚荚相思人工林细根5种营养元素贮存量随季节不同而存在差异。不同季节尾巨桉人工林细根营养元素贮存量大小次序为夏季(6.514kg·hm-2)秋季(6.452kg·hm-2)春季(5.089kg·hm-2)冬季(4.524kg·hm-2);厚荚相思人工林细根相应为夏季(13.920kg·hm-2)秋季(11.523kg·hm-2)春季(3.620kg·hm-2)冬季(2.902kg·hm-2)。     

孟加拉无机肥料对几种农林作物生物固氮和种苗生长的影响(英文)

比较了不同浓度无机肥料(尿素和重过磷酸钙)对四种农林作物(楹树、雨豆树、相思树和印度田菁)生物固氮和种苗生长的影响。种子萌发一个月后利用不同浓度肥料(尿素:40kg·hm-2,80kg·hm-2;重过磷酸钙:40kg·hm-2,80kg·hm-2;(尿素 重过磷酸钙)40kg·hm-2和(尿素 重过磷酸钙)80kg·hm-2)处理种苗。结果表明:中等浓度无机肥料促进了种苗的生长,但较高浓度无机肥料也不利于种苗的生长。当施加尿素时根瘤菌的数量大小明显受抑制,但随着增加磷肥(重过磷酸钙)根瘤菌的数量大小增加。本研究有助于农业人员利用无机肥料改善土壤提高农林作物的生物固氮和种苗生长。图2表6参33。     

黄土丘陵区梨枣树氮、磷、钾施肥效应与施肥模式

采用3因素2次D-饱和最优设计,通过大田试验建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与梨枣产量和品质综合评分的效应函数.结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥对梨枣产量的作用顺序为:钾肥＞磷肥＞氮肥;氮、磷、钾肥对梨枣品质的作用顺序为:钾肥＞氮肥＞磷肥.采用频率分析法对各效应函数进行寻优结果表明:梨枣目标产量在23 000 ～27 000kg·hm-2,95％置信区间的优化施肥量为N 272 ～499 kg·hm-2、P2O5 204 ～297 kg·hm-2、K2O 243～323 kg·hm-2;梨枣品质综合评分在85分以上,95％置信区间的优化施肥量为N407～737 kg·hm-2、P2O5158 ～306 kg·hm-2、K2O285 ～376 kg·hm-2;梨枣高产优质的最优施肥量为N 407 ～499 kg·hm-2、P2O5 204～297 kg·hm-2、K2O 285～323 kg·hm-2.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.