双歧杆菌对仔猪生长性能的影响

在30~75日龄仔猪的基础日粮中添加不同剂量的有益优势菌双歧杆菌,添加剂量为每千克饲料18ml双歧杆菌发酵液[活菌数为(7~8)×1010个/ml]的试验Ⅱ组对仔猪的生长性能表现出较好的效果,其平均末重23.100kg,平均净增重16.375kg,平均日增重364g,料重比1.37:1;与对照组相比平均末重高出42.8%,平均净增重高出54.8%,平均日增重高出54.9%,差异均显著(P<0.05),每增加1kg活重比对照组少耗0.8kg饲料。说明此添加剂量对30~75日龄仔猪的生长有明显的促进作用。     

无公害添加剂预混料对肉仔鸡的饲喂效果

选用1日龄商品代艾维菌混合健雏4000只，采用完全随机单因子设计分2组。每组设5个重复，每重复400只，试验期49d。对照组饲喂基础日粮 商品性预混料，药物添加剂为维吉尼亚霉素(5mg/kg) 盐霉素(50mg/kg)；试验组饲喂基础日粮 自配预混料，未添加任何抗生素，其非营养性添加剂配方为：21日龄前300mg/kg的糖萜素 0．3％迈克活菌酶 0．06％生命素，21日龄后200mg/kg糖萜素 0．2％迈克活菌酶 0．05％生命素。结果表明，试验用自配预混料，在体增重、饲料利用率、生物学综合评定结果和经济效益等方面均优于商品性预混料，平均日增重提高14．11％，料重比下降8．13％，每只鸡赢利提高1．29元，综合效益提高7．96％。     

硫酸粘杆菌素、活菌制剂及酶制剂对仔猪生长的影响

选用30日龄杜×长·大三元杂交商品仔猪40头,研究了硫酸粘杆菌素、活菌制剂及酶制剂在基础日粮中单独使用与配合使用对促进仔猪生长及防治腹泻的效果。结果表明,各试验组仔猪平均日增重比对照组有显著提高。其中以在基础日粮中添加硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg与添加活菌制剂200mg/kg配合使用效果最明显,比对照组提高了16.7%(P<0.05)。在饲料转化率方面,添加硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg不明显,添加硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg 活菌制剂200mg/kg和硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg 酶制剂1g/kg两组均比对照组有显著提高(P<0.05),从防治腹泻情况看,对照组仔猪腹泻率28%,添加硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg腹泻率8.5%,添加硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg 活菌制剂200mg/kg和添加硫酸粘杆菌素20mg/kg 酶制剂1g/kg两组未见腹泻。利用硫酸粘杆菌素,特别是将其分别与活菌制剂和酶制剂配合使用,对提高仔猪日增重和饲料转化率以及防止仔猪腹泻发生都有较好效果。     

活菌制剂饲喂生长育肥猪效果的研发

试验选用日龄接近，体重25kg左右的健康仔猪48头，随机分为四组，每组二个重复，每个重复6头猪。研究在日粮中添加不同水平“磊菌宝”活菌制剂Ⅱ号对生长肥育猪喂效果的影响。试验结果表明，在饲料中添加“磊菌宝”活菌制剂比例达0．25％时能显著的改善饲料适口性，25－60kg阶段可提高采食量7．59％，平均日增重提高11．83％，成本下降1．66％;60－90kg阶段，平均采食量可提高6．3％，平均日增重可提高24．6％，所需成本下降13．55％，经济效益显著提高。     

抗生素饲料添加剂对仔猪促生长作用的研究

本试验应用硫酸抗敌素、杆菌肽锌和土霉素3种抗生素饲料添加剂,对105头42日龄丹系长白猪进行了38天单用该药物或不同配合对仔猪增重等效果的对比试验。试验结果表明,硫酸抗敌素和杆菌肽锌配合组(Ⅰ)比单用土霉素(Ⅱ)和杆菌肽锌(Ⅲ)组,仔猪腹泻率分别减少17.14％和28.57％;仔猪42～80日龄平均日采食分别提高16.05％和27.03％;仔猪42～60日龄阶段平均日增重分别提高52.17％和85.71％,60～80日龄阶段分别提高12.88％和49.43％,42～80日龄阶段分别提高27.13％和63.46％;仔猪42～80日龄阶段饲料/增重分别降低了8.17％和21.07％;每头仔猪的经济效益分别提高了31.06％和85.85％。 试验结果证明,硫酸抗敌素和杆菌肽锌配合作为仔猪饲料添加剂比单独用土霉素或杆菌肽锌可取得增进食欲、防止腹泻、促进生长及提高饲料利用率和经济效益的明显效果。     

551乳猪料对早期断奶仔猪的饲喂效果试验

选用胎次、分娩日期、产活仔数和初生重相近的哺乳仔猪8窝，共78头，随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组猪15日龄时隔离断奶，用正大551乳猪料饲喂，对照组猪不断奶，用优质的猪料补饲，饲喂30日后，试验组猪比对照组猪平均多增重4．05kg，增重提高51％，饲料报酬提高28．4％，增重差异显著（P＜0．01），试验组仔猪无1头发病，对照组仔猪发病率为39．5％。     

酵母元在妊娠哺乳母猪饲料中的应用试验

试验选取妊娠65d左右、产期相近的长大母猪12头，胎次为第2胎，随机分为2组，每组6头．乳猪出生7d后开始补料，35日龄断奶称重。试验研究了在妊娠及哺乳母猪日粮中使用酵母元饲料添加剂后，仔猪的初生窝重增加了22．71％，35日龄断奶窝重增加20．3％，仔猪头平均初生重增加11．9％，35日龄断奶重增加8．8％．仔猪的日增重提高了8．3％。     

微生态制剂饲粮对杜梅商品猪生产性能及畜舍环境影响的研究

为研究微生态制剂对杜梅商品猪生长性能、畜舍环境及背膘厚和眼肌面积的影响,试验选用3月龄左右杜梅商品仔猪120头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,千里组饲喂基础饲粮+千里复合菌制剂（添加剂量为1.1 kg/t饲料）,金泥组饲喂基础饲粮+金泥复合菌制剂（添加剂量为1 kg/t饲料,主要为地衣芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌）,抗生素组饲喂基础饲粮+抗生素（金霉素75 mg/kg,硫酸黏杆菌素20 mg/kg）。研究结果表明：使用金泥益生菌添加剂日增重低于抗生素组,但是差异不显著（P>0.05）,且料重比最低（2.88±0.23）;饲喂金泥益生菌的猪只氨气浓度、臭气强度优于千里组和对照组。研究表明,在饲粮中添加微生态制剂对杜梅商品猪生长性能提高、畜舍环境改善有显著影响。     

复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响

选择长白二元杂交断奶仔猪90头进行试验,断奶日龄为35d。共分为五个组,每组设3个重复,每个重复随机选取健康仔猪6头。试验1组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌);试验2组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、干酪乳杆菌);试验3组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌);试验4组:饲喂基础日粮+0.1%复合制剂(纳豆杆菌、双歧杆菌、罗伊氏乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌)。对照组饲喂基础日粮。其中复合制剂中益生菌活菌数为l09cfu/g。饲养30d后观察复合活菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清溶菌酶含量的影响。结果:在日增重、饲料效率及血清溶菌酶方面,试验1组和2组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);在腹泻率方面,试验组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在仔猪日粮中添加复合活菌制剂可提高每头断奶仔猪平均日增重及饲料效率,降低腹泻的发病率,且增高了仔猪血清溶菌酶含量,提高了仔猪的免疫机能,从而提高了经济效益。     

添加紫苏、单宁酸对保育猪生产性能影响的对比试验

本试验研究在日粮中添加紫苏、单宁酸对保育前期仔猪生长,胜能的影响。试验设计按公母各半、胎次相近、日龄相近、单头称重、饲料编号盲试的方法进行。试验结果表明：添加紫苏提取物对保育前期仔猪的头日增重和头均日采食量比对照组分别提高5．40％、2．61％,料重比降低5．26％,单位饲料增重成本减少1．98％;添加单宁酸组头均日增重和料重比比对照组分别降低1．8％、7．63％,头均日采食量显著降低8．29％（P〈0．05）,增重成本减少6．54％;整个试验期间各试验组腹泻率较低,差异不显著。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …