猪饲料原料中氨基酸生物学效价及消化率(一)

文章定义了猪饲料原料氨基酸生物学效价及回肠氨基酸消化率,讨论了测定生物学效价及回肠消化率的方法,给出了这些指标的推荐值。造成氨基酸生物学效价和回肠消化率间差异的主要有两个因素。第一,某些氨基酸(如赖氨酸)以化合物形式被吸收而没有用于代谢;第二,动物肠道上端发酵可能导致氨基酸的净损失或增加。此外,也需要考虑日粮因素对于用于组织生长或产奶的生物可利用氨基酸摄入效率的影响,这可能由于肠道后端内源氨基酸的损失和与内源肠道蛋白质合成和分解代谢相关的损失引起。回肠消化率值可以用表观回肠消化率(AID)、标准回肠消化率(SID)或真回肠消化率(TID)来表示。这些定义都反应了消化率值上内源氨基酸的损失。回肠内源氨基酸损失可分为基础损失(不受日粮组成成分的影响)和特殊损失(由日粮成分特性如纤维类型和含量、抗营养因子等引起)。表观回肠消化率值(AID)是日粮氨基酸的摄入量与回肠氨基酸的流出量之差(从消化道近端到回肠末端摄入氨基酸的净消失量)。表观回肠消化率值(AID)的问题在于其在混合饲料原料中不具有可加性。这可以通过校正基础内源氨基酸损失来克服,即标准回肠消化率值(SID)。此外,如果表观回肠消化率值(AID)校正了基础和特殊内源氨基酸损失则为真回肠氨基酸消化率值(TID)。然而,目前还没有常规测定特殊内源氨基酸损失的可靠方法。因此,通过消化试验,使用无氮日粮法测定基础内源氨基酸损失,可以计算得出表观回肠消化率值(AID)和标准回肠消化率值(SID)。在更多的关于真回肠氨基酸消化率值(TID)的信息公布前,建议使用标准回肠消化率值(SID)进行日粮配制。     

猪回肠表观、真、标准氨基酸消化的定义

猪回肠消化率(Ileal digestibility,ID)的测定常用来评估饲料原料中氨基酸(AA)的生物利用率。回肠消化率可以用回肠表观消化率(Apparent ileal digestibility,AID)、回肠标准消化率(Standardized ileal digestibility,SID)、回肠真消化率(True ileal digestibility,TID)来表示。AID值可通过日粮氨基酸摄入量减去总回肠氨基酸流失物(氨基酸内源性损失总量(IAAend)和未消化的日粮氨基酸)得到。氨基酸内源性损失(IAAend)可分为基础损失和特定损失,前者不受日粮组成的影响,后者会受饲料原料特性(如抗营养因子和日粮纤维含量)的影响。如果用总IAAend校正AID值,那么就得到TID值。AID值在饲料配方中不具有可加性,但可通过用基础IAAend值校正AID值得到克服,校正后的AID值即为SID值。如非有可靠方法可进行特定IAAend的常规测定,在进行饲料配制时一般建议使用SID值。最好在消化实验中测定基础IAAend并且用SID值反映出这些损失。     

猪回肠氨基酸消化率的研究进展及应用

目前在许多国家都是采用可消化(或粗)蛋白和必需氨基酸(AA)总量,来评价猪日粮的蛋白质指标,然而由于不同日粮中氨基酸的消化率差异很大(Fuller和Wang,1991),所以根据氨基酸的消化率配制日粮,比用总氨基酸含量指标要精确得多。氨基酸的消化率因其测定方法不同有表观和真消化率之分,后者校正了内源氨基酸的损失(lenis,1992),但由于内源氮排出量难以准确测定,所以表观消化率在养猪生产中也很实在。本世纪七十年代以来,应用回肠体外桥式瘘管法测定猪日粮氨基酸消化率的     

使用猪T型瘘管法测定饲料原料氨基酸回肠末端表观消化率

使用 8头T型瘘管猪测定了 4种饲料原料的猪回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率。结果说明玉米和豆粕的氨基酸回肠末端表观消化率与最近的文献报道值较为一致 ,羽毛粉的氨基酸表观消化率有一定的趋势 ,乳清粉的氨基酸表观消化率与中国饲料数据库的推荐值较为吻合。这些数据可以为我国的氨基酸消化率数据库提供参考 ,并且可以作为以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮时的依据     

猪饲料表观可消化氨基酸和真可消化氨基酸

目前许多饲料厂家用总氨基酸含量设制日粮配方。因为氨基酸尤其是几种限制性氨基酸的消化率差异大,用总氨基酸含量配制日粮可能过高或过低估计了氨基酸的营养价值,导致氨基酸营养不平衡。许多研究认为,用可消化氨基酸配制日粮比总氨基酸日粮更精确,在选用氨基酸含量低或消化率变异大的饲料原料时更是如此。用可消化氨基酸配制日粮可以更准确地预测猪的生产性能并降低生产成本。 　　1氨基酸消化率的测定方法 　　现在已普遍用回肠分析法测定猪饲料氨基酸消化率,粪分析法较少采用。在过去二十年间曾测定了许多种饲料的猪回肠表观氨基…     

大米粉的猪回肠氨基酸真消化率测定

大米加工副产品大米粉长期以来被添加到米糠中利用,显著降低了其利用率.本试验用三头施以回直肠吻合术猪,采用单因子设计,以大米粉为半纯合日粮,无氮日粮由醋酸纤维素提供粗纤维来测定内源值,测定了大米粉的猪回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率.大米粉的回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率的平均值为76.20%,真消化率的平均值为85.86%.这些数据可为我国氨基酸消化率数据库提供参考,并且可作为以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮时的依据.     

家禽内源氨基酸损失测定的可重复性与无氮饲粮的配制

准确评估内源氨基酸损失是建立家禽标准回肠可消化氨基酸或回肠真可消化氨基酸模式的基础。在现有方法中,无氮饲粮法(NFD)测定家禽基础内源氨基酸损失的一致性或可重复性最高。先前很多研究所采用的无氮饲粮配方不同,为减小结果变异,无氮饲粮的配制需要建立统一标准。此外,家禽内源氨基酸损失测定还需考虑品种和日龄等因素以及饲粮特异性内源氨基酸损失。本文讨论了家禽内源氨基酸损失测定的可重复性问题,并推荐了标准无氮饲粮配方。     

大米粉的猪回肠氨基酸真消化率测定

大米加工副产品大米粉长期以来被添加到米糠中利用，显著降低了其利用率。本试验用三头施以回直肠吻合术猪，采用单因子设计，以大米粉为半纯合日粮，无氮日粮由醋酸纤维素提供粗纤维来测定内源值，测定了大米粉的猪回肠末端氨基酸表观消化率和真消化率。大米粉的回肠末端氨基酸的表观消化率的平均值为76．20％，真消化率的平均值为85.86％。这些数据可为我国氨基酸消化率数据库提供参考，并且可作为以可消化氨基酸为基础配制日粮时的依据。     

肉鸡营养中标准回肠可消化氨基酸

氨基酸标准回肠消化率的概念克服了用肉公鸡强饲法测定带来的缺点。迄今为止,已测定了常用饲料原料和饲用晶体氨基酸的必需氮基酸的标准回肠消化系数。使用原料的标准回肠可消化氨基酸及基于标准回肠消化率的氨基酸营养推荐值配制饲料,与基于总氨基酸配制的日粮相比,肉鸡生产性能及生产效益有所提高。     

3种内源氨基酸测定方法的准确性比较分析

本试验采用无氮口粮法(PF法)、回归法(REG法)、高精氨酸法(HA法)测定生长猪回肠内源氨基酸流量,并以3种方法测定的内源氨基酸值对氨基酸回肠表观消化率(AID)进行校正,通过校正后消化率值随日粮蛋白质水平变化的平稳性来判断内源氨基酸测定值的准确性.选用体质量28 kg的阉公猪6头,回肠末端安装简单"T"形瘘管.饲喂6种试验H粮.日粮粗蛋白水平分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%.采用6×6拉丁方试验设计.每期持续时间8 d.其中前5 d为H粮适应期,第6天连续采集食糜24 h,以测定AID和采用PF法测定的内源氨基酸值计算回肠标准消化率(STID).第8天每头猪日喂1次高精氨酸饲粮,然后连续24 h采集回肠食糜,以便用HA法测定内源氨基酸值并计算回肠真消化率(RID).试验结果表明,采用REG法测定的内源氨基酸流量,除廿氨酸、脯氨酸外,都比PF法的测定的值低(P<0.1);PF法与HA法比较,在10%～25%日粮蛋白质浓度范围内,低估了内源氨基酸的损失(P<0.01).除苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸外,必需氨基酸AID随蛋白质水平增加呈二次性提高(P<0.05).必需氨基酸STID随饲粮蛋白质水平的增加呈线性和二次性降低(P<0.05).而RID在20%的饲粮粗蛋白水平内呈恒定平稳状态,完全不依赖于饲粮蛋白质水平(P>0.05).本试验可得出以下结论:REG法和PF法低估了饲粮内源氨基酸损失,HA法是估计内源氨基酸损失的较准确方法.     

Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application

In this review, the terminology that is used to describe the bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA in pig feed ingredients is defined. Aspects of the methodology to establish bioavailability and ileal digestibility values also are discussed, and recommendations about the use of these values are provided. Two main factors can contribute to differences between bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA. First, some AA, such as Lys, may be absorbed in chemical complexes that preclude their use for metabolism. Second, fermentation in the upper gut may result in a net loss or gain of AA to the animal. In addition, dietary effects on the efficiency of using bioavailable AA intake for tissue growth or milk production should be considered and may be attributed to endogenous AA losses in the hindgut and the metabolic costs associated with endogenous gut protein synthesis and losses. Ileal digestibility values may be expressed as apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility (SID), or true ileal digestibility (TID). These terms are used to specify how ileal endogenous AA losses are reflected in digestibility values. Ileal endogenous AA losses may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses, which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as levels and types of fiber and antinutritional factors. Values for AID are established when total ileal outflow of AA (i.e., the sum of endogenous losses and nondigested dietary AA) is related to dietary AA intake. A concern with the use of AID values is that these are not additive in mixtures of feed ingredients. This concern may be overcome by correcting AID values for defined basal endogenous losses of AA, which yields SID values. Furthermore, if the AID values are corrected for basal and specific endogenous losses, then values for TID are calculated. However, reliable procedures to routinely measure specific endogenous losses are not yet available. It is recommended that basal ileal endogenous losses of AA should be measured in digestibility experiments using a defined protein-free diet and that these losses are reported with observed AID and SID values. It is suggested that SID values should be used for feed formulation, at least until more information on TID values becomes available.     

Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs

Measures of ileal digestibility (ID) are used routinely as estimates of amino acid (AA) bio-availability in pig feed ingredients. Values for ID may be expressed as apparent (AID), standardized (SID), or true (TID). Values for AID are calculated by deducting the total ileal outflow of AA (the sum of endogenous losses (IAA_end) and non-digested dietary AA) from dietary AA intake. The IAA_end may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as anti-nutritional factors and dietary fiber. If the AID values are corrected for total IAA_end, then values for TID are calculated. Lack of additivity of AID values in feed formulation may be overcome by correcting AID values for basal IAA_end only, which yields SID values. Until reliable procedures for the routine measurement of specific IAA_end become available, it is suggested that SID values are used for feed formulation. It is advisable that basal IAA_end are measured in digestibility experiments and that these losses are reported with SID values.     

Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry

The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Nondietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total(basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses.The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.     

Ileal amino acid digestibility assay for the growing meat chicken--comparison of ileal and excreta amino acid digestibility in the chicken

1. The apparent and true amino acid digestibilities in sorghum, wheat, soyabean meal, meat-and-bone meal, fish meal and blood meal for growing meat chickens were determined using an assay based on the collection of digesta from the terminal ileum and comparison was made with digestibility values determined using an excreta-based assay. 2. Five-week-old meat chickens were given maize-soyabean meal basal diet or mixtures of the basal diet and test diets containing the 6 ingredients as the sole source of dietary protein (50:50 on weight basis). Apparent amino acid digestibility values of assay diets at ileal and excreta levels were calculated using chromic oxide as the indigestible marker. True digestibility values were calculated using endogenous outputs determined by feeding a protein-free diet. Amino acid digestibilities of the ingredients were calculated by difference. 3. The site of measurement had no influence on endogenous amino acid output, the exceptions being aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The output of these two amino acids was higher in the excreta. 4. Significant differences were found between ileal and excreta-based digestibility of certain amino acids in some ingredients, with excreta values being usually higher than the ileal values, indicating a net catabolism of amino acids in the large intestine. The degree of net amino acid disappearance was found to be variable among amino acids and ingredients. In general, threonine had the lowest digestibility at the ileal level and, compared with other amino acids, the highest degredation during passage through the hindgut. 5. The results showed that digestibility determination based on excreta collection will overestimate the uptake for some amino acids in some feeds. The degree of overestimation was often considerable, ranging from 8.9% (apparent digestibility of threonine in soyabean meal) to 56% (apparent digestibility of aspartic acid in wheat). It is concluded that digestibility values measured at the terminal ileum provide a more reliable measure of amino acid availability than those measured in the excreta.     

Standardized ileal protein and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs and sows

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the physiological condition of swine on standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SID). The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients were determined for crude protein and amino acids in six feed ingredients (corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, canola meal, and meat and bone meal) in growing pigs and in gestating and lactating sows. Growing pigs and lactating sows were given free access to their diets, whereas gestating sows were allowed to consume only 2 kg of feed daily. The nonspecific (basal) endogenous losses of protein and amino acids were determined under similar feeding regimens after feeding a protein-free diet. The SID for crude protein and amino acids were calculated by correcting the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients for the nonspecific endogenous losses of protein and amino acids. With a few exceptions, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the SID for crude protein and amino acids between growing pigs and lactating sows. Overall, gestating sows had higher (P < 0.05) SID for crude protein and all amino acids, except for tryptophan and aspartate, compared with growing pigs. Likewise, the SID of most amino acids obtained by gestating sows were higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained by lactating sows. Interactions (P < 0.05) between animals and diets were observed for gestating sows compared with growing pigs as well as gestating sows compared with lactating sows. As a consequence, it is not possible to extrapolate data from one feed ingredient to another. On most occasions, the lowest SID among the indispensable amino acids was calculated for threonine, valine, and lysine. It is concluded that gestating sows fed 2 kg of feed per day have higher standardized digestibility coefficients than do growing pigs and lactating sows given free access to their diets. This difference may be due to differences in daily feed intake rather than to the physiological status of the animals.     

Establishment of Tabulated Values for Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Crude Protein and Essential Amino Acids in Common Feedstuffs for Pigs

Literature data on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids in pigs from 79 references (203 observations) including 13 different common feedstuffs, and other data on basal endogenous ileal loss of CP and amino acids from 32 references (36 observations) were analysed statistically. The analyses revealed that the cannulation method as well as the method for determining endogenous ileal losses of CP and amino acids affected the results. After correction for these effects a new set of tabulated values for apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and essential amino acids was generated. The results were in most cases in good agreement with three recently published tables for standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs. Therefore, it was concluded that the data obtained in the present work, together with those given in the recently published tables, would be a suitable basis for a general table for standardized ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids in common feedstuffs for pigs.     

Effect of Phytase Supplementation in Diets on Nutrient Digestibility and Performance in Broiler Chicks

A performance trial was conducted with broiler chicks to study the effect of phytase (PHY) supplementation in diets formulated with reduced AME, Ca, and P. The nutrient digestibility was determined during the 14- to 21-d and 28- to 35-d periods. The treatments consisted of 3 diets (NC1, NC2, NC3) differing in nutrient content and each diet with or without supplemental PHY (NC1, 0 or 500; NC2, 0 or 750; NC3, 0 or 1,000 U of PHY/kg feed) and 1 positive control diet (PC). Compared with the PC diet, negative control diets (NC) resulted in lower AME and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for some amino acids. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets increased AME, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, and apparent ileal crude protein digestibility. Phytase addition also increased mineral absorption in 21- and 35-d-old broilers fed NC diets. Reduced nutrient digestibility appears to be a factor in the weight gain and feed intake results. Reducing Ca and P content reduced feed intake in a stepwise fashion in the NC diets. Phytase increased feed intake and generally improved nutrient digestibility, which resulted in an increase in digestible nutrient intake. Averaged across NC diets, PHY improved body weight. Bone-breaking strength was the most consistent predictor of Ca and P reduction. All NC diets had significantly lower bone-breaking strength than the PC. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets gave bone-breaking strengths that were comparable to the PC. Diets with PHY had the highest bioeconomic index.     

Ileal amino-acid digestibility of wheat, autoclaved wheat and spaghetti by-products for broiler chicks

An experiment was conducted to determine true and apparent ileal amino‐acid digestibility of a native cultivar of wheat (Mahdavi), autoclaved wheat (120°C for 30 min) and spaghetti by‐products available in Iran. One hundred 21‐day‐old broiler chickens were fed a standard corn–soybean meal starter diet from day 0 to 28 post hatch. At 28 days 80 chicks were distributed according to possessing very nearly the same average bodyweight to 20 wire cages. The experimental units were allocated at random to five dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment. The basal diet contained corn and soybean meal as the major ingredients. Three test diets were formulated containing wheat, autoclaved wheat and spaghetti by‐products as the sole source of dietary protein and each test diet was combined with a basal diet 50:50 on a weight basis to form three assay diets. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acid in the test ingredients were estimated from those in the assay diets basal/test diet mixtures, using the difference method. The apparent and true amino‐acid digestibility of the test ingredients were significantly different (P < 0.01). Autoclaving of wheat increase its amino‐acid digestibility (P < 0.01). Among the test ingredients, the average ileal amino‐acid digestibility of spaghetti by‐products was higher than wheat and autoclaved wheat but it was lower than values for the basal diet (P < 0.01).     

Effects of body weight and feed intake level on basal ileal endogenous losses in growing pigs

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of feeding level, body weight, and time after surgery on basal ileal endogenous amino acid (AA) and N losses in growing pigs. Three pairs of littermate pigs were surgically prepared with ileo-rectal anastomoses. One pig in each pair was anastomosed at 38 kg BW, and the remaining pigs were anastomosed at 67 kg BW. Each pig received at different periods 50, 70, or 90 g of dry matter per kilogram of BW.75 of a protein-free diet according to a Latin square design involving three pigs starting at 45 kg BW and involving six pigs starting at 77 kg BW. For most AA, the time after surgery x feeding level interaction was significant. The basal endogenous losses (in g/d) increased linearly with feeding level at both BW. At the higher BW, the basal endogenous losses (in g/kg DMI) were constant regardless of feeding level, whereas at the lower BW they responded quadratically. At the low feeding level, the endogenous losses were higher than at the medium or high feeding level. We concluded that the basal endogenous losses are proportional to DMI when the feeding level is higher than 70 g/kg BW.75. The AA profile was not influenced by these three variables, but there was a large animal effect. These results suggest that, in digestibility trials, an assessment of the basal ileal endogenous AA losses must be performed on each pig to correct the apparent ileal AA digestibility data.     

Estimation of endogenous protein and amino acid ileal losses in weaned piglets by regression analysis using diets with graded levels of casein

Background： Many studies have investigated endogenous loss of proteins and amino acids （AAs） at the ileal level in growing pigs. However, only a few studies have researched this subject in piglets. Knowledge regarding AA ileal digestibility in piglets would be helpful during the formulation of diets for weaning piglets, rather than just using coefficients obtained in growing pigs. Therefore, in this study, we sought to estimate endogenous protein and AA ileal losses in piglets. Furthermore, apparent and true ileal digestibility （AID and TID） of protein and AAs from casein were measured. Results： The average flow of protein was 20.8 g/kg of dry matter intake （DMI）. Basal protein loss, as estimated by regression, was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid （2.2, 1.4, and 1.2 g/kg DMI, respectively） were the AAs for which greater losses were seen. The AID of protein and AAs increased as the protein level in the diet increased. A higher increment in AID was observed between diets with 80 and160 g CP/kg of feed; this finding was mainly attributable to increases in glycine and arginine （46.1% and 18%, respectively）. The TID of protein was 97.8, and the TID of AAs varied from 93.9 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine. Conclusions： The basal endogenous protein loss in piglets was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Endogenous protein was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine, which represented 32.7% of endogenous protein loss in weaning piglets. The TID of casein was high and varied from 93.0 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.