桑皱鞘叶甲生物学特性及综合防治

桑皱鞘叶甲是桑树春叶期的重要害虫，在江西修水县2年发生1代，以成虫和中等大小的幼虫在桑园土下15－60cm深处的土室内越冬，越冬成虫于次年4月下旬至5月上旬大量出土并繁殖为害，为害高峰期为4月底到6月中旬。幼虫分布范围为土下10－65cm，其中以30－50cm最多。当年孵化的幼虫至11月中下旬开始越冬，次年3月中下旬继续取食和生长，9月上旬至10月中旬化蛹，9月下旬至11月底羽化并静伏于土室内过冬。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期为：卵期9－10d，幼虫期15－16个月，蛹期16－19d。成虫寿命8－9个月，其中土下蛰伏6－7个月，出土生活2－3个月。可用昆虫病原线虫压低土中幼虫密度及成虫高峰期施用杀虫剂，并辅以人工防治的方法防治该虫。     

桂北地区银杏大蚕蛾研究

银杏大蚕蛾是银杏重要害虫。在桂北一年发生一代，以卵在银杏树干上越冬，卵期１３７－１７６天；幼虫６齿，４－６月为幼虫为害期。幼虫在３龄前抗药性差，容易防治，用４０％氧化乐果乳剂１０００倍液域８０％敌敌畏乳油１２００倍液或２．５％敌杀死乳油２５００倍液喷酒树冠，有良好的防治效果。     

柑桔黑剌粉虱的发生及防治

3a研究证明，柑桔黑刺粗虱在夷陵区1a发生4代，主要以若虫吸食叶片汁液，为害严重时，诱发煤烟病。防治上以农业措施与化学药剂相结合，化学防治以各代1、2龄若虫发生盛期为关键，药剂选用50％库龙1000-1500倍液或40％速扑杀1000倍液或10％蚜虱净4000倍液。     

杨梅小细蛾在慈溪市的发生与防治

调查结果表明,杨梅小细蛾在慈溪市1a发生2代,世代重叠明显,以幼虫在叶部泡状斑中越冬。其发生分布与为害以树体下部叶片为主,在9～10月主治第二代幼虫是防治的关键,可选用20%杀灭菊酯2000倍或50%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液喷洒树冠下部,防效良好。     

马褂木叶蜂生物学及其防治研究

马褂术叶蜂是马褂木的主要害虫,萍乡和铜鼓一年发生一代。以老熟幼虫在土中作土室变预蛹越冬,翌年4月上旬开始化蛹,4月中旬开始羽化。5月上旬出现幼虫。幼虫23天就开始入土越冬,此虫发生在纯林比     

淡剑袭夜蛾的初步研究

淡剑袭夜蛾[Sidemia depravata(Butler)]是细叶结缕草(Zoysia tenuifolia Willd.ex Trin.台湾草)的主要害虫之一。以幼虫食害叶片和茎,致使叶片枯黄,严重时成丛枯死,形似火烧,影响生长和观察。根据室内饲养和田间观察,此种夜蛾在桂林雁山每年发生7代,以幼虫或蛹在草根内越冬。幼虫5龄,三龄前是药剂防治的有利时机。80%敌敌畏乳油,40%乐果乳油以及40%水胺硫磷乳剂,各按1000—1500倍液,或25%杀虫脒水剂300倍液淋灌,对幼虫防效均可达90%以上。     

5%锐劲特SC田间防治荔枝蒂蛀虫的药效试验

在荔枝收果前40d左右，用5％锐劲特SC防治荔枝蒂蛀虫2次有较好的防治效果，应用稀释倍数为1000－1500倍。     

山楂粘叶蜂生物学特性和防治方法的初步研究

山植是近年来我国北方各地发展较快的果树之一。山楂粘叶蜂(Allantus sp.)是新发现的仅为害山楂叶片的一种单食性害虫,为国内一新种。该虫在吉林省长春地区1年发生1代及一不完全的第2代。以老熟幼虫结茧在树盘下0—7cm的表土内越冬,盛夏7月份为害最重,但幼虫发生期可一直延续到9月上、中旬。为害幼虫体覆透明粘液。老熟幼虫在土中结茧化蛹。成虫和幼虫均有假死性。当前生产上可结合其他害虫的防治,用50%辛硫磷或50%杀螟松乳油1000倍液等有机磷杀虫剂;20%杀灭菊酯或20%灭扫利乳油4000—5000倍液等合成菊酯类农药常规喷雾,防治效果达90%以上。还可结合防治桃小食心虫等进行树盘土壤药剂处理。     

陕西南部松阿扁叶蜂发生规律及防治

在研究松阿扁叶蜂在陕南的发生危、害、生活史、主要习性及发生规律的基础上,从不同防治方法、不同药剂中筛选出了该虫几种防治方法和防治有效药剂,采用树盘垦复,防效达85%;用40%氧化乐果乳油机动喷烟防治3龄前幼虫,防效达95%;用40%氧化乐果乳油1000～1500倍液、2.5%敌杀死乳油2000～3000倍液喷雾防治1～3龄幼虫防效均达93%;在郁闭度0.7以上的林分,用18 kg/hm2敌马烟剂、林丹烟剂防治1～3龄幼虫,防效达90%.     

桃象虫的初步观察

桃象虫在福建闽侯一年发生一代,以成虫和幼虫在土中越冬。越冬成虫于2月间开始出土活动;以幼虫越冬者,其成虫出土约迟两个月左右;4月份为成虫出现的高峰期。成虫于3月下旬开始产卵,4月下旬为产卵盛期,6月上旬为产卵终期。成虫也在6月上旬绝迹。4月上旬果中幼虫始见,6月上旬发生最多。2月至6月是桃象虫一年中主要的为害时期。成虫为害花、叶及果实,以蛀害果实为主,因此引致相当数量的幼果脱落。4月上旬幼果期,成虫盛发之后落果最甚,虫害落果数占总落果数80%。3月下旬至4月中旬连续喷药2—3次除治成虫,对于保果有很大作用。6月上旬为幼虫脱果始期,老熟幼虫从树上蛀果或地面落果中脱出而入土。8月下旬以前大都潜居土下3寸之内,此后逐渐钻入土层深处,部分幼虫当年化蛹并羽化为成虫越冬。故5月下旬检拾落果和摘毁树上虫蛀果,以及在8月中、下旬结合桃树中耕除草,都是消灭幼虫的有效方法。0.1%敌百虫液剂,25?T 乳剂200—400倍液,可湿性6%γ666200—300倍液,或25?T 乳剂、可湿性6%γ666 1∶1∶400—600倍液,喷射防治成虫,药效达92.7—100%。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.