Efficacy of Sulbactam, a B-lactamase Inhibitor, Combined with Ampicillin in the Therapy of Ampicillin-resistant Pneumonic Pasteurellosis in Veal Calves

Two field efficacy studies, involving a total of 92 naturally infected, pneumonic veal calves, were conducted to compare the efficacy of the β-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam plus ampicillin to ampicillin alone in the treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Cultures from nasal swabs and lung tissue during the 10 or 11 day studies were predominantly ampicillin-resistant Pasteurella multocida. Ampicillin (6.6 mg/kg) or sulbactam-ampicillin (3.3 mg/kg sulbactam + 6.6 mg/kg ampicillin) was injected intramuscularly once daily for either three days or six days. Sulbactam-ampicillin administered once daily for three or six days resulted in lower (P≤0.05) average body temperature with a concomitant clinical improvement (P≤0.05), and produced numerical advantages and/or statistical improvements over ampicillin in mortality, weight gain, and overall response of calves to treatment. The combined mortality for the two studies in the ampicillin and sulbactam-ampicillin treated groups was 43% and 14%, respectively. We concluded that sulbactam-ampicillin was superior to ampicillin in the treatment of ampicillin-resistant bacterial pneumonia in veal calves.     

β-内酰胺酶抑制剂舒巴坦与氨苄西林联用的体内外抗菌作用研究

试验观察了β－内酰胺酶抑制剂舒巴坦与氨苄西林联用的体内外协同抗菌作用。结果表明：氨苄西林与舒巴坦联用对5个标准菌株的抗菌活性与氨苄西林相似，对除绿脓杆菌外的6株临床分离菌株的体外抗菌活性较显著高于氨苄西林。临床分离菌株均可产生β－内酰胺酶并可不同程度的水解氨苄西林，在不加入舒巴坦时，β－内酰胺酶对氨苄西林的水解率为57.64%－100%，加入舒巴坦时，β－内酰胺酶对氨苄西林的水解率降低。舒巴坦对临床分离菌株产生的5种β－内酰胺酶均有抑制作用，在1μg/ml时的抑制率为9.35%-67.20%,10μg/ml时为50％－93.19％，显示出明显的抑酶保护作用。氨苄西林与舒巴坦联用对氨苄西林耐药菌株引起的鸡白痢有明显的治疗效果，按5mg/kg肌注的治愈率为91.18%，显著高于氨苄西林混饮，与舒他西林相似。提示二者联用体内体外均有协同抗菌作用，值得进一步研究。     

A Three Year Comparison of Acute Respiratory Disease, Shrink and Weight Gain in Preconditioned and Non-preconditioned Illinois Beef Calves Sold at the Same Auction and Mixed in a Feedlot

During 1969 to 1971, 78 preconditioned (PC) and 79 non-preconditioned (NPC) beef calves were purchased at the same auction and mixed in a feedlot. Preconditioned calves were weaned 30 days before the sale, used to drinking from a tank, and vaccinated against blackleg, malignant edema, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), parainfluenza-3 (PI3) and bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) in 1970 and 1971, and Pasteurella hemolytica and multocida in 1971. All vaccinations were completed two to three weeks before the sale. PC calves were given thiabenzadole. PC calves had significantly less shrink after shipment and in 1971 significantly more rapid daily gain during the first weeks of the feeding period. In 1969 more PC calves were treated for acute respiratory disease than NPC calves during an outbreak of PI3 and BVD infection. In 1970 and 1971 fewer PC than NPC calves were treated for acute respiratory tract disease during outbreaks of PI3 infection. The differences in clinical respiratory disease were significant in 1971. Inclusion of two doses of P. hemolytica and P. multocida bacterin before the sale in 1971 and use of an intranasal PI3 vaccine was considered to improve the PC program. Fecal egg counts for gastrointestinal nematodes were much lower in PC calves treated with thiabenzadole than untreated NPC calves.     

安普霉素及其联合用药对3种细菌体内抗生素后效应的研究

采用菌落计数法和中性粒细胞减少小鼠股部感染模型,分别测定了安普霉素及其与阿莫西林、氨苄西林联用对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的体内抗生素后效应(post antibiotic effect,PAE)。试验结果表明,安普霉素在体内对3种细菌均有较长的体内PAE,且随药物浓度的升高其PAE也相应的延长,呈明显的剂量依赖性。安普霉素与阿莫西林或氨苄西林联用对3种细菌的体内PAE呈现协同作用。     

阿莫西林、舒巴坦联用对鸭实验性大肠杆菌病的疗效试验

用试管两倍稀释法测定了阿莫西林、阿莫西林与舒巴坦联合对大肠杆菌的体外抗菌活性,并观察阿莫西林与舒巴坦联合治疗耐阿莫西林大肠杆菌诱发的鸭大肠杆菌病的效果。结果表明:阿莫西林与舒巴坦联合对鸭大肠杆菌产酶菌株体外抗菌活性优于阿莫西林,表现为明显的体外协同作用。阿莫西林与舒巴坦联用治疗耐阿莫西林大肠杆菌诱发的鸭大肠杆菌病,按10mg/kg体重(以阿莫西林量计算)肌肉注射,阿莫西林与舒巴坦联用1∶1和2∶1的有效率、治愈率分别为92.5%、92.5%和85%、80%,均显著高于感染对照组、阿莫西林饮水组及阿莫西林肌肉注射组(P<0.01)。     

美洛昔康对新生犊牛腹泻综合征的治疗效果

1介绍 新生犊牛腹泻综合征对奶业的冲击非常严重。美国国家动物保健监测系统的数据显示．60％以上断奶前犊牛的死亡是由腹泻造成的。此外,由于肠胃不适,腹泻犊牛常表现行为异常。本试验采用双盲对照试验验证NSAID药物-美洛昔康．辅助治疗犊牛腹泻的效果．即验证其在犊牛腹泻的治疗过程中,是否能起到缓解不适、促进恢复的作用。     

Induction of Abortion in Feedlot Heifers with a Combination of Cloprostenol and Dexamethasone

A field trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a combined prostaglandin F₂α analogue (cloprostenol) and dexamethasone treatment as an abortifacient in feedlot heifers. Heifers were grouped according to stage of gestation as follows: Group I, one to four months, n = 37: group II, four to six months, n = 40: group III, six to eight months, n = 40: group IV, one to eight months, n = 29. Heifers in groups I, II and III received a simultaneous intramuscular injection of 500 μg cloprostenol and 25 mg dexamethasone at the time of rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis. Heifers in group IV were subjected to rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis but received no treatments. Heifers were observed daily for two weeks for abortion and rectal palpations were done 50 days after treatment to determine reproductive status.     

黄芪多糖、银黄联用对新生犊牛免疫力及发病的影响

选取健康新生荷斯坦母犊80 头,随机分为试验组和对照组(40 头/组),试验组给予黄芪多糖5 g、银黄3 g,连用7 天,对照组不给药。第7天时测定免疫指标并观察3 周内母犊腹泻、肺炎发病情况。结果表明,相比于对照组,试验组犊牛血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)浓度提高8.4％、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)浓度降低13.7%;T细胞淋巴亚群分布改善,CD4/CD8值提高6.6%;试验组犊牛血清总蛋白(TP)、IgG浓度较对照组分别提高0.28 g/dL和0.24 mg/mL。犊牛疾病低风险牧场,用药7 天内试验组犊牛腹泻发生率显著降低15.0%(P<0.05);犊牛疾病高发牧场,8~21 天试验组犊牛发病率显著降低35.0%(P<0.05),肺炎发病率显著降低30.0%(P<0.05)。说明黄芪多糖、银黄联用可有效提高新生犊牛免疫力,降低腹泻及肺炎发生率。     

Combined Streptomycin-Isoniazid-Rifampin Therapy in the Treatment of Johne's Disease in a Goat

Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is an insidious, invariably fatal, chronic disease of ruminants. An increasing role for the goat as a companion animal as well as its commercial use stimulated interest in attempting to treat Johne's disease in this species. The disease tends to differ both clinically and pathologically in goats compared to cattle because the former species often has less severe intestinal involvement. It was, therefore, speculated that response to therapy may differ between cattle and goats. In addition, the combination drug regime of isoniazid, rifampin and streptomycin, widely accepted for human mycobacterial infections, has not been previously employed for treatment of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The clinical course and pathological findings of a case of naturally occurring Johne's disease subsequent to a combined drug regime of isoniazid, rifampin and streptomycin is discussed.     

Field Trial Validation of the Efficacy and Acceptability of Firocoxib,a Highly Selective Cox-2 Inhibitor,in a Group of 96 Lame Horses

The objective was to generate evidence for clinical efficacy and acceptability of a second generation coxib, firocoxib, administered orally for 14 days to lame horses under field conditions compared with a classic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, vedaprofen, in a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded, multicenter field trial. Ninety-six client-owned horses with American Association of Equine Practitioners score of at least grade 3 lameness or grade 2 lameness plus at least a score of 2 for either pain on palpation, range of motion, or joint swelling were analyzed. Horses were administered 0.1 mg/kg firocoxib orally at 24 hour intervals (n = 48) or 1.0 mg/kg vedaprofen paste at 12 hour intervals for 14 days (single loading dose of 2.0 mg/kg vedaprofen) (n = 48). Physical examinations and lameness evaluations were conducted on Day 1 (V1, before treatment) and on Days 7 (V2) and 14 (V3). Blood chemistry and hematology profiles were also evaluated. With regard to the primary variable, clinical improvement, 83% of the firocoxib-treated horses improved at V3 compared with 65% of vedaprofen-treated horses improved meeting the criteria defined to demonstrate noninferiority of firocoxib to vedaprofen. Health and behavioral abnormalities for side effect detection occurred at the rate of 2% (1 horse) and 8% (4 horses) for firocoxib- and vedaprofen-treated horses, respectively. Changes in hematology and blood chemistry values from V1 to V3 were not significantly different between treatment groups. Firocoxib, formulated as an oral paste was highly effective, well tolerated, and acceptable for the control of pain and inflammation associated with lameness in horses under field conditions.     

A Comparison of the Immunogenic Efficacy of a Bivalent Vaccine against Pasteurellosis and Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease with That of Three Monovalent Vaccines against Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

Veterinary Research Communications -     

Results of a Preliminary Trial with Sphaerophorus necrophorus Toxoids to Control Liver Abscesses in Feedlot Cattle

A preliminary field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of alum precipitated toxoids of Sphaerophorus necrophorus prepared from sonicated whole cells and cell fractions to reduce the incidence of bovine abscesses. A total of 108 calves were divided into five groups and treated as follows: I. uninoculated control, II. adjuvant inoculated control, III. 15.5 mg protein of sonicated (fragmented cells) toxoid, IV. 10.5 mg protein of cytoplasmic toxoid. V. 15.5 mg protein of cytoplasmic toxoid. All animals were maintained under similar conditions to those prevailing in feedlots in Alberta. Livers were examined at slaughter. The most promising result was achieved with the injection of 15.5 mg protein of cytoplasmic toxoid. In this treatment group, no scars (healed lesions) were found in the liver and the incidence of liver abscesses was reduced to 10% from the average 35% liver abscesses and scars found in the uninoculated and adjuvant inoculated groups. The toxoid from sonicated whole cells did not reduce liver abscess incidence. These data suggest that the incidence of liver abscesses in cattle fattened in feedlots may be reduced by immunization.     

A Study on the Effects of Tactical Drenchings with a Benzimidazole against Ostertagiasis in Calves

In the present study tactical fenbendazole treatments against ostertagiasis in calves were given at short intervals towards the end of the grazing season. This prevented clinical disease and had moderate effects on parasitic loads in animals that stayed on the same pasture throughout the season. The feasibility of tactical treatments is discussed in relation to various strategical control measures.     

Enhanced Lipid Peroxide Levels in the Erythrocytes of Calves with Haemoglobinuria

Eight 6–9 month old calves, showing clinical signs of intermittent haemoglobinuria, even after treatment with an antipiroplasmal drug (4,4-diamidinodiazoaminobenzene diaceturate), were examined for oxidative damage to their erythrocytes and the presence of hemoprotozoa in blood smears. Four calves without signs of haemoglobinuria served as controls. The blood smears from three of the eight calves contained piroplasms for Theileria annulata. Irrespective of the presence of piroplasms in their blood smears, the calves with haemoglobinuria had significantly (p<0.01) lower haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) and packed cell volumes (PCV). The lipid peroxide level in the erythrocytes, but not in the plasma, of calves with red urine was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that for the controls. It is concluded that haemoglobinuria, irrespective of the presence of piroplasms in blood smears, is associated with oxidative stress to erythrocytes and peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membrane.     

兔出血症,波氏杆菌病,巴氏杆菌病三联苗与三种单苗免疫比较试验

通过对兔出血证（ＲＨＤ）、波氏菌（Ｂｂ）病、巴氏杆菌（Ｐｍ）病三联苗和三种单苗的免疫比较试验测定，结果三联苗免疫兔对ＲＨＤ、Ｂｂ、Ｐｍ免疫效力分别为１００％（２８／２８）、８８．９％（２４／２７）和８８．５％（２３／２６），对应的三种单苗保护率为１００％（２４／２４）、９１．３％（２１／２３）和８７．５％（２１／２４）；联苗与单苗免疫力产生时间相一致；免疫后持续５个月，三联苗的ＲＨＤ、Ｂｂ、Ｐｍ的保护率分别为１００％（２４／２４）、９１．７％（１１／１２）和８３．３％（１０／１２），对应的单苗保护效果为１００％（２３／２３）、８８．２％（１５／１７）和８８．５％（１２／１４）；联苗与单苗无论冰箱（４－８℃）或室温（＜２５℃）均易保存。比较试验表明，三联苗保持原三种单价的苗克疫效果，三种组分联合制苗无干扰现象。