铁/锰氧化菌诱导土壤重金属生物成矿研究进展

综述了铁锰氧化菌诱导成矿对重金属环境行为的影响,分别从铁/锰氧化菌与生物成矿、铁/锰氧化菌诱导铁锰氧化物沉淀耦合重金属稳定化以及铁锰氧化物对土壤中重金属的作用方面进行阐述;并从铁/锰氧化菌生物成矿方式、铁/锰氧化菌诱导生物成矿过程对土壤重金属的稳定化机制等方面进一步总结了铁/锰氧化菌在不同重金属生物成矿修复中的应用,以及微生物诱导成矿过程的调控因素,分析胞外聚合物、温度与酸碱度、共存离子和其他因素对成矿过程的影响,以期为微生物诱导成矿修复重金属污染提供理论参考。未来工作可进一步关注生成矿物稳定重金属的长效性,不同微生物菌群组合对成矿效果的调控,以及铁/锰氧化菌在重金属复合污染场地土壤修复中的应用等方面。     

硅酸盐钝化剂在土壤重金属污染修复中的研究与应用

土壤重金属污染治理是目前我国土壤污染治理的重点,黏土矿物、单硅酸盐及硅肥等硅酸盐钝化修复材料是重要的土壤重金属化学稳定剂。本文通过综述硅酸盐钝化剂的分类与特点,阐明了硅酸盐钝化剂在土壤重金属污染修复过程中的吸附、沉淀及植物-微生物作用机理与影响因素,提出将土壤重金属污染修复与农作物增产相结合,开发具有枸溶、缓释特性,对重金属具备吸附、沉淀与生物抑制功能且有利于农作物生长的长效硅酸盐土壤重金属钝化剂具有重要的实际意义。     

藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物学特性的影响

土壤微生物对土壤重金属污染反应敏感,是探讨矿区土壤重金属污染生态效应的有效指标之一。通过野外调查与采样和室内分析,研究了藏中矿区重金属污染对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物生物量C（MBC）、N（MBN）和P（MBP）、土壤基础呼吸、代谢商（qCO2）及可矿化N的影响。研究表明,矿区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd全量和有效含量均高于对照土壤;随着矿区土壤重金属含量增加,土壤酶活性、微生物量C、N和P、可矿化N均逐渐降低,土壤基础呼吸和qCO2则逐渐升高;土壤重金属与土壤蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、脱氢酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、MBC、MBN、土壤基础呼吸、qCO2及可矿化N具有显著的线性相关;脱氢酶活性对土壤重金属污染最为敏感,表明脱氢酶活性可作为藏中矿区土壤环境质量变化的有效指标。     

砷-重金属复合污染土壤稳定化材料研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染现状十分严峻,多金属复合污染,尤其是砷-重金属复合污染普遍存在,治理难度大。土壤中累积的多金属污染物严重威胁土壤健康、农产品安全与人居环境安全。因此,多金属复合污染土壤修复是土壤污染治理和风险防控的重要命题。固化/稳定化技术是我国最为广泛使用的污染土壤修复技术,通过投加稳定化材料,降低多金属污染物在土壤中的可迁移性与生物有效性,从而实现多金属污染物暴露途径的有效阻断。对砷-重金属型复合污染土壤的稳定化作用机理进行了详细阐述并梳理了应对砷-重金属复合污染土壤的新型修复材料。砷与其它重金属的协同稳定化主要通过表面络合与沉淀作用实现。富含铁、钙元素的材料对这种类型土壤的稳定化具有优异的作用效果。砷-重金属协同稳定化材料的修复效果取决于稳定化材料的类型、复合污染物的种类、材料施用量、土壤条件(如pH,氧化还原电位、阳离子交换量等),其中pH和土壤可溶性有机质含量对稳定化效果有显著的影响。本文发现,功能化生物质复合材料、工业固废基材料、改性复配天然矿物等绿色修复材料是近年来研究的热点。未来的研究亟须考虑砷与重金属污染物协同稳定剂的长效性,以及通过大田试验验证新型材料的应用潜能。     

地质高背景土壤重金属赋存特征及微生物群落结构差异

以广西岩溶地区不同发育阶段和母质类型的地质高背景农田土壤(马岭、锣圩、苏圩、云表)为研究对象,比较重金属赋存状态、土壤理化性质以及微生物群落功能多样性差异,结合冗余分析(RDA)获得影响地质高背景土壤微生物群落结构的关键环境因子。结果表明:(1)发育阶段和母质类型显著影响土壤基本性质以及重金属浓度。发育阶段较早的马岭土壤有机质含量及重金属富集量更高。碳酸盐系石灰岩发育而来的马岭土壤镉(Cd)元素含量高于第四纪河流沉积物发育而来的其他土壤。(2)不同土壤微生物活性和群落结构差异显著。苏圩土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力及微生物多样性指数显著低于其他三个土样;云表、锣圩与马岭土壤利用胺类和氨基酸类碳源的微生物代谢活性较高,苏圩土壤利用糖类和多聚物类碳源的微生物代谢活性较高。(3)冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤有机质、pH、全量砷(As)、Cd、铅(Pb)以及有效砷是引起土壤微生物碳源利用分异的主要环境因子。(4)相关性分析表明土壤微生物对胺类、氨基酸类、酚酸类的利用强度与土壤有机质、pH呈正相关,与As、有效铜、有效砷呈负相关。     

砷镉在不同矿物界面的相互作用过程

重金属元素镉砷由于毒性高、活性大及危害强等特点,其土壤界面化学过程是土壤科学研究中的热点问题。虽然已有大量报道涉及镉砷的界面化学过程研究,但很少排除pH这一重要因子对研究结果的干扰。因此,本研究通过序批式反应,在排除pH干扰的条件下,定量研究了砷及镉在不同矿物界面（包括氧化铝、二氧化钛和高岭石）单独存在以及共同存在条件下的相互作用过程。研究结果表明：不同矿物界面上砷和镉的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附为其控速步骤;镉及砷的吸附效率（吸附量/比表面积）在不同矿物界面上均呈现出二氧化钛界面远高于氧化铝界面,而氧化铝界面高于高岭石界面;随着镉/砷浓度比的递增,镉的关键界面作用过程调控机制由静电吸附控制为主逐步转变为静电吸附与形成界面-砷-镉三元络合物共同作用,继而转变为形成表面沉淀控制;而随着砷/镉浓度比的递增,砷的关键界面调控机制发生从吸附控制为主向为沉淀控制为主的转变。该结果可为重金属元素在土壤矿物界面的微观化学作用过程及其调控措施研究提供借鉴。     

α-Fe2O3 对Cr(Ⅲ)的等温吸附特征研究

由于工农业生产中对铬的处理不力,造成土壤及地下水的严重污染。铬对人体的毒害能引起皮炎、湿疹、气管炎和鼻炎,并有致癌作用。重金属离子与土壤、矿物的相互作用是重金属环境地球化学循环的主要环节,而重金属在水体和土壤中的迁移转化过程主要表现为金属离子在矿物界面的吸附/解吸和沉淀作用[1]。矿物对重金属的吸附可以减轻或缓解环境污染。赤铁矿是一种重要的铁氧化物,是酸性土壤中广泛存在的稳定矿物之一,由于具有较大表面积、较多表面活性官能团以及较强的电荷可变性,使其对土壤的物理化学特性,尤其是对营养元素和污染物质、重金属离子的吸持、迁移、有效性和毒性均有着极其重要的作用。金属氧化物尤其是铁锰氧化物与重金属离子的     

土壤中重金属污染现状与防治方法

文章阐明了土壤重金属污染来源与分布，同时对国内外土壤重金属污染治理的研究工作做了系统的综述，提出了土壤中重金属污染物防治的环境矿物学新方法，利用环境矿物材料治理土壤重金属污染物的方法，具有成本低，效果好，无二次污染及有用金属可回收利用等优点，展现出广阔的环境矿物学研究与应用前景。并提醒人们要提高土壤质量意识，保护生态环境。     

土壤铁矿物的生物-非生物转化过程及其界面重金属反应机制的研究进展

铁矿物作为土壤的重要组成成分,一般可通过吸附、络合和共沉淀等方式影响重金属的生物有效性和毒性.此外,土壤中有机物的存在会影响铁矿物的转化,导致转化产物的结构和表面特性发生改变,进一步影响重金属的环境行为.本文从铁矿物、有机质和重金属等要素入手,综述了反应pH、温度、亚铁和微生物等因素影响下土壤铁矿物非生物和生物转化过程...     

添加外源耐砷菌与零价铁对土壤砷有效性和形态的影响

采用室内土壤培养试验,探讨了外源添加耐砷真菌棘孢木霉（TrichodermaasperellumL．）和零价铁对土壤砷的有效性和形态转化的影响。结果表明：向污染土壤中添加耐砷真菌棘孢木霉后,随着培养时间的延长,土壤中水溶态砷和NaHCO,提取态砷含量均呈稳定增加趋势,耐砷真菌促进了土壤中砷的溶出和释放;培养30d时,耐砷菌处理土壤有效砷含量比同期对照增幅达3．9％-10．7％,水溶态砷以As（V）为主,未检测到As（Ⅲ）、一甲基胂（MMA）、二甲基胂（DMA）等其他形态的砷;随着外源零价铁的加入,土壤中砷的活性大大降低,其有效砷含量降幅为76．5％-90．4％;在耐砷菌与零价铁联合作用下,相比于单纯的零价铁处理,土壤有效砷含量显著增加（p〈0．05）,因耐砷真菌棘孢木霉的加入导致零价铁对土壤砷的固定效率下降7．0％-11．1％。耐砷菌导致土壤砷活化可能主要与残渣态向非专性吸附态砷的转化等过程有关,外源零价铁对土壤砷的固定作用可能与非专性吸附态向无定形及弱晶质氧化物结合态、残渣态砷等转化过程相关;耐砷菌的加入抵消了零价铁对土壤砷的部分固定效果,但短期内（〈30d）不会构成大的影响。     

Do water regimes affect iron‐plaque formation and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of paddy rice?

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of soil water regimes on the formation of iron (Fe) plaque on the root surface of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) and on the microbial functional diversity in a paddy soil. The rice seedlings were subjected to three moisture regimes (submergence, 100%, and 60% water‐holding capacity [WHC]), and were grown for 5 and 11 weeks. Aerobic lithotrophic Fe(II)‐oxidizing (FeOB) and acetate‐utilizing Fe(III)‐reducing bacteria (FeRB) in the rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil were determined at 5 weeks using the most probable number (MPN) method. The carbon substrate use patterns of the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil samples were determined at 11 weeks using Biolog‐GN2 plates. The amount of Fe plaque (per unit dry root weight) was much higher under submerged conditions than at lower soil moisture contents and decreased with plant age. There was a positive correlation between the amount of Fe plaque and phosphorus accumulated in the Fe plaque at both sampling times (r = 0.98 and 0.92, respectively, n = 12). Numbers of FeOB and FeRB in the submerged soil were lower than in aerobic soil, but by two orders of magnitude higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. On the other hand, the functional diversity of the rhizosphere microbial communities was much higher than that of the non‐rhizosphere soil, irrespective of soil water regimes. We conclude that soil flooding results in a decreased number and diversity of Fe‐oxidizing/reducing bacteria, while increasing the Fe‐plaque formation.     

酸性硫酸盐土的形成、 特性及其生态环境效应

酸性硫酸盐土(ASS)是全球沿海周边广泛分布的土壤种类,其铁、 硫元素的生物地球化学过程在全球物质循环过程中具有重要地位,但ASS也是最低质的土壤类型之一。ASS成土母质常形成于富含有机质、 海水浸泡的江口、 海湾等热带亚热带滨海环境,经异化细菌还原海水硫酸盐而形成四方硫铁矿(FeS)、 硫复铁矿(Fe3S4)、 黄铁矿(FeS2)等多种还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物。ASS成土母质形成过程中的生物活动、 化学反应相当活跃,还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物将环境中游离的金属、 稀土元素以及痕量元素固定下来,实现海水净化、 金属富集作用。因自然条件变化或者人为干扰等影响,ASS成土母质中的还原态Fe-S矿物被氧化而形成ASS。富含还原性硫化铁矿物的成土母质经一系列复杂反应,被氧化形成氢氧化铁、 酸、 硫酸盐等最终产物,同时伴生多种铁、 硫生物中间产物,以及强酸土壤环境。强酸环境下,铝、 镉、 锰、 砷、 铬等有毒金属的活性大幅提高,而磷、 钾、 锌、 硼等必需营养元素含量显著降低,严重危害实地动植物生长。另一方面,ASS中的酸和活化的重金属随雨水、 径流、 毛细管等途径进入河流、 地下水,威胁周边生态安全。目前,ASS的形成机理已基本被揭示,以及ASS发育过程中的生态环境效应已基本清晰。然而,我国早期学者主要关注ASS的铁、 铝、 硫含量水平,以及ASS发育农田的改良应用,对于ASS的发育过程、 生态功能及风险等尚未形成系统的认识。近年来,随着耕地面积不断萎缩,开发改良ASS等低产田块是提高我国粮食产量水平的重要措施。因此,为了合理开发利用ASS,尽量降低ASS的生态风险,亟需对ASS的形成机理、 发育过程、 土壤特性、 生态环境效应进行全面综述。本文首先对ASS的形成条件与过程进行综述,进一步梳理了ASS中硫的演变和铁的地球化学过程,并着重阐述了ASS的酸性特点,最后对ASS的生态环境效应进行了讨论。结合我国研究现状,展望了进一步研究ASS的主要问题,旨在为科学开发和利用酸性硫酸盐土提供参考。     

Involvement of microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in the iron-oxidizing process at the surface layer of flooded paddy field soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - To reveal whether microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) participate in the Fe(II) oxidation at the oxic-anoxic interface in flooded paddy field soil,...     

镉砷复合污染水稻土原位钝化修复技术研究进展

随着工农业的发展,稻田土壤正面临严重的重金属污染问题,水稻作为南亚和东南亚的主要粮食作物,稻米安全问题显得尤为突出。镉和砷两者在生物地球化学循环上有明显差异,因此镉和砷复合污染水稻土的修复一直是一个棘手的问题。综述了镉砷复合污染水稻土原位钝化技术的研究现状,将钝化技术梳理为氧化还原型、微生物转化累积型、材料型和耦合钝化技术四类。氧化还原型钝化技术重点指出稻田水分调控驱动的氧化还原电位Eh和pH变化、不同元素的生物地球化学循环、有机质等对镉和砷的迁移转化机制;微生物转化累积型钝化技术重点阐明功能微生物对砷和镉的吸收、转化、区室化、菌表吸附等作用机制;材料型钝化技术重点分析现有钝化材料的分类及其与镉和砷的固定化机制;耦合型钝化技术重点总结上述三种技术综合体系下,镉和砷的协同钝化应用。同时对未来镉砷复合污染水稻土的原位钝化修复提出展望,进一步探讨了镉砷在稻田土壤生物地球化学循环过程涉及的新型机制研究方向、修复钝化技术的创新延展趋势;期望在稳产、增产的基础上,寻求一种深度融合现代农业生产模式、保障稻田安全利用的土壤钝化改良技术体系或模式。     

微生物影响稻田土壤中砷转化研究进展

稻田砷污染是一个全球性环境问题。稻米是以大米为主食的人群砷暴露的主要途径，稻米砷含量超标，会对动物和人体健康造成威胁。微生物是影响砷环境生物化学行为的重要角色，在植物-土壤-微生物系统的砷循环中发挥着重要作用。了解微生物对砷在土壤-水稻系统中的生物化学循环的影响，能够为稻田砷污染的有效治理提供理论基础。本文综述了砷氧化微生物、砷还原微生物以及砷甲基化微生物分别对砷氧化、还原和甲基化过程的影响（直接作用），并总结了微生物通过间接影响铁、硫的环境生物化学循环，进而影响稻田-水稻系统中砷的赋存形态及其转化与迁移的过程。最后，本文归纳了砷污染农田微生物修复技术的相关研究进展，并提出了研究展望。     

Effect of arsenic contamination on bacterial and fungal biomass and enzyme activities in tropical arsenic-contaminated soils

The importance of assessing the impacts of soil arsenic (As) contamination on microbial properties lay on the fact that microbes are instrumental in nutrient cycling and are therefore indicators of soil quality. In this study, soil chemical extraction methods were used to extract labile and freely exchangeable As (water-soluble As and sodium bicarbonate-extractable As), amorphous/crystalline Fe and Mn oxide-bound As (acid ammonium oxalate-extractable As and hydroxylamine hydrochloride-extractable As), and their impacts on microbial biomass (microbial biomass C, total bacterial and fungal biomass, active bacterial and fungal biomass), enzyme activities representing four major soil biogeochemical cycles, i.e., C (β-glucosidase activity), N (urease activity), P (acid phosphomonoesterase activity), S (acryl-sulfatase activity), and microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and dehydrogenase activity) were investigated in As-contaminated soils of Ambagarh Chauki block, Chhattisgarh, Central India. The results revealed that the majority of the As in soils resided in the Fe/Mn oxide-bound fraction. The microbial biomass C, total and active fungal biomass, and enzyme activities were significantly inhibited by all the forms of As. However, water-soluble As, even though occupying only a small portion of the total As (0.9–2.9 %), exerted the greatest impact. Interestingly, total and active bacterial biomass was not significantly affected by As toxicity, suggesting their resistance to As. Urease activity was not affected by As pollution.     

Contribution of dissolved organic matter to carbon storage in forest mineral soils

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is often considered the most labile portion of organic matter in soil and to be negligible with respect to the accumulation of soil C. In this short review, we present recent evidence that this view is invalid. The stability of DOM from forest floor horizons, peats, and topsoils against microbial degradation increases with advanced decomposition of the parent organic matter (OM). Aromatic compounds, deriving from lignin, likely are the most stable components of DOM while plant‐derived carbohydrates seem easily degradable. Carbohydrates and N‐rich compounds of microbial origin produced during the degradation of DOM can be relatively stable. Such components contribute much to DOM in the mineral subsoil. Sorption of DOM to soil minerals and (co‐)precipitation with Al (and probably also with Fe), especially of the inherently stable aromatic moieties, result in distinct stabilization. In laboratory incubation experiments, the mean residence time of DOM from the Oa horizon of a Haplic Podzol increased from <30 y in solution to >90 y after sorption to a subsoil. We combined DOM fluxes and mineralization rate constants for DOM sorbed to minerals and a subsoil horizon, and (co‐)precipitated with Al to estimate the potential contribution of DOM to total C in the mineral soil of a Haplic Podzol in Germany. The contribution of roots to DOM was not considered because of lack of data. The DOM‐derived soil C ranges from 20 to 55 Mg ha^–1 in the mineral soil, which represents 19%–50% of the total soil C. The variation of the estimate reflects the variation in mineralization rate constants obtained for sorbed and (co‐)precipitated DOM. Nevertheless, the estimates indicate that DOM contributes significantly to the accumulation of stable OM in soil. A more precise estimation of DOM‐derived C in soils requires mineralization rate constants for DOM sorbed to all relevant minerals or (co‐)precipitated with Fe. Additionally, we need information on the contribution of sorption to distinct minerals as well as of (co‐)precipitation with Al and Fe to DOM retention.     

Community structure of microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in Japanese paddy field soils

ABSTRACT

Redox cycle of iron (Fe) is the central process in the biogeochemistry of paddy field soil. Although Fe(II)-oxidizing process is mediated by both abiotic and biotic reactions, microorganisms involved in the process have not been well studied in paddy field soil. The present study investigated the community structure of microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) in the family Gallionellaceae in the plow layer of paddy fields located in the central (Anjo) and northeastern (Omagari) Japan since the members in the family are the typical FeOB in circumneutral freshwater environments and possibly have the significant role for Fe(II) oxidation in paddy field soils. A primer set targeting 16S rRNA gene of Gallionella-related FeOB was newly designed for the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. DGGE analysis showed significant differences in the band patterns between the field sites. Besides, minor differences were observed in the patterns between the soil depths (0–1 cm and below 1 cm) in the Anjo field, while the patterns were relatively stable in the Omagari field during the annual rice cultivation practices. In total 54 bands were sequenced and clustered into 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on the basis of the 97% similarity. Eighteen out of twenty OTUs (50 of 54 bands) were affiliated within the FeOB cluster of Gallionellaceae, some of which were clustered with known microaerophilic FeOB, Ferrigenium kumadai, Ferriphaselus amnicola, ‘Sideroxydans lithotrophicus’ and ‘S. paludicola’. The number of the 16S rRNA gene copies was 10⁵–10⁷ and 10⁶–10⁸ copies g^?1 dried soil in the two paddy fields and negatively correlated to the contents of acetate-extractable Fe(II) in the soils during the rice cultivation period. These results suggested inhabitance of considerable number of diverse Gallionella-related FeOB and their potential involvement in the Fe(II)-oxidizing process of soil, especially during the rice cultivation period in the paddy field soils.     

Arsenic from Groundwater to Paddy Fields in Bangladesh: Solid–Liquid Partition, Sorption and Mobility

The arsenic contamination of Bangladesh groundwater involves heavy arsenic inputs to irrigated rice fields. Beside adsorption on soil colloids, iron–arsenic co-precipitation phenomena can affect arsenic retention in soils. In paddy fields of Satkhira District, Bangladesh, the study of the arsenic and iron forms in the irrigation waters and in soils at different times and distances from the irrigation well evidenced that a higher Fe/As ratio in the well water was related to a faster oxidation of Fe(II) and As(III) in water and to a close Fe–As association in soils, together with a greater accumulation of arsenic and poorly ordered iron oxides. The concentration of arsenic and of labile iron forms decreased with the distance from the well and with the depth, as well as the reversibility of arsenic binding. The fate of the arsenic added to the soils by irrigation hence resulted strongly influenced by iron–arsenic co-precipitation, depending on the Fe/As ratio in water. Irrigation systems favouring the sedimentation of the Fe–As flocks could help in protecting the rice from the adverse effects of dissolved arsenic.