铁/锰氧化菌诱导土壤重金属生物成矿研究进展

综述了铁锰氧化菌诱导成矿对重金属环境行为的影响,分别从铁/锰氧化菌与生物成矿、铁/锰氧化菌诱导铁锰氧化物沉淀耦合重金属稳定化以及铁锰氧化物对土壤中重金属的作用方面进行阐述;并从铁/锰氧化菌生物成矿方式、铁/锰氧化菌诱导生物成矿过程对土壤重金属的稳定化机制等方面进一步总结了铁/锰氧化菌在不同重金属生物成矿修复中的应用,以及微生物诱导成矿过程的调控因素,分析胞外聚合物、温度与酸碱度、共存离子和其他因素对成矿过程的影响,以期为微生物诱导成矿修复重金属污染提供理论参考。未来工作可进一步关注生成矿物稳定重金属的长效性,不同微生物菌群组合对成矿效果的调控,以及铁/锰氧化菌在重金属复合污染场地土壤修复中的应用等方面。     

微生物影响稻田土壤中砷转化研究进展

稻田砷污染是一个全球性环境问题。稻米是以大米为主食的人群砷暴露的主要途径，稻米砷含量超标，会对动物和人体健康造成威胁。微生物是影响砷环境生物化学行为的重要角色，在植物-土壤-微生物系统的砷循环中发挥着重要作用。了解微生物对砷在土壤-水稻系统中的生物化学循环的影响，能够为稻田砷污染的有效治理提供理论基础。本文综述了砷氧化微生物、砷还原微生物以及砷甲基化微生物分别对砷氧化、还原和甲基化过程的影响（直接作用），并总结了微生物通过间接影响铁、硫的环境生物化学循环，进而影响稻田-水稻系统中砷的赋存形态及其转化与迁移的过程。最后，本文归纳了砷污染农田微生物修复技术的相关研究进展，并提出了研究展望。     

岩面和原始土壤微生物区系的研究

本文研究了原始成土过程中岩石表面和原始土壤的微生物区系。原始成土过程,是和微生物分布、活动紧密相联系的。岩面,主要是染有岩漆、生长地衣的岩面,以及原始土壤中,通常定居着大量的微生物。异养微生物中,细菌占优势,主要是产生黄色、橙色和玫瑰色色素的无孢子杆菌和球菌,霉菌和放线菌较少。微嗜氮菌和硝化菌广泛分布在供试样品中,而自生固氮菌和纤维分解菌只出现在南方石灰岩地区生长地衣的岩面及原始土壤中。微生物通过产酸,溶解岩体中的矿物,利用这些矿物作为养料。     

土壤中砷的来源及迁移释放影响因素研究进展

砷是一种高致癌风险的类金属,自然环境中高砷(As)含量可对人类和生态系统构成直接的健康威胁。研究自然环境中砷的来源、存在形式及影响因素有助于进一步理解环境中砷的迁移转化规律,降低人体摄入砷的风险。对文献的分析表明,铁锰氧化物矿物的还原性溶解、黄铁矿及其他硫化物矿物的氧化溶解、铝氢氧化物表面的砷还原、有机质抑制砷吸附以及Eh降低和pH升高是造成砷向环境迁移的主要原因。本文综述了环境中砷的来源及其向环境迁移的多种影响因素,分析了这些因素与砷之间的作用机制,以期为加强砷污染治理提供科学依据。     

砷对土壤微生物及土壤生化活性的影响

通过模拟试验及污染现场调查，研究了砷对土壤微生物，土壤酶活性及土壤呼吸作用的影响，综合砷对农作物，土壤微生物的影响效应，拟定了土壤中砷的生态基准。     

水稻根际芽孢杆菌抗砷胁迫作用及其微生物机制

砷甲基化过程作为微生物的砷抗性机制改变砷的毒性和移动性，对土壤砷污染控制有重要意义。砷抗性根际促生菌对砷胁迫下水稻生长产生积极影响，然而水稻根际菌的砷甲基化效率及其影响水稻砷胁迫的机制研究还较为缺乏。从砷污染稻田根际土中筛选出一株砷甲基化功能芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp. LH14，探究该菌株的砷甲基化效率、砷抗性和促生相关特性，和菌株接种对土壤砷形态、水稻生长和根际微生物相互作用的影响。结果表明，菌株LH14具有砷甲基化和挥发能力，34 h内将三价无机砷转化为甲基砷的效率为54.9%，主要形态为二甲基砷和三甲基砷。LH14接种显著提高了土壤中砷甲基转移基因(arsM)丰度，增加土壤溶液甲基砷浓度，表明LH14参与了土壤砷形态转化。LH14能在砷胁迫下产生吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)，菌株浸染显著增加高砷条件下种子萌发率、根和芽长及生物量。接种LH14对砷污染土壤中水稻植株生长有促进作用，可能与根际有益菌(例如Burkholderiaceae和Gemmatimonadaceae)相对丰度增加有关。所以，水稻根际存在砷甲基化功能植物促生菌，接种该菌改变水稻根际砷形态，并能产生植物激素和富集根际有益菌从而直接和间接地促进水稻生长，有利于缓解水稻砷胁迫，为砷甲基化功能菌应用于砷污染土壤修复和缓解植物砷胁迫提供理论支撑。     

生物肥料与生物农药产业现状不容乐观

1生物肥料：研发模式仍较为传统 生物肥料在我国开发利用较早,其在改善作物品质、降低成本、提高产量、减少环境污染、改善土壤性质方面具有重要作用。通过多年的研究积累。我国在固氮、分解土壤有机物质和难溶性矿物、抗病与刺激作物生长、根系共生菌等领域相继开发出微生物土壤接种剂、肥田灵复合生物肥、微生物叶面增效剂、解磷、溶磷、解钾、促生磷、联合固氮细菌等一批生物肥料产品。     

植物砷的生理和分子生物学研究进展——从土壤、根际到植物吸收、运输及耐性

砷既是抗癌药物,也是致癌物质。砷不但会对植物造成毒害,并且能够通过食物链进入人体和动物体,对其造成伤害。近年来包括我国在内的世界上许多国家发生的砷中毒事件,引起了公众的极大关注,促使各国科学家致力于砷从环境进入植物体的过程和机理研究。本文从土壤砷、根际砷、植物对砷的吸收和运输,以及植物耐砷机理和微生物在植物抗砷过程中的作用这五个方面,概括了砷从土壤到植物根际并进入植物体的过程,植物抗砷的生理分子机制以及微生物与植物抗砷的研究进展。并对将植物耐砷机理运用到作物上,以及利用砷超积累植物清除环境中的砷做了展望。     

长期施用化肥和秸秆对水稻土碳氮矿化的影响

以长期定位试验的土壤为供试材料,通过室内培养试验,研究了长期施用化肥和秸秆对水稻土?C、N矿化和微生物生物量的影响。结果表明长期施用化肥和秸秆增加了土壤?C?矿化量,但降低了可矿化?C?在土壤有机?C?中的比例。长期施用化肥能够增加土壤?N?矿化量,而且增加了可矿化?N?在土壤全?N?中的比例,但配施秸秆不能继续增加?N?矿化量。长期施用化肥和秸秆能够显著增加土壤微生物生物量?C、N?含量,但微生物量在土壤中的比例变化不大。     

砷镉在不同矿物界面的相互作用过程

重金属元素镉砷由于毒性高、活性大及危害强等特点,其土壤界面化学过程是土壤科学研究中的热点问题。虽然已有大量报道涉及镉砷的界面化学过程研究,但很少排除pH这一重要因子对研究结果的干扰。因此,本研究通过序批式反应,在排除pH干扰的条件下,定量研究了砷及镉在不同矿物界面（包括氧化铝、二氧化钛和高岭石）单独存在以及共同存在条件下的相互作用过程。研究结果表明：不同矿物界面上砷和镉的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附为其控速步骤;镉及砷的吸附效率（吸附量/比表面积）在不同矿物界面上均呈现出二氧化钛界面远高于氧化铝界面,而氧化铝界面高于高岭石界面;随着镉/砷浓度比的递增,镉的关键界面作用过程调控机制由静电吸附控制为主逐步转变为静电吸附与形成界面-砷-镉三元络合物共同作用,继而转变为形成表面沉淀控制;而随着砷/镉浓度比的递增,砷的关键界面调控机制发生从吸附控制为主向为沉淀控制为主的转变。该结果可为重金属元素在土壤矿物界面的微观化学作用过程及其调控措施研究提供借鉴。     

Do water regimes affect iron‐plaque formation and microbial communities in the rhizosphere of paddy rice?

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of soil water regimes on the formation of iron (Fe) plaque on the root surface of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) and on the microbial functional diversity in a paddy soil. The rice seedlings were subjected to three moisture regimes (submergence, 100%, and 60% water‐holding capacity [WHC]), and were grown for 5 and 11 weeks. Aerobic lithotrophic Fe(II)‐oxidizing (FeOB) and acetate‐utilizing Fe(III)‐reducing bacteria (FeRB) in the rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil were determined at 5 weeks using the most probable number (MPN) method. The carbon substrate use patterns of the microbial communities in the rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil samples were determined at 11 weeks using Biolog‐GN2 plates. The amount of Fe plaque (per unit dry root weight) was much higher under submerged conditions than at lower soil moisture contents and decreased with plant age. There was a positive correlation between the amount of Fe plaque and phosphorus accumulated in the Fe plaque at both sampling times (r = 0.98 and 0.92, respectively, n = 12). Numbers of FeOB and FeRB in the submerged soil were lower than in aerobic soil, but by two orders of magnitude higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. On the other hand, the functional diversity of the rhizosphere microbial communities was much higher than that of the non‐rhizosphere soil, irrespective of soil water regimes. We conclude that soil flooding results in a decreased number and diversity of Fe‐oxidizing/reducing bacteria, while increasing the Fe‐plaque formation.     

酸性硫酸盐土的形成、 特性及其生态环境效应

酸性硫酸盐土(ASS)是全球沿海周边广泛分布的土壤种类,其铁、 硫元素的生物地球化学过程在全球物质循环过程中具有重要地位,但ASS也是最低质的土壤类型之一。ASS成土母质常形成于富含有机质、 海水浸泡的江口、 海湾等热带亚热带滨海环境,经异化细菌还原海水硫酸盐而形成四方硫铁矿(FeS)、 硫复铁矿(Fe3S4)、 黄铁矿(FeS2)等多种还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物。ASS成土母质形成过程中的生物活动、 化学反应相当活跃,还原态Fe-S矿物沉淀物将环境中游离的金属、 稀土元素以及痕量元素固定下来,实现海水净化、 金属富集作用。因自然条件变化或者人为干扰等影响,ASS成土母质中的还原态Fe-S矿物被氧化而形成ASS。富含还原性硫化铁矿物的成土母质经一系列复杂反应,被氧化形成氢氧化铁、 酸、 硫酸盐等最终产物,同时伴生多种铁、 硫生物中间产物,以及强酸土壤环境。强酸环境下,铝、 镉、 锰、 砷、 铬等有毒金属的活性大幅提高,而磷、 钾、 锌、 硼等必需营养元素含量显著降低,严重危害实地动植物生长。另一方面,ASS中的酸和活化的重金属随雨水、 径流、 毛细管等途径进入河流、 地下水,威胁周边生态安全。目前,ASS的形成机理已基本被揭示,以及ASS发育过程中的生态环境效应已基本清晰。然而,我国早期学者主要关注ASS的铁、 铝、 硫含量水平,以及ASS发育农田的改良应用,对于ASS的发育过程、 生态功能及风险等尚未形成系统的认识。近年来,随着耕地面积不断萎缩,开发改良ASS等低产田块是提高我国粮食产量水平的重要措施。因此,为了合理开发利用ASS,尽量降低ASS的生态风险,亟需对ASS的形成机理、 发育过程、 土壤特性、 生态环境效应进行全面综述。本文首先对ASS的形成条件与过程进行综述,进一步梳理了ASS中硫的演变和铁的地球化学过程,并着重阐述了ASS的酸性特点,最后对ASS的生态环境效应进行了讨论。结合我国研究现状,展望了进一步研究ASS的主要问题,旨在为科学开发和利用酸性硫酸盐土提供参考。     

Involvement of microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in the iron-oxidizing process at the surface layer of flooded paddy field soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - To reveal whether microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) participate in the Fe(II) oxidation at the oxic-anoxic interface in flooded paddy field soil,...     

镉砷复合污染水稻土原位钝化修复技术研究进展

随着工农业的发展,稻田土壤正面临严重的重金属污染问题,水稻作为南亚和东南亚的主要粮食作物,稻米安全问题显得尤为突出。镉和砷两者在生物地球化学循环上有明显差异,因此镉和砷复合污染水稻土的修复一直是一个棘手的问题。综述了镉砷复合污染水稻土原位钝化技术的研究现状,将钝化技术梳理为氧化还原型、微生物转化累积型、材料型和耦合钝化技术四类。氧化还原型钝化技术重点指出稻田水分调控驱动的氧化还原电位Eh和pH变化、不同元素的生物地球化学循环、有机质等对镉和砷的迁移转化机制;微生物转化累积型钝化技术重点阐明功能微生物对砷和镉的吸收、转化、区室化、菌表吸附等作用机制;材料型钝化技术重点分析现有钝化材料的分类及其与镉和砷的固定化机制;耦合型钝化技术重点总结上述三种技术综合体系下,镉和砷的协同钝化应用。同时对未来镉砷复合污染水稻土的原位钝化修复提出展望,进一步探讨了镉砷在稻田土壤生物地球化学循环过程涉及的新型机制研究方向、修复钝化技术的创新延展趋势;期望在稳产、增产的基础上,寻求一种深度融合现代农业生产模式、保障稻田安全利用的土壤钝化改良技术体系或模式。     

Effect of arsenic contamination on bacterial and fungal biomass and enzyme activities in tropical arsenic-contaminated soils

The importance of assessing the impacts of soil arsenic (As) contamination on microbial properties lay on the fact that microbes are instrumental in nutrient cycling and are therefore indicators of soil quality. In this study, soil chemical extraction methods were used to extract labile and freely exchangeable As (water-soluble As and sodium bicarbonate-extractable As), amorphous/crystalline Fe and Mn oxide-bound As (acid ammonium oxalate-extractable As and hydroxylamine hydrochloride-extractable As), and their impacts on microbial biomass (microbial biomass C, total bacterial and fungal biomass, active bacterial and fungal biomass), enzyme activities representing four major soil biogeochemical cycles, i.e., C (β-glucosidase activity), N (urease activity), P (acid phosphomonoesterase activity), S (acryl-sulfatase activity), and microbial activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and dehydrogenase activity) were investigated in As-contaminated soils of Ambagarh Chauki block, Chhattisgarh, Central India. The results revealed that the majority of the As in soils resided in the Fe/Mn oxide-bound fraction. The microbial biomass C, total and active fungal biomass, and enzyme activities were significantly inhibited by all the forms of As. However, water-soluble As, even though occupying only a small portion of the total As (0.9–2.9 %), exerted the greatest impact. Interestingly, total and active bacterial biomass was not significantly affected by As toxicity, suggesting their resistance to As. Urease activity was not affected by As pollution.     

Contribution of dissolved organic matter to carbon storage in forest mineral soils

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is often considered the most labile portion of organic matter in soil and to be negligible with respect to the accumulation of soil C. In this short review, we present recent evidence that this view is invalid. The stability of DOM from forest floor horizons, peats, and topsoils against microbial degradation increases with advanced decomposition of the parent organic matter (OM). Aromatic compounds, deriving from lignin, likely are the most stable components of DOM while plant‐derived carbohydrates seem easily degradable. Carbohydrates and N‐rich compounds of microbial origin produced during the degradation of DOM can be relatively stable. Such components contribute much to DOM in the mineral subsoil. Sorption of DOM to soil minerals and (co‐)precipitation with Al (and probably also with Fe), especially of the inherently stable aromatic moieties, result in distinct stabilization. In laboratory incubation experiments, the mean residence time of DOM from the Oa horizon of a Haplic Podzol increased from <30 y in solution to >90 y after sorption to a subsoil. We combined DOM fluxes and mineralization rate constants for DOM sorbed to minerals and a subsoil horizon, and (co‐)precipitated with Al to estimate the potential contribution of DOM to total C in the mineral soil of a Haplic Podzol in Germany. The contribution of roots to DOM was not considered because of lack of data. The DOM‐derived soil C ranges from 20 to 55 Mg ha^–1 in the mineral soil, which represents 19%–50% of the total soil C. The variation of the estimate reflects the variation in mineralization rate constants obtained for sorbed and (co‐)precipitated DOM. Nevertheless, the estimates indicate that DOM contributes significantly to the accumulation of stable OM in soil. A more precise estimation of DOM‐derived C in soils requires mineralization rate constants for DOM sorbed to all relevant minerals or (co‐)precipitated with Fe. Additionally, we need information on the contribution of sorption to distinct minerals as well as of (co‐)precipitation with Al and Fe to DOM retention.     

Community structure of microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in Japanese paddy field soils

ABSTRACT

Redox cycle of iron (Fe) is the central process in the biogeochemistry of paddy field soil. Although Fe(II)-oxidizing process is mediated by both abiotic and biotic reactions, microorganisms involved in the process have not been well studied in paddy field soil. The present study investigated the community structure of microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) in the family Gallionellaceae in the plow layer of paddy fields located in the central (Anjo) and northeastern (Omagari) Japan since the members in the family are the typical FeOB in circumneutral freshwater environments and possibly have the significant role for Fe(II) oxidation in paddy field soils. A primer set targeting 16S rRNA gene of Gallionella-related FeOB was newly designed for the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. DGGE analysis showed significant differences in the band patterns between the field sites. Besides, minor differences were observed in the patterns between the soil depths (0–1 cm and below 1 cm) in the Anjo field, while the patterns were relatively stable in the Omagari field during the annual rice cultivation practices. In total 54 bands were sequenced and clustered into 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on the basis of the 97% similarity. Eighteen out of twenty OTUs (50 of 54 bands) were affiliated within the FeOB cluster of Gallionellaceae, some of which were clustered with known microaerophilic FeOB, Ferrigenium kumadai, Ferriphaselus amnicola, ‘Sideroxydans lithotrophicus’ and ‘S. paludicola’. The number of the 16S rRNA gene copies was 10⁵–10⁷ and 10⁶–10⁸ copies g^?1 dried soil in the two paddy fields and negatively correlated to the contents of acetate-extractable Fe(II) in the soils during the rice cultivation period. These results suggested inhabitance of considerable number of diverse Gallionella-related FeOB and their potential involvement in the Fe(II)-oxidizing process of soil, especially during the rice cultivation period in the paddy field soils.     

Arsenic from Groundwater to Paddy Fields in Bangladesh: Solid–Liquid Partition, Sorption and Mobility

The arsenic contamination of Bangladesh groundwater involves heavy arsenic inputs to irrigated rice fields. Beside adsorption on soil colloids, iron–arsenic co-precipitation phenomena can affect arsenic retention in soils. In paddy fields of Satkhira District, Bangladesh, the study of the arsenic and iron forms in the irrigation waters and in soils at different times and distances from the irrigation well evidenced that a higher Fe/As ratio in the well water was related to a faster oxidation of Fe(II) and As(III) in water and to a close Fe–As association in soils, together with a greater accumulation of arsenic and poorly ordered iron oxides. The concentration of arsenic and of labile iron forms decreased with the distance from the well and with the depth, as well as the reversibility of arsenic binding. The fate of the arsenic added to the soils by irrigation hence resulted strongly influenced by iron–arsenic co-precipitation, depending on the Fe/As ratio in water. Irrigation systems favouring the sedimentation of the Fe–As flocks could help in protecting the rice from the adverse effects of dissolved arsenic.