生物质电站燃料供应系统物流模型建立与仿真

生物质物流设计与管理是生物质产品转化过程中最为重要的环节之一,为了优化设计物流过程,降低物流成本,该文建立了生物质电站燃料供应系统的物流模型,模拟生物质从不同收购站运至电站的物流过程。通过对广东湛江生物质直燃电站的物流系统进行分析,给定了设备数量的初值。利用该文建立的模型,以车次平均耗时、设备利用率和平均等待时间等参数考察物流状态,应用ExtendSim软件分析了货车、取样台、称质量站和卸载机等的数量变化对系统性能的影响,并进行了敏感性分析。针对不同时节,得到了农闲时成本最低,农忙时收购量最大的优化结果。该模型的建立与仿真可为生物质电站燃料物流系统的优化,保证燃料稳定供应提供参考。     

生物质发电厂优化选址建模及决策研究

生物质发电厂运行过程中,生物质的运输费用占有较大比例。优化生物质发电厂厂址,具有重要的意义。针对生物质发电厂选址问题,提出了一种区间线性规划模型,模型充分考虑了选址过程中生物质量、运输价格等信息不确定性,并在生物质建设运行成本最小、能源消耗最低和运输过程中对环境排放的废气最少的目标下,确定优化厂址、生物质电厂个数及秸秆燃料供给方案。并以装机容量为45?000 kW的生物质发电厂为假设案例。计算得出建厂的数量为1;生物质电厂建设运行最小成本为（1.84, 2.77）亿元,最佳厂址坐标区间为[（258.70, 232.99）,（254.54, 225.89）]km,以及区域生物质能源系统中各个收储站的运输方案。通过文中模型得到的结果客观可行,实现了经济与环境的双赢,对于决策者可以提供科学客观的依据。     

生物质发电燃料成本分析

为了对生物质发电成本进行分析,论文对生物质气化发电、直燃发电、混燃发电等几种主要的生物质发电方式进行了讨论,建立了生物质燃料消耗量模型和燃料成本计算模型。在相同的发电容量（15 MW）基础上,计算了不同发电方式对应的年燃料消耗量、年燃料收购费用和运输费用和燃料成本。结果表明,发电效率对燃料成本有较大影响,生物质直燃发电的燃料成本约为其它方式的2倍。     

随机鲁棒区间-生物质电厂选址风险分析模型

优化生物质发电厂厂址对于中国生物质发电行业意义重大。然而,生物质发电厂选址系统中包含多重不确定性和复杂性。忽略这些,将给生物质发电厂带来风险。因此,充分考虑生物质发电厂系统中的多重不确定性,将鲁棒随机规划（robust optimization,RO）与区间规划（interval parameter programming,IPP）融于两阶段规划（two-stage programming,TSP）框架中,建立基于随机鲁棒区间风险分析模型（stochastic robust interval model, SRIM）的生物质发电厂选址模型。该模型可以处理表现为离散区间和随机性的不确定变量。并且对于随机过程产生的风险进行追索,增强生物质发电系统的安全性。通过调节不同风险等级,可以对系统进行风险分析,利于决策者对系统安全性和经济性做出衡量。该文以装机容量为15 MW的生物质发电厂为案例。模型结果显示：该规划区域拟建设生物质发电厂数量为1,优化厂址介于（245,242）km至（250,247）km;各个燃料收储站优化配送方案;以及不同鲁棒等级下的系统风险和系统成本。通过模型得出的结果合理可行,可以为生物质电长选址提供科学的依据及决策支持。     

秸秆发电燃料收加储运过程模拟分析

目前,中国秸秆发电项目的燃料收加储运成本的理论模型分析仍是空白,为了能够有效控制燃料的收加储运成本,掌握不同运输距离下松散秸秆、大秸秆捆的成本变化趋势,该文建立了一个秸秆发电项目燃料收加储运模型,以国内已投入运营电厂的经验数据为基础,通过分析不同模式下的成本变化趋势,对不同收购量及不同收购半径情况下秸秆发电厂燃料收购,提出理想情况下的优化模式,即集中收集和分散收集相结合的模式。对指导秸秆发电厂建立合理的燃料收加储运模式,有效降低燃料成本具有积极的指导意义。     

基于作业成本法的秸秆直燃发电物流成本分析

中国秸秆物流成本偏高制约了秸秆直燃发电的推广,针对此问题,该文采用作业成本法,结合在江苏、河南、河北等地的秸秆直燃发电成本研究,并将各地秸秆进行发热量试验,分析水稻秸秆、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆和棉花秸秆的物流成本。结果表明,4种秸秆的单位发热量的成本分别为:水稻秸秆1.40×10-2元/MJ、小麦秸秆1.15×10-2元/MJ、玉米秸秆1.09×10-2元/MJ、棉花秸秆0.96×10-2元/MJ。由试验分析可得,棉花秸秆是一种较好的燃料,成本较低、热值较高,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆相差无几,但综合而言,小麦秸秆相对较优,而水稻秸秆,由于其独特的地理优势,在中国南方地区是主要选择。该文为生物质电厂燃料的经济技术分析提供一些参考。     

水热及水热氧化预处理对木屑成型颗粒理化性质的影响

生物质成型处理可以提高生物质的能量密度而降低其运输与储存成本,有利于生物质资源的综合利用。该研究以杉木屑为研究对象,经170～260 ℃水热及水热氧化预处理后制备成型颗粒,并使用范式法、X射线衍射仪和热重分析仪等测试手段分析了水热及水热氧化预处理过程对木屑及其成型颗粒理化性能的影响。结果表明：与原料相比,水热及水热氧化预处理后木屑成型颗粒的机械性能从原料的16.2 MPa分别增至38.9 和41.1 MPa,水热氧化预处理对木屑的机械性能提升更有效。在水热及水热氧化预处理过程中,随着预处理温度上升,木屑样品的结晶度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,分别在230和200 ℃时达到最高值,且成型颗粒的机械性能与木屑中纤维素含量及其结晶度呈正相关趋势,结晶纤维素是影响其成型过程的关键组分。与原料相比,水热及水热氧化预处理明显改善了木屑成型颗粒的燃料品质及其燃烧性能,成型燃料的热值、综合燃烧指数和稳燃指标均得到明显提升,其中水热氧化处理更有利于木屑炭化程度的提升。     

污泥及秸秆生物质固体燃料制备中试工艺及燃烧特性

为实现污泥的无害化和资源化处置,该文利用处理量为24t/d的中试试验台,进行了化学调理剂添加比例、脱水时间、秸秆尺寸等工艺参数对污泥制备固体燃料性能影响的研究。结果表明:以Fe3+和Ca2+为调理剂,污泥及秸秆等生物质制备固体燃料最佳的铁钙比及燃料压滤最优时间分别为1∶4～1∶2和6h;化学调质法制备的污泥固体燃料存在一个脱水极限,在脱水压力为1.2MPa、秸秆或木屑添加质量比为10%时,污泥固体燃料的质量含水率最低为40%～50%;同等条件下,秸秆越长,燃料脱水性能越好;燃料着火点低,约500K,完全燃烧温度范围窄,燃烧性能好,可做替代燃料使用。该文研究成果对降低污泥处理成本、实现污泥的无害化、资源化处置具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

生物质固体成型燃料燃烧颗粒物的数量和质量分布特性

针对中国生物质固体成型燃料燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物粒径分布不清、燃烧功率和空气量对颗粒物分布影响不明等问题,该文在生物质燃烧试验平台上,采用低压电子冲击仪（electrical low pressure impactor）设备,对玉米秸秆、棉杆、木质等3种固体生物质成型燃料分别开展了燃烧颗粒排放研究,重点研究了3种生物质成型燃料在不同功率下和不同空气量下的颗粒物的数量和质量分布。试验结果表明,3种燃料的颗粒物的数量峰值主要集中在4~7四级,占颗粒物总数量的70%以上;颗粒物质量峰值在7级和12级,占颗粒物总质量的50%以上。随着功率增加,颗粒物排放量先减小后增大,大粒径颗粒物增多,在14kW时颗粒物排放最少。随着空气量的增加,分布趋势不变,颗粒物总量减少。该研究为中国生物质固体成型燃料的颗粒物排放法规的制定提供参考。     

可持续发展目标下农作物秸秆收集运输的碳减排优化分析

在可持续发展目标下,加强农作物秸秆的回收利用是解决农村地区资源浪费和环境污染问题的重要途径。该研究以在方形区域收集秸秆的生物质电厂收集运输系统为研究对象,着重从碳减排视角构建秸秆收集运输模型,优化求解运输排放外部成本最小的收储点个数与回收距离。通过与不同收集系统的对比分析,综合评价所建系统在经济、环境、效率方面的优势以及与可持续发展目标的联系,提出推动秸秆资源低碳回收和高效利用的政策建议。基于河北省统计数据的研究结果显示：河北省秸秆资源丰富,绝大部分地区已具备良好的收集条件,仅廊坊、沧州、唐山的资源供需匹配度较低;所建系统在电厂外围安置12个收储点,没有收集盲区,避免了资源浪费,收集效率提高18.75%,碳排放外部成本减少83.98%,环境问题得到有效控制;此外,该系统还为环境保护、减少贫困、公共卫生和资源利用相关的10个可持续发展目标提供了多维度支撑。该研究设计的高效收集运输系统,提供了生物质能开发的低碳路径,对进一步构建农村生物质循环供能的闭环供应链一体化系统工程、推动农村地区的农业现代化和可持续能源发展,具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.