蚕蛹在水产动物营养中的应用研究

随着水产养殖的集约化,作为传统蛋白源的鱼粉供应有限、价格高涨,使得我国优质蛋白源短缺问题日益突出,严重影响着我国水产养殖业的长远发展。我国是一个蚕桑大国,蚕蛹资源丰富,同时蚕蛹具有蛋白含量高、氨基酸平衡等优点,适宜作为水产饲料中鱼粉的优质替代物。目前已有少量研究关注蚕蛹在水产饲料中的应用,效果各不相同,具体机制有待研究,本文就其在水产饲料中的应用综述如下。     

单细胞蛋白在水产饲料中的研究进展和应用现状

随着人们对水产品需求的不断增加,我国水产养殖业发展迅速,产量从1991年不足千万吨增长至2020年的5224万t.鱼粉作为鱼类加工的副产品,是水产饲料重要的蛋白来源,随着水产养殖业的迅速发展,对其需求不断增加,但野生渔业资源呈现减少趋势,鱼粉供应受限,寻找替代鱼粉的蛋白原料已成为水产养殖业可持续发展的必然要求.目前,国...     

鱼溶浆的制备及其在水产饲料中的应用

鱼溶浆亦称水解鱼蛋白,其制法概括起来即是用酸、碱或酶将水产品肉蛋白进行部份或全部水解,使之成为可溶性蛋白质。由于蛋白质所应具有的功能特性水解鱼蛋白均具备。因而,水解鱼蛋白较之鱼粉有更广泛的应用范围。 鱼溶浆一般以新鲜水产品为原料,且多数系采用低值水产品或鱼类加工的废弃物,其制品主要是作为饲料原料。鱼溶浆原料的价值低廉,生产方法简便、生产耗能低、且水解过程属温和反应,原料中的各种营养成份保存比较完整,故其在饲料上的利用效果优于同类原料制成的鱼粉。日本鱼溶浆年产量达十万吨以上,我国台湾的鱼溶浆年产量也超过二千吨。成为水产品加工业的重要组成部份。     

菜籽粕营养价值及菜籽浓缩蛋白在水产饲料中的应用

全球鱼粉资源的短缺迫使水产养殖业相关从业者寻找可替代水产饲料中鱼粉的优质蛋白源,菜籽粕是一种来源广泛、蛋白含量高、氨基酸组成相对平衡、富含矿物元素和维生素的具有较高利用价值的植物蛋白源。本文总结了近年来关于菜籽粕在水产饲料中应用的研究进展,综述了菜籽粕的营养价值和限制因素,同时介绍了菜籽粕的加工产物—菜籽浓缩蛋白的营养价值及其在水产养殖中的应用,论述了菜籽浓缩蛋白在水产饲料中应用的可行性。     

几种昆虫的人工培育及其在水产饲料中的应用进展

简述了黑水虻幼虫、蝇蛆、黄粉虫以及其他昆虫的人工培育及其在水产饲料中的应用。指出了目前昆虫蛋白应用于水产饲料存在的问题。提出，昆虫蛋白应用于水产饲料中极具开发前景，一方面营养丰富，高蛋白且可持续，是鱼粉的优质替代品，另一方面含有抗菌肽和甲壳素等天然活性物质，对水产动物的生长免疫力和抗病力有较好的正面作用。     

豆渣作为蛋白源在水产饲料中的研究进展

豆渣作为大豆制品的主要副产物,含有丰富的蛋白质且必需氨基酸含量丰富,具有较高的营养价值.我国是世界第一水产养殖大国,但鱼粉等饲料蛋白源的匮乏及市场价格的节节攀升严重制约了我国水产饲料工业的发展.因此,开发新型饲料蛋白源将成为我国水产饲料工业发展的助推器.本文综述了豆渣的营养成分、豆渣中的抗营养因子以及在水产动物饲料中的研究,为豆渣在水产饲料生产中的运用提供指导.     

饲料酵母及其在水产动物营养中的应用

本文主要探讨了饲料酵母的营养成分、作用机制、加工工艺及其在水产动物饲料中的应用。研究表明,饲料酵母不仅可以很好的替代鱼粉作为水产动物饲料中的蛋白源或者作为一种微生态饲料添加剂,还是一种优秀的表达外源重组蛋白的受体系统。     

血球蛋白在水产饲料中的应用

鱼粉是目前水产饲料中主要的传统动物蛋白源，高质量的鱼粉仍普遍应用于水产养殖业中的饲料中，特别是名特优鱼类和虾类。然而，在国际市场中，鱼粉是一种价格不稳定的商品，其价格在一年中的变动可能相当大，这种波动对水产养殖业的饲养成本有重大的影响。     

卤虫蛋白源在水产养殖中的应用及开发新途径

鱼粉具有必需氨基酸和脂肪酸含量高,糖类含量低,适口性好,抗营养因子少及能够被水产养殖动物很好的消化吸收等优点,一直以来是水产饲料中不可或缺的优质蛋白源.但是随着我国水产养殖业的快速发展及产量的增加,水产养殖动物对优质蛋白源的需求正在急剧增加.因此找到和开发能够部分或完全替代鱼粉的动物性蛋白源成为水产养殖工作者当前非常紧迫的任务.     

第四届华东地区水产动物营养与饲料科技论坛第二轮通知

<正>"第四届华东地区水产动物营养与饲料科技论坛"将于2014年3月28-30日在上海奉贤区南郊宾馆举行,本届论坛由中国水产学会水产动物营养与饲料专业委员会、华东师范大学生命科学学院主办和承办。论坛面向水产营养与饲料行业,特别是广大水产饲料和水产养殖企业,以营养与饲料的应用基础和应用研究新成果、水产饲料新型实用技术为主要交流内容。届时将邀请国内著名专家学者和有代表性的企业就水产动物营养与饲料行业的关键问题和热点问题作专题报告。现诚邀各界人士与会,共谋     

Nutrition in organic aquaculture: an inquiry and a discourse

Organic aquaculture has lagged behind the agriculture sector in terms of the quantities and diversity of certified organic products because of the absence of detailed accepted standards and criteria until recently. The main challenges for organic aquaculture are to improve the coordination between production and market and to achieve an appropriate framework to drive further development. Priorities for research include organic feeds and fish nutrition, consumers’ needs, food safety, environmental concerns and trade issues. In organically cultured fish, differences in feeds and nutrition compared to conventional systems are likely to result in differences in the quality of the flesh, and this is a significant factor in consumer choice. The review covers aspects of current use of eco‐certification, formulated feeds, feed composition, aquafeed technology, sustainable alternatives to common feed ingredients, nutritional physiology and general nutritional principles and product quality in the context of the organic aquaculture. There is a future for the development of organic aquaculture but its success depends on new knowledge and technical development to meet consumers’ growing interest. The industry has to utilize the research results and update and modify the criteria and standards and thus provide high‐quality products.     

The rise of fish oil: From feed to human nutritional supplement

ABSTRACT

This article tells the story of how fish oil has gone from an inferior to a premium oil product. With the growth of aquaculture, fish oil became a valuable feed component. Its value increased further as the belief in the health benefit of Omega-3 opened the market for direct human consumption through nutritional supplements. Strong demand, limited supply growth and weaker substitution between Omega-3 and Omega-6 has led to diverging trends between fish oil and vegetable oil prices, with fish oil now a premium oil product. We also investigated how the salmon aquaculture industry has responded to the challenge of rising fish oil prices. Concerted effort in nutrition and feed research is shown to have allowed a reduction in the share of fish oil in feed from around 25% in the early 2000s to around 12% today. This substitution effort has allowed salmon production to grow without using substantially more fish oil.     

Review on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax,Linnaeus, 1758) nutrition and feed management: a practical guide for optimizing feed formulation and farming protocols

As increasing amounts of novel raw materials are used in aquafeed production, it is important to measure their quality against existing ingredients and their effects upon production strategies. A first step to achieving this goal begins with an improved understanding of the underlying growth potential of each farmed species across a range of dietary ingredients and farming practices. Species‐specific physiological limitations and metabolic effects of both single chemicals and complex chemical matrixes are factors to be considered in producing robust fish and a healthy aquaculture sector. The industry must also consider ethical, environmental and economic issues and optimize feed management practices. This review summarizes current knowledge on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) nutritional requirements, presents current feed management practices for this species, gives insights on a secure framework for using plant ingredients in exchange for traditional marine raw materials and outlines its growth potential through a meta‐analysis of the best‐performance results available in peer‐reviewed scientific publications for this species. As the best‐performing fish were mostly those fed high fish meal fish oil control diets, the summarized results have the potential to be used as a quality control for benchmarking future scientific research in this fish species.     

Fishmeal availability in the scenarios of climate change: Inevitability of fishmeal replacement in aquafeeds and approaches for the utilization of plant protein sources

Fishmeal is being trusted as the most reliable protein source due to its nutritional quality in terms of attractability, palatability, digestibility, excellent nutrient profiles to fulfil the dietary requirement of aquatic species. The aquaculture sector consumes >70% of global fishmeal, though aqua feeds constitute only 4% in total industrial feed production (900–1,000 Mt in 2018). The global fishmeal production has shown a downward trend of 26.50% during 2000 to 2018 due to the occurrences of El Niño–Southern Oscillationsand other climatic events, which in turn increased the fishmeal price from 452 USD/t (2000) to 1596.54 USD/t (2018). The increasing trend of aquaculture production along with reduced fish‐in/fish‐out ratios (0.63 in 2000 to 0.33, 0.22 in 2010 and 2015 respectively) indicates the resilience of the aquafeed sector for fishmeal replacement. The wide availability, reasonable price and reliable nutrient content made an interest in plant protein sources, but their utilization was limited due to poor digestibility, imbalanced profiles of essential nutrients and the presence of anti‐nutrients. Numerous methodologies are invented in recent times to enrich the nutritional qualities for maximizing the utilization of plant proteins in aquafeed formulations. The present review concludes that the aquafeed sector should use climate economics and technological innovations for substituting fishmeal to formulate the cost‐effective feeds.     

The role of aquafeeds in abalone nutrition and health: A comprehensive review

Overpopulation and the pressure on land-based resources have driven the aquaculture sector to increase its production since the 1980s. To address such demands, new aquafeed technologies have been developed relying on natural and artificial ingredients that are commercially viable. In addition, current global sustainable initiatives require feed technologies to reduce the pressure on limited wild fisheries and minimize negative environmental effects. Although there are numerous studies on abalone nutrition, most tend to focus on animal growth and nutrient utilization. A more holistic research approach to ensure a sustainable future for this industry will require the development of feeds that provide integrated nutrition and health benefits. In this review, we aim to synthesize the most recent scientific literature on the nutritional and health benefits and shortcomings of two main abalone feeding approaches (seaweed and formulated feeds) within aquaculture production practices. We also identify major research gaps and future directions for the development of sustainable abalone feeds.     

以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式

鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明,根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程,指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下,投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关,其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用,但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响;（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性,但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实;（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性,但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈;（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响,一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题,作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求;（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用;（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择,重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用,重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际,在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产,为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。     

饲料中发酵啤酒酵母添加水平对大口黑鲈生长、饲料利用效率和水质的影响

鱼类营养和饲料研究起始于20世纪50年代,并借鉴对人类和畜、禽营养研究的经验建立了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究遵循已有的范式取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖产业面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更多和更高的要求。养殖生产实践表明,根据一些肉食性鱼类营养和饲料研究结果设计配方生产的饲料不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着遵循已有研究范式所得到的结果难以完全满足现代鱼类养殖生产的需要。本文总结了两种具有重要经济价值的肉食性鱼类(大口黑鲈和大黄鱼)配合饲料在养殖生产中应用的曲折历程,指出早期研究明显低估了饲料蛋白水平是导致配合饲料长期无法在养殖生产中成功应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400~440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450~470 g/kg,但投喂配合饲料的鱼的生长明显比投喂冰鲜鱼的鱼慢。重新评估发现大口黑鲈和大黄鱼饲料蛋白需求分别为480~510 g/kg和490~520 g/kg,投喂含适量蛋白的配合饲料时鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时接近。对大口黑鲈和大黄鱼饲料蛋白需求的明显低估反映出已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式中存在不足,其表现为：①强调食物对鱼类生长的影响,但忽视了鱼类遗传背景和食物外的其他环境条件对鱼类生长和摄食的作用;②强调鱼类个体生长可反映其营养需求和饲料质量,但忽视了鱼类个体生长并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益;③强调生长和饲料利用效率在评价水产养殖效益方面的重要性,但忽视了投饵养殖对自然资源和环境所产生的负面影响是限制水产养殖可持续发展的瓶颈;④基础饲料配方对评价营养需求或饲料质量的影响没有得到足够重视,因基础饲料组成不合理导致一些研究结果缺乏实际意义。针对上述问题,作者建议对已有范式的概念、理论和研究方法做如下改进：①重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的其它环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类生长潜力决定营养需求,而食物营养是实现生长潜力的条件;②重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在配方的营养平衡中发挥不同的作用;③进行饲养实验时重视实验鱼种质和种群结构,重视对照组和处理组个体生长的差异幅度在判断处理效应方面的指示意义,重视饲料配方对自然资源和环境等制约水产养殖可持续发展的因素的影响。改进后的研究范式更符合现代水产养殖生产实际,遵循其开展研究获得的结果能够更好地指导饲料配方设计,所生产的配合饲料也能更好地应用于水产养殖生产。

     

The future of genetic engineering to provide essential dietary nutrients and improve growth performance in aquaculture: Advantages and challenges

Advancements in gene technology in recent years have been driving the aquaculture industry forward. Improvements in growth performance, feed efficiency, and omega‐3 content are goals of the industry that could capitalize on applications of genetic engineering. One of the major challenges in the industry is to reduce the use of fish meal and oil, to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture. The recent development of genetically engineered feed ingredients is one potential solution to the looming problem of fish meal and oil dependency. Furthermore, the development of transgenic fish has potential to improve production efficiency and other future desirable characteristics that relate to feed utilization and product quality. New gene technologies are beginning to revolutionize how we produce our food, and in aquaculture, will ultimately reduce pressure on wild fish stocks, help to preserve natural aquatic ecosystems, and improve nutritional profiles of farmed fish for human consumption. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current applications of genetic engineering technology to improve aquaculture through nutrition, including the development and use of transgenic feed ingredients, transgenic fish, and ultimately their impacts on nutrition, product quality, and consumers.     

Evaluation of Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Sausages Made with Washed and Unwashed Mince from Nile Tilapia By-products

This study evaluates the effects of inclusion level (60 to 100%) and washing cycles (0 to 2) of minced fish from Nile tilapia fillet by-products on proximate composition, mineral contents, color, hardness, and sensory acceptance of sausages. A complete 2² factorial experimental design was used. Regression models for protein, fat, moisture, minerals, color, and hardness were developed. The optimum combinations for the independent variables are sausages made with 100% non-washed minced fish, which represents a better use of by-products without generating washing residues, leading to less expensive sausage with higher nutritional value.     

Fish nutrition research: past,present and future

The systematic, scientific investigation of nutrition dates from the eighteenth century, but for many years, there were few studies on fish. As a result, knowledge about fish nutrition still lags behind that of man and his domesticated terrestrial animals. Initially, there were few incentives to collect information about the nutritional requirements of fish, and it is difficult to carry out experiments on aquatic animals. Fish were being farmed, but the extensive rearing methods used meant that there was no pressing need to gather detailed information that could be used for preparing feeds. Research into fish nutrition started in earnest around the middle of the twentieth century. Since then information has accumulated quite rapidly as research efforts have been spurred on by the expansion of aquaculture and developments within intensive fish farming. Nevertheless, the gaining of more knowledge about the nutrition of fish still needs to be given priority to assist in the continued development and improvement of sustainable practices in aquaculture. In this brief overview, fish nutrition research is placed in a historical perspective by considering some of the major challenges faced by fish nutritionists, how these challenges were addressed, the advances made, and knowledge gaps that need to be filled. The spotlight is focused on nutrient requirements, feed ingredients and their evaluation, and the formulation of diets that promote effective production whilst serving to maintain fish health and well-being.