复合氨基酸微量元素在对虾养殖业的应用

目前，我国饲料工业发展迅速，然而国内饲料原料供应日趋紧张，优质蛋白质缺乏，每年需耗巨资进口大量氨基酸、鱼粉和豆粕等原料。为此，我们进行了复合氨基酸添加剂的研究，其目的是为饲料工业和养殖业提供大量的优质蛋白质原料，解决我国饲料资源短缺的问题。　　我们从1999年起在对腐殖酸等替代抗菌素生产绿色饲料成功的基础上，为了进一步提高畜禽、水产品的生长速度，提高广大养殖户的经济效益，经过一年多的反复实验，将屠宰的下脚料（动物毛发、血、皮角等）用水解的方法转化成氨基酸液体，再以黄腐酸和各种微量元素等原料经过螯合为…     

对虾的氨基酸营养研究进展

动物的蛋白质需要实际是对氨基酸的需要,饲料蛋白质的氨基酸不平衡就会降低蛋白质效率。用合成的氨基酸来平衡饲料中的氨基酸比例是提高饲料蛋白质利用率和节约蛋白质资源、降低饲料成本的最好途径。赖氨酸、蛋氨酸是多数饲料的第一、第二限制性氨基酸。这两种氨基酸已经商品化生产,其添加效果也在畜禽上证实。但是,在对虾饲料中添加游离氨基酸效果不稳定,在对虾能否利用合成氨基酸及其使用条件等问题上存在争议。本文就对虾氨基酸营养的研究现状,存在问题及发展趋势作一综述。     

不同剂型微量元素在

研究了不同剂型微量元素对中国对虾增重率、成活率、消化率及微量元素在肌肉中积累的影响。增重率以有机态的Ｃａｒｂｏｓａｎ（３０×１０－６）和蛋氨酸资合物（３０×１０－６）为最好，有机态微量元素的增重率高于无机微量元素。对虾对不同剂型的微量元素消化吸收率不同，以Ｃａｒｂｏｓａｎ（３０×１０－６）和蛋氨酸螫合物（３０×１０－６）为最好。维生素Ｃ与微量元素共存时受到破坏，这种现象为本实验首次发现。     

中国对虾不同生长阶段的营养需求

对虾营养需求是设计配合饲料的理论基础,但目前的很多报道重点集中在对蛋白质的需求上,而且多是只取对虾的某一个生长阶段。实际上,对虾在不同生长阶段对某种营养物质的需求是不可能一成不变的,另外各营养物质之间也存在着相互协调和相互制约的关系,我们在这里做一个...     

微量元素铬在动物营养中的研究进展

铬是人和动物的必需微量元素。科学家们观察到铬在糖代谢中的作用,并提出了葡萄糖耐受因子(Glu-coseToleranceFactor,GTF)假说。随后也证实了GTF是以烟酸—三价铬—烟酸为轴心,谷氨酸、甘氨酸和半胱氨酸为配件的物质。铬的生物化学作用主要是作为胰岛素的增强剂,通过胰岛素影响     

中国对虾对胆固醇、磷脂的营养需求量

运用梯度法设计胆固醇饲料试验,用二因素三水平设计胆固醇、磷脂饲料试验。结果指出,饲料内添加胆固醇对于中国对虾有显著的促生长和提高存活率的效果,胆固醇是对虾饲料内必须添加的营养物质,根据试验虾的生长、存活以及肌肉内胆固醇的含量,饲料中添加0.5％的胆固醇就能够满足对虾的营养需求。磷脂也是中国对虾必需的营养物质,饲料内磷脂的添加能够提高对虾的存活率,增加肌肉中胆固醇的含量,就本试验条件下,饲料内含豆油3％、鱼油2.5％、胆固醇0.5％时,3％的磷脂就能满足对虾的营养需求。     

对虾遗传育种研究进展

<正> 一、前言对虾类是甲壳动物中经济价值较高的类群,也是世界各国水产增养殖业的重要对象。据统计,1990年世界对虾养殖总产量达66.3万吨。我国是养虾大国,对虾养殖年产量已达到30多万吨,在现有的养殖条件下,如何提高养殖产量,降低养殖成本,提高养殖对虾的品质,是摆在研究人员面前的重要任务。利用生物遗传育种技术进行对虾的品种改良,培育出优良的养殖品系,是达到上述目的的有效途径。水产动物遗传育种研究在鱼类起步较     

对虾配合饲料研究现状及其发展

一、国内外对虾配合饲料发展概况世界上研究虾用配合饲料的历史不长,六十年代中期,美国、日本等国相继开始了对罗氏沼虾和日本对虾的营养研究。目前已有成虾养殖配合饲料和幼体的配合饲料—悬浮性微粒饲料。这些配合饲料的研制成功,有力推动了养虾业的发展。美国1973年养虾产量900吨,由于配合饲料研制成功,1983年养虾产量增至11000吨,计划1990年达到     

Effect of dietary protein levels on growth of Penaeus stylirostris juveniles

The shrimp Penaeus stylirostris is currently produced on a commercial scale in Tahiti and New Caledonia. Both super-intensive (80 animals m⁻²) and semi intensive (25 m⁻²) systems are promoted. Locally produced commercial feed contains 380–400 g kg⁻¹ crude protein (CP) without special consideration for environmental impact. The need for a 'low pollution' diet implies reconsideration of the optimum dietary protein level for this species. Under experimental conditions, six isoenergetic practical diets ranging from 270 g kg⁻¹ to 440 g kg⁻¹ CP were formulated and fed to satiation for 30 days to juvenile P. stylirostris ; average growth rates were between 5.5 and 7.5 g per month with survival rates > 90%.
The lowest protein levels 270–310 g kg⁻¹, gave significantly ( P < 0.05) poorer growth (5.5 g per 30 days) than was observed with 330–430 g kg⁻¹ CP; 330 g kg⁻¹ CP may be recommended, and as it is lower than levels in diets used currently, there is a possibility of reducing nitrogenous waste. In addition to growth response, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and food conversion (feed/gain) all supported a recommended dietary protein level of 330 g kg⁻¹. Future prospects for practical feeds with even lower CP levels are considered.     

The effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid balance on the growth of the prawn Penaeus monodon

A post-hoc study of the influence of dietary fatty acids of the n-3 and n-6 series on the growth of the prawn, Penaeus monodon showed a clear example of interaction by these nutrients to influence growth. Data from three independent growth studies examining the dietary requirements for linoleic (LOA, 18:2n-6), linolenic (LNA, 18:3n-3), arachidonic (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-2) and docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3) acids were standardized through a common reference to allow comparison. Analysis of the variation within the experiments was able to define effects attributable to the individual experiments or the overall dietary n-3 and n-6 levels. A generalized additive model (GAM) indicated that both parameters (experiment, and n-3 and n-6 levels) had significant ( P  < 0.05) effects on growth. Loess nonparametric modelling of the data clearly demonstrates `the effect of relationship' on prawn growth to the levels of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. The response surface model shows clear effects of both n-3 and n-6, and that the effect of n-3 changes with the level of n-6 (and vice versa). Parametric examination of the relationship ( y =–37.149 x ³ + 160.84 x ² – 118.64 x  + 290.6, r ²=0.492, P  < 0.05) between growth and the ratio between the two fatty acid classes suggested that the optimal ratio of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid is about 2.5 to 1. The results of this study demonstrated that the interaction of the dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid classes is an important factor of prawn fatty acid nutrition.     

Effect of promoted natural feed on the production,nutritional, and immunological parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) semi‐intensively farmed

The effect of promoted biota on the production parameters, water quality, nutritional and immunological condition of Litopenaeus vannamei was assessed in semi‐intensive ponds. Earthen ponds were used as experimental units: three with formulated + natural promoted feed + shrimp (T1), three with formulated feed + shrimp (T2), and three with promoted natural feed without shrimp (Control). The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were optimal for all treatments (≥6 mg L^?1) as well as the pH (8.4–8.6). Total ammonia nitrogen was greater in T2 (0.10 mg L^?1) than T1 (0.07 mg L^?1) and the Control (0.06 mg L^?1). Phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos were more abundant in T1 and the Control. The promotion of natural feed had a positive effect on all the production parameters of shrimp with an increase of 19.0%, 3.5% and 23.9% in weight gain, survival, and final biomass, respectively; also it was observed a decrease of 13.9% in feed conversion ratio. No differences in haemolymph parameters were observed for nutritional indicators (glucose, cholesterol, proteins, and triglycerides) nor for immunological response (phenoloxidase and prophenoloxidase). The results indicate that the promotion of biotic communities enhances the production parameters of farmed shrimp, without affecting the nutritional and immunological status. Also the water quality was improved by the presence of biota.     

The dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids requirements of the prawn Penaeus monodon

The dietary requirement of the prawn Penaeus monodon for linoleic (LOA) and linolenic (LNA) fatty acids was examined in the absence of other long-chain polyunsaturated and highly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-20:2, 20:3, 22:2, 22:3 and HUFA-18:4, 20:4, 20:5, 22:4, 22:5, 22:6, respectively). Incremented dietary amounts of LOA (7, 14, 21, 28 and 35% of total fatty acids) and LNA (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28% of total fatty acids) were examined in a 5 × 5 factorial growth experiment lasting 50 days. An additional diet containing both PUFA and HUFA (cod-liver oil) was provided as a reference. The total lipid content (excluding sterols) of each of the 26 diets was maintained at 70 g kg⁻¹ of dry diet. The fatty acid composition of the neutral lipid was manipulated by blending different plant oils and supplementing with purified free fatty acids to provide the desired fatty acid composition upon addition to the total diet. At the end of the 50-day growth experiment, the prawn digestive gland (DG) was quantitatively analysed for lipid and fatty acid content. Prawns fed the reference diet increased in weight (mean ± SEM) by 214 ± 6%. Growth was generally greater when combinations of LOA and LNA were used. The best growth (213 ± 17%) was obtained with the diet containing a fatty acid content of 14% LOA and 21% LNA. This growth was comparable to that of the reference diet. The digestibility of the total lipid in the diet was usually higher when both fatty acids were present. The lipid content of the DG was highest in prawns fed diets containing both LOA and LNA, similar to the growth response. The fatty acid composition of the prawn's DG lipid reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet. However, the maximum assimilation of LNA in the DG lipid (14.2% of DG lipid fatty acids) was about half that of LOA (32.5% of DG lipid fatty acids).     

对虾养殖的曙光

本文综述了我国在虾病病原、病理及诊断方面的进展,例举了一些虾病防治方面的成功经验,并认为对虾养殖业的发展出现了曙光。