下部鲜烟叶摘除数量对烤烟品质及经济性状的影响

为了明确重庆烟区下部鲜烟叶摘除数量对烤烟化学成分、香气物质、等级结构及经济性状的影响,本研究选用‘云烟97’品种,研究打顶期摘除下部0片(CK)、2片(T1)、3片(T2)和4片(T3)烟叶后对烤烟化学成分、香气物质、等级结构及经济性状等的变化特征。结果表明,随着下部叶片摘除数量的增加,中上部烟叶淀粉、总氮和烟碱含量有显著提高的趋势,钾素含量显著降低;中上烟叶的糖碱比和钾氯比与摘除叶片数呈负相关关系,氮碱比与摘除叶片数呈正相关关系;中部叶以摘除3片处理(T2)的致香物质含量最高,上部叶以摘除2片处理(T1)的致香物质含量最高。摘除下部叶片后烟叶等级结构和经济效益有不同程度提高,其中以T2处理最为显著,其次是T1处理,T3处理的效果最差。因此,综合考虑化学成分、香气物质、等级结构和经济效益等认为,在重庆武隆生态条件下的中等肥力土壤上处理下部鲜烟叶时以摘除3片叶为宜。     

文山地区烤烟合理套种作物及其时间的研究

为探求文山地区烤烟合理的套种作物及其适宜的套种时间,采用田间小区试验,研究了套种黑麦草、白萝卜、苜蓿3种作物的两个不同的套种时间对烤烟生长、产量及质量的影响。结果表明,与烤烟单作相比,移栽后30d和45d套种苜蓿处理易造成烟株疯长、烟叶物理特性大小与优质烟标准相差较大、糖碱比偏低等内在化学成分不协调、产值低等问题。移栽后30d和45d套种黑麦草和白萝卜两种非豆科作物均能改善烟叶的品质,但相同的套种时间条件下,黑麦草对于烟叶的产量与品质的影响更大。与烤烟单作相比,黑麦草与白萝卜套种时间处理增加了成熟初期有效叶片数1~2.8片,显著降低了烟草花叶病(相对防效36.55%~60.99%)和赤星病(相对防效28.2%~46.72%)的发生,使各部位烟叶的物理性状更趋近优质烟标准,各部位烟叶中淀粉、总糖和还原糖含量更趋于合理,显著降低了上部叶总氮、烟碱含量,提高了各部位糖碱比,较显著的提高了下部叶钾含量和钾氯比,对于烟叶产量的影响无显著差异,但使烟叶的产值提高了2.74%~5.58%,中上等烟比例提高了1~3.25%。以烤烟移栽后30d套种黑麦草或45d套种白萝卜效果更佳。本研究为烟农实行烟地套种提供可靠依据。     

烤烟间作草木樨对烟叶养分及产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验,研究了在烤烟与草木樨间作条件下对烟叶养分、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,间作与单作相比较,间作处理不同程度地降低了上部、中部和下部烟叶的含氮量,中部烟叶和上部烟叶的磷含量;提高了上部和下部烟叶的含钾量,但烟叶的N、P、K含量变化差异均不显著.烟叶产量差异不显著.在不减产的同时提高了中上等烟的比例,显著减少下等烟比例,提高了烟叶产值,增加了经济收入;原烟的总糖、还原糖的含量及糖碱比分别提高了5.38、5.30和1.80个百分点,烟叶的总氮和烟碱含量分别降低了0.11和0.86个百分点.间作能协调平衡原烟化学成分,在一定程度上能改善和提高烟叶的内在品质.     

有机无机肥与生物炭配施对烤烟生长发育和烟叶质量的影响

为探究一种更利于提高山东烤烟种植区烟叶质量的施肥方式,采用盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,对有机无机肥配施下增施不同量生物炭（3 t hm?2,OFB1;5 t hm?2,OFB2）的施肥方式和有机无机肥配施的施肥方式（OF）对烤烟生长发育和烤后烟叶质量的影响进行了比较。结果表明,OFB1和OFB2处理较OF处理更能促进烟株株高、茎围和叶面积的建成;提高烟株生物量,特别是叶干重,增加幅度为0.7% ~ 11.06%;增加中部烤后烟叶总糖、还原糖和钾含量分别为1.47 ~ 6.91个、1.02 ~ 4.33个和0.1 ~ 0.53个百分点,增加上部叶烤后烟叶总糖、还原糖和钾含量分别为0.42 ~ 6.55个、1.47 ~ 5.03个和0.07 ~ 0.31个百分点;显著增加中部烤后烟糖碱比和钾氯比分别为0.15 ~ 1.81和0.3 ~ 1.06,显著增加上部烤后烟糖碱比和钾氯比分别为0.41 ~ 1.55和0.82 ~ 1.49;显著增加中上部烤后烟上等烟比例,增加幅度分别为2.12% ~ 15.58%和4.83% ~ 11.79%;增加中上部烤后烟叶均价分别为0.30 ~ 1.90和0.50 ~ 0.73元 kg?1。综合分析不同施肥方式对烤烟生长发育、烤后烟质量和经济性状的影响,初步认为在有机无机肥配施下增施3 t hm?2和5 t hm?2生物炭更有利于进一步提高山东植烟区烟叶质量。     

夜温升高对云南省高海拔烤烟理化特性及产、质量的影响

以‘云烟87’和‘K326’为材料,采用大田试验,研究了夜间温度升高对云南省高海拔不同烤烟品种烤后烟叶物理特性及常规化学成分、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量和经济性状、感官评吸质量的影响,旨在探讨温度对烤烟理化特性及内在品质的影响,为云南省烟区烤烟风格特色的形成机理研究提供理论依据。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,设置2个温度处理:1夜间保温,每日18:00—次日6:00大棚封闭升温,试验期间大棚内夜间平均温度为16.7℃;2自然夜温(对照),试验期间夜间平均温度为15.5℃。研究结果表明:1)夜温升高使‘K326’和‘云烟87’上部叶长宽、下部叶叶长,‘K326’上部叶单叶重和平衡含水率、中部叶单叶重均显著增加;‘K326’中上部叶、‘云烟87’中下部叶叶片厚度以及‘K326’各部位、‘云烟87’上部位叶片含梗率均显著降低。2)‘K326’中上部叶总糖、还原糖、总氮,‘云烟87’各部位叶总氮、钾均较对照显著增加;同时使‘K326’中上部叶烟碱和钾、下部叶总氮,‘云烟87’上部叶总糖、还原糖和烟碱及中部叶烟碱和下部叶总糖、还原糖均显著降低。3)‘K326’上部和下部烟叶Zn、Cu含量较对照显著降低,Fe、Mn含量较对照显著提高;‘云烟87’上部叶Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn含量较对照均显著提高。4)‘K326’产量、产值、均价、上等烟比例分别较对照增加252.5 kg·hm-2、7 290元·hm-2、1.7元·kg-1、6.54%;‘云烟87’分别增加100.5 kg·hm-2、5 315元·hm-2、2.1元·kg-1、4.65%。综上所述,夜温升高可以显著改善云南省高海拔地区烤后烟叶的物理特性,内在化学成分趋于协调,产值产量显著增加,烟叶工业可用性进一步提升。     

不同氮素形态及比例对烤烟长势、产量及部分品质因素的影响

在湖南浏阳,运用田间小区试验研究了硝态氮、铵态氮比例(RN)对烤烟田间长势与产量以及部分品质因素的影响。结果表明:1)RN对烤烟的农艺性状、产量、产值、均价等没有明显影响,而对烤烟的等级结构、内在化学成分含量、氮、钾、氯的吸收量有着显著影响,可以用显著的二次多项式模型或直线相关方程描述产值、均价、上等烟产量、下等烟产量等经济性状以及烟碱、总氮、钾、还原糖、氯、淀粉、挥发碱等内在化学成分的含量与铵态氮份额之间的关系;2)RN为75%∶25%时,中上等烟比例、烟碱、总氮、钾、钾氯比、氮吸收量最高,挥发碱含量最低。RN为25%∶75%时,挥发碱含量最高,总氮、淀粉含量最低。100%铵态氮时,还原糖、氯含量、淀粉的含量最高,碱、钾、钾氯比最低,同时显著地降低烤烟的等级结构。100%硝态氮时,总氮、钾、氯在烟叶中的含量最低,吸收总量也最少,同时产量、产值、均价也处于最低水平;3)本试验的任何RN下,烟碱、总氮、钾、氯、淀粉的含量均符合优质烟叶要求,而还原糖相反。综合考虑经济效益、养分利用率和烟叶内在化学成分的协调性,整体上RN为54%∶46%～50%∶50%较好。     

云南保山市植烟土壤养分状况与烤烟化学成分相关分析

采用描述统计和典型相关分析方法研究了保山烤烟化学成分与土壤养分状况之间的关系,结果表明:①保山土壤养分含量总体处于富足状态,但土壤养分不均匀,微量元素硼和氯含量较低,烟叶的总糖和还原糖含量较高,烟碱和总氮含量适中,钾、氯含量偏低;②在一定范围内土壤中碱解氮和有效硼含量与烟碱、总氮含量存在显著或极显著正相关,有效磷和有效镁含量与烟叶还原糖、钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比呈显著或极显著正相关;③控施氮肥,增施磷肥,提高烟株对土壤中钾的利用率,适当增施微肥,有利于提高保山烟叶的质量。     

有机络合微肥对烤烟品质和效益的影响

以云烟87为材料,通过小区田间试验,探究了增施有机络合微肥对烤烟产量和质量的影响。试验结果表明,在常规施肥的基础上,增施有机络合微肥(6 kg/hm~2)能够促进烤烟的营养吸收和烟株生长,在移栽30 d和50 d后株高、茎围、节距和中部最大叶面积均大于对照组;B2F(上橘二)、C2F(中橘二)和X2F(下橘二)的总糖、还原糖含量下降,烟碱、钾和总氮含量提高,糖碱比和氮碱比更加协调,烟叶的内在品质得以提高;在收获期与常规施肥对比,增施有机络合微肥(6 kg/hm~2)的烤烟产量、产值以及上中等烟比例分别提高15.34、29.37和5.65个百分点,增施有机络合微肥的同时减少10%的常规施肥量,烤烟产量、产值以及上中等烟比例分别提高20.80、30.10和3.34个百分点。综合分析,有机络合微肥促进了烤烟的生长发育,提高了肥料的利用率,提升了烤烟的内在品质和经济效益,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

玉溪烟区土壤钾镁交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响

以2019年玉溪烟区9个植烟县34个主要植烟乡镇各1个代表性烟田的土壤和烤烟为研究对象，分析了土壤速效钾和有效镁及其交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响。结果表明：土壤速效钾和有效镁平均含量分别为325.9 mg/kg和207.9 mg/kg，变幅分别为93.0～713.0 mg/kg和40.0～610.0 mg/kg，土壤速效钾和有效镁缺乏的烟田分别占14.7%和23.5%。随着土壤速效钾含量的增加，烟叶钾含量先增后减，烟叶镁含量递增，烟碱和总氮含量先降后增，总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比递减，其中土壤速效钾含量与烟叶镁含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。随土壤有效镁含量的增加，烟叶钾含量递减，烟叶镁含量递增，烟碱含量先增后降，总氮含量递增，总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比先降后增，其中土壤有效镁含量与烟叶钾、镁含量分别呈极显著负相关和正相关(P<0.01)。土壤速效钾和有效镁含量的增加能分别显著提升烟叶清甜香和香气量(P<0.05)。土壤钾镁交互作用对烟叶总糖、还原糖含量及氮碱比均产生显著影响(P<0.05)。因此，为提升玉溪烤烟品质，应在适当施用镁肥...     

不同有机酸营养对不同成熟度烤烟内在品质的影响

田间试验研究了苹果酸、油酸和腐殖酸对烤烟不同成熟度烟叶各项品质指标含量的影响。结果表明,适熟时,3种有机酸能不同程度地提高烟叶中钾和还原糖含量,钾氯比和糖碱比,同时降低蛋白质和烟碱的含量。其中,苹果酸和腐殖酸能明显提高上部叶和中部叶中钾含量,苹果酸和油酸能明显降低上部叶和中部叶中蛋白质含量以及中部叶中烟碱含量。与适熟时相比,过熟时腐殖酸处理烟叶中各项指标的化学成分协调,从而改善烟叶的品质;苹果酸和油酸处理的效果次之。     

温州蜜柑叶片黄化果园土壤及叶片的养分含量特征

弄清叶片黄化柑橘园土壤与叶片的养分含量特征,为改善柑橘园营养状况,提高柑橘产量和品质提供理论与技术支撑。通过对黄化和无黄化温州蜜柑园土壤、叶片的养分含量进行分析,研究影响温州蜜柑叶片黄化的关键因子。结果表明,温州蜜柑叶片的钙、镁、硼含量与SPAD值呈显著或极显著正相关,叶片黄化是由叶片中钙、镁、硼含量不足所造成的,属于综合缺素型,同时叶片中钾、铁、锰含量较高,叶片对钙、镁、硼的吸收与对钾、铁、锰的吸收之间存在相互拮抗的关系;土壤酸化是叶片黄化的主要驱动因子,pH值较低一方面降低了土壤中钙、镁、硼的有效性,另一方面,土壤中较高的铁、锰含量抑制了柑橘对钙、镁、硼的吸收,最终导致叶片因缺钙、缺镁、缺硼而出现黄化。喷施含钙、镁、硼的叶面肥料,防止土壤酸化是改善温州蜜柑叶片黄化的有效措施。     

茶树叶和刺槐叶对茶园土壤酸度的改良效果

通过培养实验,比较研究了茶树老叶和刺槐叶对2种酸化茶园土壤的改良效果。结果表明,在酸性茶园土壤中分别加入5、10和20g·kg^-1。茶树老叶和剌槐叶培养35d后,相对于对照,土壤pH值有不同程度的提高,土壤交换性酸减小,土壤交换性钙和镁等交换性盐基离子数量有所提高,土壤毒性铝离子的数量减少。2种树叶对土壤酸度的改良效果随其加入量的增加而增加,刺槐叶的改良效果好于茶树老叶,2种树叶对红壤的改良效果优于其对黄棕壤的改良效果。植物物料所含的灰化碱及豆科植物所含大量有机氮的矿化是导致土壤酸度下降的主要原因。     

大豆叶片图像处理系统设计与实现

以计算机数字图像处理为重要技术手段,以大豆叶片为主要研究对象,综合运用数字图像处理、色度学、人工神经网络、模式识别等人工智能领域的知识,设计了大豆叶片图像处理与分析系统,从植物叶片的几何特征到病斑的形态特征都作了具体地分析与计算。     

Comparison of Iron Availability in Leaves of Barley and Rice

Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element in all eukaryotes. In higher plants, Fe deficiency causes interveinal chlorosis in young leaves. However, in barley and rice, both of which are “Strategy II” plants, the degree and the pattern of Fe-deficiency symptoms differ. In the present study, barley and rice plants were grown in the same container, i.e., by “coculturing,” to compensate for the amount of mugineic acids in rice in the nutrient solution. We examined the differential availability of Fe for distribution and retranslocation in shoots between barley and rice without considering the difference in the iron acquisition ability, which is affected by the differential mugineic acid secretion between barley and rice. Although the Fe concentration of young barley leaves had decreased under the coculture conditions, the SPAD value was similar to that in monocultured barley. In contrast, although there was an increase in the Fe concentration of the young leaves of cocultured rice, the SPAD value decreased, as in the case of monocultured rice. Rice accumulated Fe in old leaves, whereas in barley Fe was efficiently distributed to young leaves. Therefore, the SPAD value of the second leaf in rice remained constantly high. The Fe concentration of the second leaf in barley decreased under Fe-deficient coculture conditions, the SPAD value decreased and the senescence of the second leaf become accelerated. ⁵⁹Fe pulse-labeling experiments suggested that in barley Fe was more efficiently retranslocated from old leaves to young leaves than that in rice. As a result, the level of Fe present in the fraction with a molecular weight lower than the 10,000/water-soluble Fe ratio was higher in the old leaves of barley than in the old leaves of rice under Fe-deficient conditions. Based on the results obtained, we suggest that the distribution and retranslocation characteristics of internal Fe in barley may be well adapted to Fe deficiency.     

Comparison of Iron Availability in Leaves of Barley and Rice

Iron (Fe) is an essential trace element in all eukaryotes. In higher plants, Fe deficiency causes interveinal chlorosis in young leaves. However, in barley and rice, both of which are "Strategy II" plants, the degree and the pattern of Fe-deficiency symptoms differ. In the present study, barley and rice plants were grown in the same container, i.e., by "coculturing," to compensate for the amount of mugineic acids in rice in the nutrient solution. We examined the differential availability of Fe for distribution and retranslocation in shoots between barley and rice without considering the difference in the iron acquisition ability, which is affected by the differential mugineic acid secretion between barley and rice. Although the Fe concentration of young barley leaves had decreased under the coculture conditions, the SPAD value was similar to that in monocultured barley. In contrast, although there was an increase in the Fe concentration of the young leaves of cocultured rice, the SPAD value decreased, as in the case of monocultured rice. Rice accumulated Fe in old leaves, whereas in barley Fe was efficiently distributed to young leaves. Therefore, the SPAD value of the second leaf in rice remained constantly high. The Fe concentration of the second leaf in barley decreased under Fe-deficient coculture conditions, the SPAD value decreased and the senescence of the second leaf become accelerated. ⁵⁹Fe pulse-labeling experiments suggested that in barley Fe was more efficiently retranslocated from old leaves to young leaves than that in rice. As a result, the level of Fe present in the fraction with a molecular weight lower than the 10,000/water-soluble Fe ratio was higher in the old leaves of barley than in the old leaves of rice under Fe-deficient conditions. Based on the results obtained, we suggest that the distribution and retranslocation characteristics of internal Fe in barley may be well adapted to Fe deficiency.     

温度与光照对黄素梅、黄金榕叶色变化的影响

黄色叶树种黄素梅（Duranta repens cv.Golden Leaves）和黄金榕（Ficus microcarpa cv.Golden Leaves）在园林绿化上具有较高观赏价值。但它们在不同季节叶片颜色差异较大。应用分光光度计法，对其在不同季节叶片光合色素含量的生理指标进行测定。结果表明，光和温度是影响黄素梅、黄金榕叶色变化的直接原因，光照越强、温度赵高，叶色越黄越美丽，因此应将其栽植于阳光充足的环境中。     

西兰花叶中生物活性成分的测定

为探究西兰花叶中生物活性成分的具体含量,以西兰花叶为原材料,对西兰花叶中萝卜硫素、总酚、总黄酮、总蛋白质的含量和组成进行了测定与分析。结果表明,西兰花废弃叶中萝卜硫素含量为92.50 μg·g^-1 DW,总酚含量为3.15 mg·g^-1 DW,总黄酮含量为2.48 mg·g^-1 DW,总蛋白质含量为89.38 mg·g^-1 DW,蛋白质组成中核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)所占比例最大。本研究明确了西兰花叶片中4种生物活性成分的具体含量,为进一步开发利用西兰花废弃物提供了一定的数据支持。     

夏玉米叶片光谱吸收率初探

对不同株型、不同发育期、不同部位的夏玉米叶片光谱吸收率及冠层中的光谱分布状况作了初步分析,发现各绿色叶片对各波段光的吸收率随波长的变化趋势基本相同,但对不同叶龄、不同部位的叶片,不同品种同一部位的叶片而言,在吸收率的高低上有差异。     

Determination of Deposition and Leaves in Teak Plantations in Thailand

This paper outlines the results to date of the continuing acidic deposition study from 1997 in three teak plantations at the Na Pralan, Klangdong, and Donglan villages of Thailand. The aim of this study was to examine the impact on teak plantations of acid deposition — the increasing flow of chemical compounds including CO₂, SO₂, NO₂, and NO_x into the atmosphere. The 1997–1999 results showed no symptoms of acidity of the precipitation in the teak plantations at the treated sites (Na Pralan and Klangdong). During this period, the pHs of stemflow and throughfall were still over 7; and the pHs of the rainfall were around 7, except at Klandong where it dropped to around 5 in 1999. The pH and EC values were higher at the polluted sites than at the control site; this may be attributed to contamination with lime dust from nearby industrial plants, including cement factories and quarrying mills. Fresh leaves were contaminated with Sulphur to quite high levels at the Na Pralan site. This contamination seems to have affected the physiology, biomass and chemical content of the leaves. It might be due to pollution gases (SO₂ and NO_x) from the heavy trucks on the nearby Phaholyothin road. However, these gases could not be detected by a gas detector even though pollution seemed quite heavy. This study did not detect acid rain damage to the teak plantations.     

苦竹叶片光合及水分利用率特性

为了给经营管理苦竹者提供较好的科学理论依据,作者采用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪,以野生苦竹林为研究对象,测定了其光合及水分利用率。结果表明:(1)苦竹净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰型,存在光合"午休"现象。(2)气孔导度与净光合速率呈极显著的线性关系,而且气孔导度是影响苦竹光合的主要限制因子,所以苦竹光合"午休"主要受气孔因素限制。(3)苦竹的水分利用率比较低,节水抗旱能力比较差。(4)苦竹的光补偿点为8.10μmol/(m2.s),光饱和点为1 198.66μmol/(m2.s),说明苦竹具有较强的耐阴能力,能适应较宽的光照环境。