土壤微生物分离新技术的研究进展

土壤是环境微生物学研究中最具挑战性的环境,也是生物分子、遗传资源开发的热点区域。在"宏-组学"方法快速发展的今天,土壤微生物分离培养技术在微生物环境功能研究、代谢途径的阐明、特定功能的验证及基础实验和生产实践的应用等方面仍然发挥着重要作用。本文首先分析了大多数环境微生物不能被分离培养的几个原因。然后重点综述了近年来在土壤微生物分离培养技术方面的探索,主要包括生长培养基的优化和重新设计如培养基稀释分离、添加生长限制因子、更换凝固剂等,在延长培养时间、改善含氧量、降低培养温度等方面对生长条件进行改进,采用"扩散盒"、"原位培养陷阱"等技术对微生物进行天然环境原位培养,对环境微生物群体培养和共培养,利用"宏基因组学""宏蛋白质组学"等非培养技术辅助分离等。最后,作者对未来土壤微生物分离研究的方向提出了自己的建议。     

土壤微生物生物地理学：国内进展与国际前沿

土壤微生物生物地理学是研究土壤中微生物空间分布格局及其随时间变化的一门科学,是土壤微生物学和微生物生态学等领域的研究前沿。近年来,尽管土壤微生物生物地理学研究取得了巨大进展,目前仍面临诸多难题与挑战。本文简要回顾了土壤微生物生物地理学的发展历程,重点介绍近年来我国在森林、草地和农田生态系统中土壤微生物生物地理学研究的主要进展。同时进一步阐述了目前土壤微生物生物地理学研究的国际前沿方向,包括微生物群落空间分布及其驱动机制、群落构建过程与共存网络、微生物地理分布与生态系统功能的关联以及预测微生物群落对全球变化的响应。最后,对土壤微生物生物地理学未来的研究方向进行了展望,强调了清晰的微生物物种定义、微生物群落的时间动态、多组学与合成生物学技术以及高精度的预测模型在土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的重要性。     

植物根际微生物组的研究进展

根际微生物组(rhizosphere microbiome),是植物从其种子库土壤微生物组中有选择性地招募在根际聚集的动态微生物集群.随着近年来高通量测序技术、宏基因组学等的飞速发展,根际微生物组与植物宿主及土壤微生物组间的紧密联系引起了全球关注和研究热潮.根际微生物组被视作植物第二基因组,其与植物间的互作极为复杂,有...     

三江源区土壤微生物和土壤养分空间分布特性研究

选取三江源地区玉树、沱沱河、隆宝、治多及多彩5个研究地,对其土壤微生物群落数量及土壤养分空间分布规律进行了分析研究,为我国高寒草地土壤生态系统多样性和系统变化数据提供科学依据。结果表明:不同土壤层(0~5、5~10和10~15 cm)土壤微生物群落数量表现为细菌放线菌真菌,且细菌数量占绝对优势;各研究地土壤微生物群落主要分布在土壤表层,其数量随土层深度的增加而减少;土壤微生物数量与土壤养分之间存在相关性,影响细菌数量的主要土壤因子是全钾、碱解氮、全氮及有效磷,影响放线菌数量的主要土壤因子是速效钾与全氮,影响真菌数量的主要土壤因子是p H值。     

不同培肥管理措施对土壤微生物生态特征的影响

本文研究了厩肥区、秸杆区、化肥区和无肥对照区四种不同培肥管理措施对土壤微生物生态特征的影响,结果表明,施入厩肥、化肥或秸杆还田均能明显增加土壤微生物生物量及呼吸量;土壤微生物生物质量、土壤呼吸及代谢商等微生物指标均与土壤有机质的变化呈相同的变化趋势;BIOLOG生态盘测试亦揭示了培肥管理措施能明显影响土壤微生物的群落结构。     

秸秆配施腐熟剂对土壤细菌群落及养分状况的影响

利用Illumina平台Miseq高通量测序技术,分析了盆钵培养条件下土壤添加秸秆和配施腐熟剂在不同时间节点土壤微生物群落组成和多样性变化规律及与土壤环境因子间的相关关系。结果表明,与无秸秆无腐熟剂(CK)组相比,添加秸秆无腐熟剂(S)组可显著提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量及降低pH水平,添加秸秆和腐熟剂(SI)组可快速提高土壤中有机质含量和速效磷含量且显著高于S组。细菌多样性Chao指数、ACE指数及门、纲水平的物种丰度在腐熟期内均呈现S CK SI。SI的细菌门水平下的变形菌门和厚壁菌门、纲水平下的α-变形菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲及γ-变形菌属丰度相对最大;其中土壤细菌物种丰度在培养第15 d和30 d时与速效钾含量显著相关,在第45～75 d与碱解氮和有机质含量关系更密切。添加秸秆和腐熟剂的土壤在前期以优势度高的微生物物种促进秸秆快速腐解,随着秸秆腐解时间的延长、微生物种类持续增加至秸秆腐熟中后期,土壤微生物种群分布趋于稳定。     

基于文献计量分析的土壤微生物入侵研究现状及发展趋势

随着农业经济发展,人类及其他动植物等的活动为外源微生物在食物链、环境介质中传播创造了条件,造成外源微生物频繁流动并对土壤生态系统产生扰动,进而引发微生物入侵。为了解国内外微生物入侵相关研究进展,本文利用CiteSpace、VOSviewer及HistCite对Web of Science核心合集数据库中微生物入侵领域的主要研究热点及其变化趋势等进行计量分析。结果表明：微生物入侵相关研究文献数量逐年上升,受到的关注度越来越高;美国、中国、德国、印度、澳大利亚等国家在该领域发文量居前列,且具有较紧密的国际学术合作网络;高通量测序与宏基因组为核心的微生物测定分析技术的快速发展,使得微生物入侵成为研究热点,当前的研究文献集中于根际促生菌作用机制、根际微生物群与植物健康等方面。研究指出有益微生物入侵可有效防治植物病害、促进植物生长以及修复污染土壤等,但病原微生物入侵土壤可造成作物减产、质量下降,甚至可经食物链传播而威胁人类及其他动物的健康,因此微生物入侵的影响与入侵菌株性质紧密相关。未来研究趋势主要集中于入侵微生物与特异性土著微生物的相互作用关系、植物病原微生物的防控机制与技术应用等方面,以期为土壤健康与绿色农业生产提供理论依据。     

核酸分析方法在土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

土壤微生物多样性一般包括微生物分类群的多样性、遗传(基因)多样性、生态特征多样性和功能多样性。传统的分离培养方法和土壤微生物的生化研究手段具有一定的局限性,核酸分析方法为土壤微生物多样性研究注入了新活力。本文主要综述了近年来国内外研究土壤微生物多样性所采用的核酸提取方法及核酸分析方法。重点阐述了基于PCR的分子指纹技术、核酸杂交技术、基因芯片等核酸分析方法的原理、优缺点和应用。各种土壤微生物多样性研究方法的综合应用可扬长避短,起到相互补充的作用,从而能够提供更加丰富而准确的土壤微生物群落结构及种群丰度变化等方面的信息,也将成为这一领域今后的发展趋势。     

BIOLOG在土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究中的应用

微生物功能多样性信息对于明确不同环境中微生物群落的作用具有重要意义 ,而微生物群落的定量描述一直是微生物学家面临的最艰巨的任务之一。目前 ,以群落水平碳源利用类型为基础的BIOLOG氧化还原技术为研究土壤微生物群落功能多样性提供了一种简单、快速的方法 ,并得以广泛应用。但它仍然是一种以培养为基础的方法 ,显示的代谢多样性类型也不一定反映整个土壤微生物群落的功能多样性。因此 ,这种方法优点明显 ,缺陷也存在 ,并且在应用过程中还有很多关键的操作要点与技巧。本文综述了BIOLOG研究土壤微生物群落功能多样性的原理、BIOLOG研究土壤微生物群落功能多样性的方法与技巧、应用过程中容易产生的问题及可能克服的办法 ,同时还提出了值得进一步研究的问题。旨在促进对BIOLOG测定土壤微生物群落功能多样性的了解 ,为正确运用这种方法开展土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究提供科学依据和理论指导。     

基于BIOLOG指纹解析土壤可培微生物对铀污染的响应

为考察铀污染对土壤微生物群落的影响,以50、100、150 mg·L-1铀处理的土壤为研究对象,未处理的土壤为对照(CK),采用BIOLOG-ECO微孔板技术考察土壤微生物群落的功能多样性和碳源利用动力学特征等的变化。根据微孔板中的孔平均颜色变化率(AWCD)可知,铀污染对土壤微生物的生理活性呈现显著的抑制作用;采用Shannon多样性指数、Simpson指数、Mc Intosh指数描述微生物功能多样性,结果表明,铀处理组与CK的微生物群落功能多样性差异在3个多样性指数上均达到显著水平;土壤微生物对各类碳源的利用能力有所不同,以氨基酸类和胺类碳源为主;铀处理后,6类碳源相对利用率均比CK显著降低,其中羧酸类和多聚物类的利用率下降50%以上。主成分分析结果表明,铀污染后的土壤微生物特异利用的碳源主要有β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、D-半乳糖酸-γ-内脂、L-精氨酸等。因此,铀污染改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,导致微生物生理代谢等功能特性的变化。BIOLOG-ECO技术结合数学统计分析方法可以较为直观、快捷地反映土壤微生物的生物多样性,研究结果为评估和修复铀污染生态环境提供了理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.