菲律宾蛤仔浅海规模化苗种中间培育调查

为改进菲律宾蛤仔苗种中间培育技术,对福建省晋江市围头湾浅海中培的菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长和海区环境进行了调查分析。结果显示,从2019年1月到4月,海区水温逐渐上升,盐度逐渐下降,但均处于菲律宾蛤仔稚贝适宜范围;浮游植物以硅藻为主,1月份密度为5 100个/L,4月份密度为8 300个/L;菲律宾蛤仔稚贝壳长由(2.33±0.75)mm生长至(11.14±2.52)mm,成活率为30.30%。     

菲律宾蛤仔稚贝最适生长环境条件的响应面法分析

为考察温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH及三者交互作用对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期壳长生长的影响,使用Design-Expert 7.0软件采用BBD(Box-Behnken Design)实验设计方案,进行响应面分析,寻找最适生长条件组合,并构造蛤仔稚贝壳长生长模型。实验进行30 d对蛤仔稚贝壳长(L)进行测量。实验条件梯度设计为温度(30℃、25℃、20℃)、盐度(15、20、25)、pH[(7.00±0.09)、(8.00±0.09)、(9.00±0.09)]。结果显示:(1)温度在实验区间内与蛤仔稚贝壳长生长呈一定的正相关,在30℃附近达到壳长极值,盐度在实验区间内也与壳长生长呈一定正相关,但在接近25时达到壳长极值,pH在8～9时出现壳长极值,略偏碱性水体有利于蛤仔稚贝生长。(2)温度、盐度及pH三者间对蛤仔稚贝生长无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对数据进行二次多元回归拟合,得到蛤仔稚贝壳长Y对编码自变量A、B和C的二次多元回归方程:Y=4.08+0.10A+0.18B+0.11C-0.055A2-0.13B2-0.12C2(R2=0.977 4),软件模拟最适蛤仔稚贝生长的条件组合为[T=29.65℃,S=23.35,pH=(8.46±0.09)]。     

硬壳蛤稚贝的中间培育技术

2001年6月至10月和2002年8月至10月对硬壳蛤稚贝中间培育进行了试验研究。中间培育选择了潮间带池塘底播、池塘网箱、海区吊挂网袋和育苗池网箱等方式。池塘底播试验在黄海北部庄河海域潮间带池塘(泥底)和渤海营城子海区的潮间带池塘(砂底)进行。结果表明:不同中间培育方式稚贝的日生长量和成活率存在显著性差异(P<0.05),采用网箱和网袋的中间培育方式能够明显地提高稚贝的生长速度和成活率,海上网袋、池塘网箱和育苗池网箱稚贝壳长日生长量分别为0.16mm·d~(-1)、0.14mm·d~(-1)、0.15mm·d~(-1),成活率大于98.0％,试验结束时稚贝的壳长大于10mm。底播方式培养稚贝在试验结束时壳长小于7mm,壳长日生长量小于0.06mm·d~(-1)。两地潮间带池塘的成活率差异极显著(P<0.01),试验结束时渤海营城子的成活率为96.0％。     

菲律宾蛤仔对养殖池塘沉积物/水界面反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应速率的影响

养殖尾水氮含量过高等富营养化问题是影响当前我国池塘养殖产业健康可持续发展的重要因素,反硝化和厌氧氨氧化是自然水生态系统中重要的氮循环过程,是沉积物氮素营养迁出的主要途径,埋栖型贝类通过滤水和蠕动等生命活动不仅能净化水质,还可以使沉积物颗粒混合并改变沉积物/水界面的物质交换。本研究于2020年9、10、11、12月采集菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)养殖池塘贝类区域(有贝区)和对照区域(无贝区)的沉积物表层样品,进行泥浆培养实验,利用氮稳定同位素示踪技术检测其反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应速率,并分析了其与间隙水理化参数的相关性。结果显示,菲律宾蛤仔养殖池塘有贝区10月和11月样品检测到厌氧氨氧化反应,并有反硝化—厌氧氨氧化耦合反应;有贝区9—12月沉积物反硝化反应速率均高于无贝区,有贝区9月的反硝化反应速率最高(0.005 8 μmol/kg·h);水体温度与沉积物反硝化反应速率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度与厌氧氨氧化反应速率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,海水池塘养殖生态系统中也存在厌氧氨氧化过程,养殖菲律宾蛤仔等埋栖型贝类有利于池塘沉积物/水界面的反硝化和厌氧氨氧化反应,有效地促进池塘沉积物脱氮过程,研究结果不仅丰富了海水养殖生态系统氮循环理论,也为开展尾水生物净化工作提供了新思路。     

菲律宾蛤仔反季节高效生态养殖池中浮游植物生态特征研究

2007～2008年在莆田后海围垦区进行菲律宾蛤仔反季节高滩位高效生态养殖,收获的菲律宾蛤仔平均规格115粒/kg,平均产量6247.5kg/hm2,较传统养殖模式提高效益28%。藻类池与养殖池浮游植物有34种,优势种主要有中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、反曲原甲藻Prorocen-trumsigmoides、利马原甲藻Prorocentrumlima、新月拟菱形藻Nitzschiella closterium、海洋原甲藻Prorocentrum micans。中肋骨条藻在不同的月份中均为最主要的优势种。不同月份各池浮游植物细胞丰度的变化范围为(0.02～190)×104cells/L。2007年11月与2008年3月浮游植物细胞丰度较高,2008年1、2月藻类细胞丰度相对较低。通过对池中水温、透明度、无机氮、无机磷、DO、浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度的分析,说明菲律宾蛤仔池大量施肥已很大程度影响了浮游植物的种类组成与细胞丰度。养殖过程中浮游植物生物多样性较好、均匀度较低、优势度高,菲律宾蛤仔适口饵料中肋骨条藻等优势种类大量繁殖,有利于提高菲律宾蛤仔的产量。     

菲律宾蛤仔室内育苗技术探讨

菲律宾蛤仔是我国单种产量最高的养殖贝类.笔者根据生产实践,对菲律宾蛤仔室内工厂化育苗生产中的亲贝选择、运输、处理、采卵、孵化、浮游幼体培育、变态期管理、稚贝培育管理、饵料种类选择与投喂以及水质调控等技术环节进行了总结和探讨,以期为相关从业者提供参考.     

菲律宾蛤仔獐子岛群体两种壳型表型性状比较

以大连獐子岛野生菲律宾蛤仔为材料,对"壳宽型"、"壳扁型"蛤仔两个壳型的壳长、壳宽、壳高、活体质量、软体质量、产卵量及其子代的生长和存活进行比较。试验结果表明,相同壳长的两种壳型蛤仔,"壳宽型"蛤仔的活体质量及软体质量均显著高于"壳扁型"蛤仔(P0.05);两种壳型蛤仔的壳宽均是影响活体质量的主要因素,壳长均是影响软体质量的主要因素;两种壳型蛤仔初孵D形幼虫、3日龄、6日龄幼虫壳长生长差异不显著(P0.05);15日龄"壳扁型"蛤仔幼虫壳长生长显著快于"壳宽型"蛤仔(P0.05);稚贝期,除30日龄外,"壳宽型"蛤仔壳长生长显著快于"壳扁型"蛤仔(P0.05);"壳宽型"蛤仔幼虫及稚贝期存活率均显著高于"壳扁型"品系(P0.05)。     

菲律宾蛤仔家系的建立及早期生长发育

采用不平衡巢式设计建立33个菲律宾蛤仔家系(11个父系半同胞家系和33个全同胞家系),并对各家系蛤仔的卵径、受精率、孵化率及生长、存活和变态的相关指标进行了分析。结果表明:各家系蛤仔的卵径、受精率无显著差异(P>0.05,n=90),但孵化率有明显差异(P<0.05,n=90)。在不同时期各家系蛤仔的生长情况不同。幼虫期间,9日龄C2生长最快比生长最慢的F2平均壳长大28.24%,且差异显著(P<0.05,n=90)。D3绝对生长最大比平均值高37.24%。稚贝期间,40日龄I1生长最快比生长最慢的B3平均壳长大78.29%,且差异显著(P<0.05,n=90)。I1绝对生长也最大比平均值高87.61%,其中400～500μm个体占30%,500μm以上个体占53.33%,家系内个体趋于大型化,而B1、B3家系内个体生长性状出现衰退现象,趋于小型化,300μm以下个体分别占整个家系的83.33%、90%。在相同时期各家系蛤仔的存活率不同。幼虫期间,9日龄I2存活率最高比平均存活率高94.14%,E3存活率最低比平均存活率低72.65%。稚贝期间,40日龄时各家系稚贝的存活率较高,都在85%以上。变态期间,同胞...     

杂色蛤仔垦区育苗中浮游幼虫与稚贝的培育

福建省在20世纪80年代初期建立了杂色蛤仔(Venerupis variegata)土池育苗的技术工艺，此后，逐步向大面积的垦区育苗发展，并在生产实践巾不断完善育苗工艺，苗种产量亦随之提高。本文根据笔者l998～2002年在福建省福清、平潭两地蛤苗生产中积累的经验，介绍杂色蛤仔垦区育苗中浮游幼虫与稚贝培育各主要环节的技术要点。     

菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期不同培育密度对生长、成活率的影响

2001年～2002年在大连普兰店市进行了菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期在大水体培育条件下,培育密度为260万～400万枚/m2对稚贝的日生长速度、成活率的影响试验,2001年试验中总平均日生长速度为44 7μm,出苗量为12 168亿枚,成活率为85 4%;2002年试验中总平均日生长速度为39 2μm,出苗量为15 47亿枚,成活率为90 7%。试验表明,菲律宾哈仔稚贝培育密度为260万～400万枚/m2在实际生产中是可行的,对稚贝的日生长速度、成活率影响不显著。     

Small-scale variation in feeding environments for the Manila clam <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ruditapes philippinarum</Emphasis> in a tidal flat in Tokyo Bay

The relative contribution of particulate organic matters (POMs) in water column and sediment as a food source for the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, was studied using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic method (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in a tidal flat at Seaside Park, Yokohama, Japan. Comparisons of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N among R. philippinarum and POMs in surface water, bottom water, and sediment surface indicated that R. philippinarum larger than 5 mm shell length (SL) mainly assimilated benthic POM, and individuals smaller than 5 mm SL assimilated benthic and pelagic POM. Continuous measurements of chlorophyll concentrations in the bottom water revealed tide-driven resuspension of the benthic phytopigments. R. philippinarum showed differences in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N along an inshore–offshore transect, indicating small-scale spatial differences in POM provision in the tidal flat. These findings suggest that POM in the bottom water, supposedly inhaled by R. philippinarum, is a mixture of a larger proportion of resuspended benthic POM and a smaller proportion of pelagic POM, and that the mixing ratio of the POMs may be affected by the hydrodynamics of flooding water associated with tidal flat topography.     

Limnology of Macrobrachium amazonicum grow‐out ponds subject to high inflow of nutrient‐rich water and different stocking and harvest management

We evaluated the water characteristics and particle sedimentation in Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller 1862) grow‐out ponds supplied with a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water. Prawns were subject to different stocking and harvesting strategies: upper‐graded juveniles, lower‐graded juveniles, non‐graded juveniles+selective harvesting and traditional farming (non‐grading juveniles and total harvest only). Dissolved oxygen, afternoon N‐ammonia and N‐nitrate and soluble orthophosphate were lower in the ponds in comparison with inflow water through the rearing cycle. Ponds stocked with the upper population fraction of graded prawns showed higher turbidity, total suspended solids and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than the remaining treatments. An increase in the chemical oxygen demand:biochemical oxygen demand ratio from inlet (4.9) to pond (7.1–8.0) waters indicated a non‐readily biodegradable fraction enhancement in ponds. The sedimentation mean rate ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 mm day^?1 and sediment contained >80% of organic matter. The major factors affecting pond ecosystem dynamic were the organic load (due to primary production and feed addition) and bioturbation caused by stocking larger animals. Data suggest that M. amazonicum grow‐out in ponds subjected to a high inflow of nutrient‐rich water produce changes in the water properties, huge accumulation of organic sediment at the pond bottom and non‐readily biodegradable material in the water column. However, the water quality remains suitable for aquaculture purposes. Therefore, nutrient‐rich waters, when available, may represent a source of unpaid nutrients, which may be incorporated into economically valued biomass if managed properly.     

Physical and chemical characteristics of sediments in catfish, freshwater prawn and carp ponds in Thailand

Sediment samples were collected from 42 catfish (Clarias hybrid) ponds, 40 freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds and 18 carp (Puntius spp.) ponds in Thailand. Regression analysis revealed that pond age (1–30 years) was not a major factor influencing the physical and chemical composition of pond sediments. Sediment depth, F+S horizon thickness and bulk density of S horizon were greater (P<0.05) in carp ponds than in catfish and prawn ponds. This occurred because sediment was removed from catfish and prawn ponds more frequently than from carp ponds. Total carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations were greater (P<0.05) in carp ponds than prawn and catfish ponds. Few ponds had sediment organic carbon concentrations above 3%, and carbon:nitrogen ratio values did not differ (P>0.05) among ponds for the three species. Total phosphorus and other sediment phosphorus fractions increased in the order prawn ponds, carp ponds and catfish ponds. Sediment sulphur concentrations also increased in the same order. There were no differences in major or minor nutrient concentrations in sediment that would influence aquacultural production. Although there were significant correlations (P<0.05) between various sediment quality variables, no single variable or group of variables would be useful in estimating sediment quality. Pond bottom management practices used by producers in Thailand included drying of pond bottoms between crops, liming, tilling and periodic sediment removal. These practices have maintained relatively good bottom quality. They should be continued in Thailand and adopted in other places.     

Influence of Nursery Period on the Growth and Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Under Pond Production Conditions

Techniques for head starting or nursing postlarvae (PL) has received considerable attention with regards to nursery protocols, yet there is little data pertaining to the effects of nursery period on the final growout of shrimp to marketable size. This study was performed to investigate the influence of nursery duration on survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei during subsequent pond culture. For this research, a single population of high health PL were received from a commercial hatchery and held in a tank for acclimation, quantification, and distribution to nursery tanks or ponds. Treatments included direct stocking of 10-d-old postlarvae (PL₁₀) into production ponds as well as the nursing of PL in a covered greenhouse nursery system for an additional 10 or 20 d. After nursing, the PL were harvested, quantified, and transferred to growout ponds. All ponds were stocked at a density of 35 PL/m² and maintained under standardized conditions. Shrimp were fed with a 35% protein shrimp feed, twice daily during the 112-d growth trial. Ponds were aerated as needed using a maximum of 19 hp/ha to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen (DO > 3.0). No statistical differences (P >0.05) were found in survival, yield, or growth between treatments. At harvest, survivals during growout were generally higher in ponds with nursed shrimp (77% for PL₂₀ and 79% for PL₃₀) than in ponds receiving PL₁₀ shrimp (67%). Yields were similar between treatments, ranging from 3,525 for direct stocked shrimp to 3,747 kg/ha for those that were nursed for 10 d. Although growth rates of PL under pond conditions will be faster than that of a nursery system, results suggest that a nursery period of at least 10 d helps improve survival during pond production and promotes better size uniformity. Shrimp nursed for 20 d showed little improvement in survival over shrimp nursed for 10 d but did result in a more uniform size of shrimp at harvest.     

Enhancing productivity of Labeo victorianus ponds using maize flour as a carbohydrate source

This study investigated the effects of manipulating carbon–nitrogen (C/N) ratio and fish stocking density on pond productivity: total heterotrophic bacteria counts, plankton biovolume and benthic macro‐invertebrates. Labeo victorianus juveniles were reared for 72 days in 18 hapas suspended in six ponds measuring 150 m² at densities of 10, 15 and 25 fish m^?2. Fish in hapas received a locally formulated and prepared feed containing 295 g kg^?1 crude protein, and ponds were treated with a C/N ratio of either 10 or 20. All treatments were carried out in triplicate. Increasing C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased phytoplankton by 13% and zooplankton biovolume by 25% in the water column (P < 0.001). Total benthic macro‐invertebrates biovolumes were also 30% higher (P < 0.05) with a C/N ratio of 20 compared to 10. Total heterotrophic bacteria counts increased both in water and sediment by 29% while net yield increased by 15% from 1534 (C/N 10) to 1821 (C/N 20) kg ha^?1 72 day^?1. C/N ratio of 20 and a stocking density of 25 fish m^?2 led to the highest yield, survival, production and net benefits. It is suggested that polyculture may lead to better utilization of pond communities to further improve pond productivity.     

Bacterial community of pond's water,sediment and in the guts of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles characterized by fluorescent in situ hybridization technique

Information about bacterial community structure and functioning in fish farming ponds remains scarce, mainly due to methodological difficulties in counting and identifying uncultured bacteria. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of similarity between the bacterial community of the digestive tract of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles and that of the test pond's water and sediment, using the Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique. Samples of water, sediment and gut content of 30 tilapia juveniles from a single nursery ground were collected in January 2010. Potentially probiotic and pathogenic bacteria of the species Bacillus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus collinoides, Lactobacillus coryniformis, Lactobacillus farciminis, Vibrio and Pseudomonas fluorescens were found in different samples using specific fluorescent probes. The similarity between bacterial community environments and gastrointestinal tracts was determined using the Morisita‐Horn index. The fish guts presented higher abundances of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus collinoides. The bacterial community composition of tilapia gastrointestinal tract was more similar to the water than the sediment of the pond. The results of this study showed that the FISH technique can be easily used for monitoring of probiotics and pathogen detection in aquaculture systems.     

绍兴市凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘的理化环境和浮游植物

2016年和2017年分别调查了位于浙江省绍兴市滨海新区的12口凡纳滨对虾围垦滩涂养殖池塘内的理化环境和浮游植物。结果显示:池塘内盐度变化范围为0~2,溶氧为6.2~13.9 mg/L,pH为7.5~9.8,总氨氮(TAN)为0.00~0.72 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)为0.00~1.70 mg/L,硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)为0.18~4.77 mg/L,总氮为1.74~6.08 mg/L,总磷为0.20~2.72 mg/L,总有机碳为1.88~42.57 mg/L,C/N为10~39。池塘内浮游植物种类隶属6门、24科、42属,其中蓝藻和绿藻为优势种。浮游植物生物量为(0.15~2.30)×107cell/L,叶绿素a(Chl.a)为2.62~37.24μg/L。Chl.a与蓝藻生物量显著正相关。NO_2~--N和NO3--N均与pH显著负相关。初步分析认为高pH可能是导致2016年池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾死亡率较高的重要原因,因此采取措施控制蓝藻生物量和水体的p H应有助于提高对虾养殖的存活率。     

Experimental nursery culture of the mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla paramamosain</Emphasis> (Estampador) in China

For the improvement of nursery culture of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, a special nursery facility was purposely designed and built. This facility consists of nursery ponds (areas of 20, 50, and 120 m², respectively) and a seed collecting pond connected to each nursery pond. There were 140 nursery facility units in operation for large-scale juvenile crab production. A series of experiments were carried out using the facility to investigate the effects of the age of megalopae, stocking density, and culture duration of both megalopae and first-stage crabs on the survival of megalopae and early juveniles of S. paramamosain. The results showed that when megalopae were stocked at a density between 3,000 and 5,000 ind m⁻² and reared to reach the first-stage crabs, a survival rate of up to 50% could be achieved. When the first-stage juvenile crabs were stocked at a density between 2,000 and 3,000 ind m⁻², their survival was more than 50% after 14 days of culture.     

鱼蚌混养对池塘水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响

2012年4月26日—2012年12月12日通过在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中放养不同密度的三角帆蚌,研究不同三角帆蚌放养比例对鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中水质、藻相结构及三角帆蚌生长的影响。实验中,鲢鳙放养比例统一为3∶7,总密度为1.5尾/m3。三角帆蚌放养密度则设置4个水平,分别为单养鲢鳙鱼池塘(0只/m3),低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(0.8只/m3),中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.0只/m3)和高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘(1.2只/m3)。结果显示,混养三角帆蚌池塘的水化指标(TP、PO4-P、NH3-N、NO2-N和NO3-N)均显著低于单养鱼池塘。中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘除NH3-N和化学需氧量(COD)与低密度三角帆蚌混养池塘无显著差异外,其他各项水化指标均显著低于其他3个池塘,并且极显著低于单养鲢鳙鱼池塘。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘藻类平均密度均极显著高于鱼蚌混养池塘,其中在鱼蚌混养池塘中浮游植物密度与三角帆蚌密度成负相关关系。单养鲢鳙鱼池塘的浮游植物生物量均极显著低于中、高密度鱼蚌混养池塘,并且显著低于低密度混养池塘。浮游植物生物量与三角帆蚌密度成正相关关系,鱼蚌池塘中绿藻和裸藻的生物量在养殖过程中上升显著。低、中密度三角帆蚌混养池塘三角帆蚌存活率均显著高于高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘;低密度混养池塘中蚌湿重、壳长及壳宽相对增长率均为最大,显著高于中、高密度三角帆蚌混养池塘。研究表明,养鱼池塘混养三角帆蚌不仅能改善养殖池塘的水质,还能控制藻类数量,促使绿藻和裸藻等大型藻类的生长,提高养殖水体浮游植物的生物量总量,最终还能有效提高三角帆蚌的存活率及生长率。从改善水质,藻相结构,蚌成活率及生长等指标角度考虑,在鲢鳙鱼养殖池塘中,三角帆蚌最佳放养密度为1.0只/m3。     

The effects of commercial bacterial products on macrobenthos community in shrimp culture ponds

This study was conducted to assess the effects of commercial bacterialproducts on the composition and abundance of macrobenthos in commercial tigerprawn Penaeus monodon culture ponds. Nine brackishwaterponds, with an area of 0.5 ha each were used for this study. Twocommercial bacterial products (T₁ and T₂) were applied inthree ponds each. Another three ponds served as the control. Sediment samplesfrom all ponds were analyzed for the nitrogen, phosphorus and organic mattercontents, and macrobenthos. Total nitrogen and total carbon concentrations inthe sediments of T₁ were significantly lower (p< 0.05) thanT₂. In addition, total nitrogen in T₁ pond sediment wassignificantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control towardsthe end of the culture period. There were no significant differences in totalphosphorus amongst treatments. The study revealed the presence of four majorgroups of macrobenthos in all treatments; gastropods, bivalve, polychaetes andinsect larvae. The total density of macrobenthos in all ponds, exceptgastropods, showed a decreasing trend with the progress in culture indicatingeither predation by shrimp or deterioration of pond bottom. T₁ hadsignificantly (p < 0.05) higher density of polychaetescompared to the T₂ and the control.