牛粪-化肥配施对水稻氮素利用的影响

采用盆栽试验,在等氮量替代条件下,研究了经黑水虻处理后所得牛粪物料与化肥配施对水稻田面水氮素浓度、土壤氮素含量、水稻产量及水稻氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥的M_1处理相比,50%牛粪物料配施50%化肥的M_3处理效果最好,水稻籽粒产量、籽粒氮素累积量、氮肥利用率和土壤氮含量最高;牛粪物料配施化肥能降低田面水氮素浓度,其中M_3处理田面水氮素浓度较M_1处理下降了15.90%,差异显著。     

牛粪-化肥配施对水稻氮素利用的影响

采用盆栽试验,在等氮量替代条件下,研究了经黑水虻处理后所得牛粪物料与化肥配施对水稻田面水氮素浓度、土壤氮素含量、水稻产量及水稻氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:与单施化肥的M_1处理相比,50%牛粪物料配施50%化肥的M_3处理效果最好,水稻籽粒产量、籽粒氮素累积量、氮肥利用率和土壤氮含量最高;牛粪物料配施化肥能降低田面水氮素浓度,其中M_3处理田面水氮素浓度较M_1处理下降了15.90%,差异显著。     

液体牛粪与化肥配施对东北春玉米农田土壤磷素平衡的影响

为探究液体牛粪与化肥配施对玉米产量、植株养分吸收及土壤磷素淋洗与磷素盈亏的影响,田间条件下共设置6个处理,按照N 200 kg·hm-2、P2O5 100 kg·hm-2、K2O 80 kg·hm-2为总养分投入量进行施肥,包括不施肥（CK）、农户常规施化肥（F）、化肥与液体牛粪配施,并设置不同牛粪用量,分别为30、6...     

秸秆配施氮磷化肥对潮土氮磷含量变化的影响

采用室内恒温培养法研究了秸秆配施氮、磷肥对潮土供氮磷特性的影响．结果表明：秸秆施入土壤２～３个月后,土壤碱解氮有明显提高．秸秆单施或与磷肥配施,矿化过程表现为前期净固持后期净矿化．配施氮肥,麦秸和玉米秸前期矿化氮释放量很少,而花生秸矿化可明显提高土壤碱解氮水平．不同秸秆矿化对土壤速效磷影响不同,这与其Ｃ／Ｐ比有关,但前期（１～２个月）都能提高土壤速效磷水平．     

牛粪化肥配施对稻田下渗水氮素流失和水稻氮素积累的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了牛粪与化肥不同比例配施[100%化肥(100%CF)、70%化肥+30%牛粪(70%CF+30%MF)、50%化肥+50%牛粪(50%CF+50%MF)、30%化肥+70%牛粪(30%CF+70%MF)]的稻田土壤中20、40、60 cm处下渗水中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)的时空变化、氮素下渗流失量和水稻氮素积累特征。结果表明:不同处理的TN、NH_4~+-N和NO3--N流失量以水稻分蘖期较大,氮素流失以NH_4~+-N为主,占TN流失的64.3%～76.7%,后期氮素流失较少;50%CF+50%MF在60 cm处下渗水TN时间间隔加权平均浓度高于上层,其他处理的TN均表现为随土层深度增加而减小。不同处理的氮素流失量中以50%CF+50%MF最高,为23.12 kg·hm-2,显著高于其他处理。水稻产量随牛粪配施量增加而降低,但不同处理之间无显著差异;30%CF+70%MF处理显著降低水稻地上部植株氮素累积量,不利于水稻对氮素的吸收利用。因此,综合考虑水稻产量和氮素流失情况,70%CF+30%MF是值得推荐的最优配比。     

牛粪化肥最优配比条件下不同轮作方式对稻田氮磷流失的影响

为探讨牛粪化肥最优配比条件下不同轮作方式对稻田氮磷流失的影响,通过田间小区试验设置Y-OL（70%化肥+30%牛粪-黑麦草-水稻）、Y-OV（70%化肥+30%牛粪-紫花苕-水稻）、Y-ON（70%化肥+30%牛粪-冬闲-水稻）3种轮作处理,以C-ON（100%化肥-冬闲-水稻）为对照,研究不同轮作模式下水稻产量及稻田田面水、下渗水、径流中的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度变化特征。结果表明：不同处理田面水TN浓度在施穗肥后第2 d达到峰值,TP浓度在施基肥第2 d达到峰值,且最高值均出现在Y-ON处理; C-ON和Y-ON处理下渗水TN浓度在施基肥第2 d出现峰值,Y-OL和Y-OV处理下渗水TN浓度在施穗肥后第2 d出现峰值,在整个水稻生育期Y-OV处理下渗水TP浓度整体低于其他处理;不同处理间稻田氮磷径流流失量无显著差异,稻田氮磷径流流失量与降雨量极显著相关,且降雨量最大时,各处理TN径流流失量占径流流失总量的70.24%~73.42%,TP径流流失量占径流流失总量的35.12%~42.42%; Y-OV、Y-OL、Y-ON处理TN总流失量与C-ON相比分别降低43.92%、25.21%、35.74%,Y-OL、Y-ON处理TP总流失量与C-ON相比分别显著上升66.67%、13.13%,Y-OV处理TP总流失量与C-ON无显著差异; Y-OV、Y-OL、Y-ON各处理水稻产量与C-ON相比无显著差异。研究表明,70%化肥+30%牛粪施肥条件下,紫花苕-水稻的轮作方式可保证水稻产量,有效降低下渗水和径流中氮素流失量且维持较低水平的磷素流失量,是一种有效减少氮磷面源污染、增加土地利用效率的种植模式。     

秸秆单施或配施氮,磷化肥对潮土供应氮磷特性的影响

采用室内恒温培养法研究了秸秆单施或配施氮、磷肥对潮土供氮磷特性的影响。结果表明;秸秆施入土壤２－３个月后,土壤碱解氮有明显提高。秸秆单施或与磷肥配施,矿化过程表现为前期净固持,后期净矿化。配施氮肥,麦秸和玉米秸前期矿化氮释放量很少,而花生秸矿化可明显提高土壤碱解氮水平。不同秸秆矿化对土壤速效磷影响不同,这与其Ｃ／Ｐ有关,但前期（１－２个月）都能提高土壤速效磷水平。     

北疆膜下滴灌玉米氮磷配施效应研究

为了提高滴灌玉米产量,降低氮磷肥料的浪费,采用二因素试验设计,研究了北疆中高产田氮磷配施对滴灌玉米产量的影响。结果表明:不同生育期,氮磷平衡施肥对滴灌玉米的生长有着重要的作用。在本研究条件下,氮磷施用比例前中后期分别为1:0.2、1:0.4、1:0.2时,滴灌玉米产量最高,氮磷施用比例前中后期分别为1:0.2、1:0.4、1:0.4时,产量次之。因此,北疆中高产田滴灌玉米生产中应适量施用氮肥,按玉米生育时期控施磷肥,配施锌等微量元素肥料,以保证在取得高产的同时取得较好的经济效益。     

秸秆配施氮磷化肥对潮土氮磷含量变化的影响

采用室内恒温培养法研究了秸秆配施氮,磷肥对潮土供氮磷特性的影响。结果表明：秸秆施入土壤２～３个月后,土壤碱解氨有明显提高,秸秆单施或与磷肥配施,矿化过程表现为前期净固持后期净矿化,配施氮肥,麦秸和玉米秸前期矿化氮释放量很少,而花生秸矿化可明显提高土壤碱解氨水平,不同埕秆矿化对土速效磷影响不同,这与其Ｃ／Ｐ比有关,但前期（１～２个月）都能提高土壤速效磷水平。     

缓释肥占基肥比例对单季晚稻分蘖和氮素吸收利用的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究在基肥中施用不同比例的缓释肥对单季晚稻分蘖动态、水稻生长和氮素吸收的影响,拟为单季晚稻一次性施肥技术提供理论指导。试验共设5个处理:N0,不施氮;CF,常规施肥;20%SRN,基肥中20%的氮用缓释氮肥提供;40%SRN,基肥中40%的氮用缓释氮肥提供;60%SRN,基肥中60%的氮用缓释氮肥提供。除N0外,各处理的施氮量相等。结果表明:各施氮处理的水稻分蘖数随移栽时间的变化均符合一元二次方程(P<0.05)。与CF相比,施用缓释肥并未显著(P>0.05)增加水稻的理论最大分蘖数和成穗率,对水稻产量亦无显著影响。在分蘖盛期、孕穗期,各施氮处理根部和地上部的氮素累积量无显著差异,但与CF处理相比,20%SRN和40%SRN处理显著(P<0.05)降低了水稻成熟期地上部的氮素吸收量和氮素表观利用率。综上,与CF处理相比,在基肥中施用不同比例的缓释氮肥并不会增加水稻的无效分蘖。60%SRN处理的水稻产量、成穗率、氮素吸收利用与CF处理并无显著差异。     

长期施用猪粪对土壤磷含量及无机磷组分的影响

为研究长期猪粪施用下土壤无机磷组分变化及其对土壤磷素有效性的影响,本研究通过7 a定位试验,探明了稻-麦轮作中不同猪粪磷施用量下土壤磷素有效性以及土壤无机磷组分含量变化特征,并采用通径系数与逐步回归拟合方程剖析了土壤无机磷组分变化对磷有效性的贡献。结果表明：长期施用猪粪显著提升了土壤磷素有效性及土壤中各无机磷组分含量,...     

浮床水稻对水中N、P的去除作用

采用有孔洞的泡沫板为栽培定植板,研究水稻对3种不同浓度污水中N、P的去除作用.结果表明,水稻对低、中、高浓度污水的TN去除率分别为54.5％、71.0％、66.3％,对低、中、高浓度污水的NH4+-N去除率分别为67.2％、75.6％、72.7％,对低、中、高浓度污水的TP去除率分别为69.4％、72.3％、55.1％.水稻对中浓度污水中TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率最高,均超过了70％.水稻可用于受损水体的生物/生态修复.     

粪肥增施对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为探究不同用量粪肥增施对水稻生产的影响,在等氮施用化肥的基础上开展盆栽试验,通过系统分析水稻产量、氮素利用效率、水稻收获后土壤理化性质等指标,以及水稻叶片叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）、田面水无机氮素浓度的动态变化特征,对粪肥增施的最佳用量进行了研究。结果表明：在施用尿素（192.8 kg·hm^-2,以N计）的基础上,增施0.75倍粪肥（相当于增施N 115.1kg·hm^-2）的效果最佳,秸秆产量、籽粒产量、穗数、分蘖数、株高、秸秆吸氮量和籽粒吸氮量等指标均达到最高,与单施尿素相比,分别提高36.2%、46.4%、12.1%、16.1%、0.7%、48.5%和56.3%;氮素利用指标（氮素利用率、氮肥贡献率、氮肥农学效率和土壤氮素依存率）得到显著优化（P<0.05）;追施穗肥后田面水中铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）的平均浓度分别下降10.4%和10.3%,表明适量增施粪肥会有效降低田面水中氮素的流失风险。另外,增施粪肥对土壤养分含量具有促进作用,其中土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和铵态氮含量随粪肥增施量的增加而提高。研究表明,在施用化肥基础上增施0.75倍粪肥,可最大程度实现水稻增产和氮素利用效率的提升,同时降低氮素流失风险。研究结果可为水稻生产中有机无机肥配施比例的确定提供参考。     

添加砻糠对猪粪堆肥发酵层温度及氮素变化的影响

研究砻糠不同添加量对猪粪堆肥发酵温层、含水率及氮素变化的影响。试验表明,在堆肥过程中,添加砻糠并接种发酵菌剂可明显提高发酵起始温度,加快堆肥发酵进程,可以不同程度地减轻氮素损失与堆肥恶臭,并以20％砻糠添加量为宜。经堆肥发酵,物料硝态氮含量均减少,铵态氮含量则有增有减,但不同处理变化幅度差异较大。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions

Four rice cultivars were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield and characteristics of nitrogen uptake under two soil conditions (sandy and clay soil) in soil culture pool. The results were as follows. First, yield of rice in sandy and clay soil was increased by nitrogen application, and that in clay soil was higher than that in sandy soil, but the effect of nitrogen on yield increment was greater in sandy soil than in clay soil. Second, nitrogen utilization of rice was different under different soil conditions. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and physiological Nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were higher in sandy soil than in clay soil. Apparent Nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE), partial factor productivity for applied Nitrogen (PFP), and soil Nitrogen dependent rate (SNDR) were higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. Agronomic Nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was varied in different cultivars under different soil conditions. Third, N harvest index, agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency, partial factor productivity for applied N, and soil N dependent rate were decreased significantly with the increment of the amount of nitrogen applied under two soil conditions. In sandy soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing nitrogen application and reached the highest value at high nitrogen level. However, in clay soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing of nitrogen application at first, and reached the highest value at medium nitrogen level, then decreased dramatically at high nitrogen level. Fourth, N uptake rate for rice straw and for rice grain and total N uptake rate for rice were higher in sandy clay soil than in sandy soil, but the difference between them was relatively small. Fifth, under different soil conditions, there were significant genotypic differences in the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and characteristics of nitrogen uptake. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2005, 31(11): 1422–1428 [译自: 作物学报]     

Effects of phosphate fertilizer and manure on Chinese cabbage yield and soil phosphorus accumulation

The yield response of Chinese cabbage to phosphate fertilizer and manure was studied. The effect of over-application of phosphate fertilizer and manure on plant total phosphorus content and phosphorus accumulation in soil was also investigated. The experiment was arranged in a plastic barrel in the field for two years. Application of phosphate fertilizer at the rates of 150–600 mg·kg⁻¹ gave a yield increase of 14.9%–21.5% of Chinese cabbage. Application of manure at the rates of 33.3–-133.2 g·kg⁻¹ gave a yield increase of 18.2%–25.9%of the crop. There was no significant difference of yield response at the rates of 150, 300 and 600 mg·kg⁻¹ phosphate fertilizer, and no significant yield response to the application of phosphate fertilizer after applying manure. The total P content in Chinese cabbage was increased gradually with the rate increase of phosphate fertilizer and manure. Phosphorus was absorbed luxuriously by the plant with over-application phosphate fertilizer and manure. The content of total-P, Olsen-P, water-soluble P, biological available P in the soil was increased with the rate of phosphate fertilizer and manure. Organic phosphorus in the soil was increased by the application of manure. Olsen-P had high correlations with water-soluble-P and biological available-P, but there was a poor relationship between Olsen-P and organic-P. __________ Translated from Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(10): 2147–2153 [译自: 中国农业科学]     

前茬冬作马铃薯的早稻氮肥合理调控初步试验

为进一步探讨前茬冬作马铃薯的早稻氮肥合理调控,进行了不同施氮量对早稻产量的影响试验。结果表明,早稻施氮量为60 kg/hm~2时产量显著高于施氮量为90、120 kg/hm~2的处理,抗倒伏能力强,同时氮素农学利用效率和偏生产力均具有显著优势。此外,施用有机肥的增产效果显著。建议前茬冬作马铃薯的早稻氮肥减施70%~80%,合理施用有机肥,有利于提高产量、提高利用率、增加经济收益。