全薯山药粉生产工艺研究

以山药为原料进行了全薯山药粉生产工艺研究。通过对全薯山药粉生产中先蒸煮再分离的工艺改进,不仅节约了护色成本,而且护色效果良好;通过对全薯山药粉生产中皮和薯分别粉碎然后再膨化造粒的工艺改进,不仅节约了山药原料成本1 969元/t,而且实现了山药价值的全部利用。     

宝坻地区山药高产栽培技术

<正>1品种选择应选择抗旱、耐寒力较强、品质好、抗病性强、产量高的品种,本地近几年选用的品种以农大长山药一号为主。2种薯处理山药多用山药栽子作为播种材料,有时也用山药段子或山药零余子(山药蛋)进行播种。对种薯进行必要的     

山药高产栽培技术

本文从山药的种薯准备、播种、田间管理及采收等方面介绍了山药的主要栽培技术。     

山药的加工与贮藏方法

山药，别名鲜山药（江苏）、怀山药（河南）、山薯（福建、广西）、理毛条（云南）、山药薯（湖南）等，以根茎入药，具有补脾胃、益肺肾的功能，系药食之佳品。全国年正常销售量为600万kg。山药可加工成毛山药、光山药和出口山药，其经济价值相差较大。山药每年11月至翌年3月采收．现将各种山药加工和贮藏方法介绍如下：     

廉江平坦淮山薯与河南铁棍山药中10种元素的比较与分析

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对广东省廉江市平坦淮山薯与河南铁棍山药样品中Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Ca、Mg、Cd、As、Pb这10种元素的含量进行了测定分析。结果表明,廉江平坦淮山薯与河南铁棍山药均含有丰富的人体必需元素;同种样品中不同元素的差异较大,河南铁棍山药中Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg元素含量较为丰富,显著高于廉江平坦淮山薯(P0.05),分别是平坦淮山薯的1.6倍、3.0倍、1.8倍、2.8倍;而其Fe、Zn、Cu、Ni元素含量略高于平坦淮山薯;两种山药中Cd、As、Pb 3种元素含量较低。     

山药试管薯打破休眠技术研究

以福建地方品种明溪淮山试管薯为材料,研究不同浓度双氧水、赤霉素浸种以及机械处理对打破山药试管薯休眠的效果。结果表明,机械处理能有效打破山药试管薯休眠,促进早萌芽,效果显著。不同浓度双氧水和赤霉素处理均有一定作用,但效果差。     

不同外源激素处理对扦插山药块茎生长和活性的影响

研究不同外源激素对山药扦插苗地下块茎生长和酶活性的影响,为提高山药微型薯活性和产量提供有效的控施途径。以适合浙西地区种植的9种山药品种为供试材料,四个时期喷施不同激素,以空白为对照,测定不同品种农艺性状和酶活性。试验结果表明矮壮素和褪黑素施用对处理的试验中大部分山药品种块茎膨大存在一定增重作用,0.3μmol/L吲哚乙酸喷施能有效促进山药扦插苗块茎的生长和酶活性的提高,50 mg/L赤霉素和30 mg/L脱落酸喷施针对部分山药块茎酶活性有促进作用,个别品种存在抑制现象。山药块茎生长性状和酶活性的聚类分析中,不同激素处理下的生长性状和酶活性均分为3类,Ⅰ类对褪黑素和矮壮素喷施较为敏感,Ⅱ类属于对矮壮素和赤霉素喷施较为敏感的品种,Ⅲ类综合3个指标矮壮素喷施最为显著。该研究为生产中利用外源激素提高山药扦插苗微型薯抗氧化酶活性和产量提供一定参考。     

海南野生山薯的营养成分分析及聚类分析

海南是山薯的起源地之一,含丰富的野生山薯资源。本研究收集了63份海南野生山薯,以铁棍山药为对照,对其干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗多糖和蛋白质含量等营养性状进行测定和比较分析。结果表明:海南野生山薯的干物质含量介于21.74%~46.85%、淀粉含量(DW)介于13.01%~61.00%、可溶性糖含量(DW)介于0.59%~13.08%,粗多糖含量(DW)介于7.58%~23.04%,蛋白质含量(DW)介于7.25%~10.73%。63份不同山薯种质之间的营养品质含量之间存在差异,除了蛋白质含量的均值低于铁棍山药以外,干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗多糖含量的均值均高于铁棍山药。通过对营养性状的聚类分析,将63份山薯种质分成7个类群,类群Ⅰ中的Df9和Df46品质均较为优秀,类群Ⅱ整体淀粉含量较高。其他5个类群中共有8份种质,各个营养指标的最大值或最小值均在这8份种质中。研究结果表明海南野生山薯具有较高的营养价值,为山薯种质的开发利用奠定基础。     

不同山药地方品种的特征特性分析

本文对征集自有关省区的九个山药地方品种的植物学形态特征、种薯萌芽出苗特性及生产力水平作了全面分析，结果表明：江苏射阳怀山药、昆明淮山药、禄丰脚板山药、梁河梨子山药、永平白山药、贵州安顺山药的萌芽出苗能力较强；禄丰白册药、禄丰脚板山药、射阳怀山药品种的综合性状较好，生产力水平较高，对云南的气候条件有较强的适应性，可适时早栽，延长其生育时期，提高山药的产量和品质，获得较好的经济效益。     

我国在山药上批准登记的农药产品

<正>山药又称大薯、薯蓣、薯芋、佛掌薯、怀山药、山蓣,属薯蓣科薯蓣属,为一年生或多年生缠绕性藤本植物,是药食兼用的古老作物。除东北、西北高寒地区外,其他各省均可栽培。主要栽培于河南、山西、陕西、江苏、浙江、湖南、湖北、四川、贵州、云南、广东等省。南北方分别于3月、4月中下旬栽种,10月至11月初收获。山药高产、耐贮运,供应期长,是     

我国保健食品的发展现状及趋势

阐述了保健食品的基本概念及我国保健食品发展的三个阶段。分析了近年来国内外保健食品的发展状况,以及国内保健食品存在的问题和未来的发展趋势等。     

发展我国冷链物流的对策研究

在我国的食品生产与流通消费过程中,落后的冷链物流体系不仅造成了巨大的经济损失,还对食品安全构成了威胁。分析了我国冷链物流的发展现状及其存在的主要问题,并提出相应的发展对策。     

Possible Residual Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Gibberellin Biosynthesis Inhibitors on Sprouting, Early Bulbil Formation and Tuber Yield in Chinese Yam

The residual effect of gibberellic acid (GA) and plant growth retardants [mepiquat chloride (MC) and trinexapac‐ethyl (TNE)], on Chinese yam plants was examined. Bulbil formation in MC and TNE‐treated tubers was earlier than that of the control and GA treatment. Bulbils in GA‐treated tubers increased the ratio of bulbil size (>4 mm) compared with the control. The highest GA treatment was fivefold more increased than that of the control. Bulbil yield per hectare was significantly increased by the elevated GA application compared with the control. The more MC concentration was elevated the more the ratio of bulbil size (>4 mm) increased. Bulbil yield was highest in the MC concentration (400 p.p.m.). The more TNE concentration was elevated the more the ratio of bulbil size (>4 mm) increased. Similar to MC treatment, TNE treatment showed the effect of bulbil enlargement in all the concentrations. This suggests that MC is the most effective growth retardant to induce bulbil enlargement and formation, and to increase bulbil and tuber yield in Chinese yams.     

不同品种山药加工脆片适宜性评价

以13个山药品种为研究对象,测定其水分、淀粉和还原糖含量以及13个山药品种制得的干片及脆片的剪切力、色差等品质指标,以确定最适宜脆片加工的山药品种。结果表明,山药原料含水量和还原糖含量对脆片品质影响显著;筛选出适合用于脆片加工的山药品种有GZGY008和平坝双胞山药,这两种山药的含水量分别为84.59%和84.06%,还原糖含量分别为0.82%和0.84%,所得脆片色泽好,风味佳,口感酥脆,可为企业实际生产提供参考。     

基地蔬菜水果中农药残留暴露风险和预警风险评估

通过分析基地蔬菜水果中农药残留现状,初步对201个样品中检出的16种农药残留分别开展暴露风险评估和预警风险评估。在268项暴露风险评估结果中,有119项食品安全指数(IFS)大于1（占44.40%）,基地蔬菜水果中烯酰吗啉、甲维盐、噻虫嗪残留对人体健康安全,其余13种检出农药均应列入风险管理范围、加强风险监测;基地的瓜类、芸薹属类、根茎、薯芋类、叶菜类、茄果类、豆类蔬菜和食用菌都存在不可接受的农药残留风险,只有基地水果安全状态很好;甲霜灵在茄果类蔬菜上风险可以接受,吡虫啉在豆类蔬菜上的风险基本能够接受。在预警风险评估中,超标农药除克百威残留存在中度风险外,吡虫啉、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、氧化乐果均为低度风险;其余检出未超标农药都存在低度风险;中度风险农药克百威和低度风险农药氧乐果、毒死蜱等禁限用农药应作为重点监控对象。     

中国饮食文化中的人文情怀探析

中国饮食文化拥有着博大精深的人文情怀。从缱绻着儒家文化况味的中国饮食文化、融入了情感元素的中国饮食文化、拥有审美品位的中国饮食文化的角度进去解读、探析中国饮食文化中的人文情怀。希望在饮食文化中表现出更多的对人的尊重、对人的关心、对人的爱护,融入更多的人文味道,这将成为中国人对饮食文化的共同追求。     

高效液相色谱法测定烤红薯中丙烯酰胺研究

以烤红薯为研究对象,比较现阶段常用的丙烯酰胺测定方法并优化改进,建立适合于测定烤红薯中丙烯酰胺含量的高效液相色谱方法。最佳色谱条件:DiamonsilRC18(2)色谱柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6 mm),流速0.6 mL/min,流动相:水—甲醇—三氟乙酸(94.9∶5.0∶0.1)等度洗脱,检测波长202 nm,进样量20μL,柱温30℃。在该色谱条件下,对照品的含量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,且回收率较高,重复性好,具有定量准确、快速等特点。采用该方法对市售及实验室自制烤红薯进行测定,结果显示其中丙烯酰胺含量均较低甚至为痕量,对人体健康基本不会构成危害。     

Bayesian network modeling of early growth stages explains yam interplant yield variability and allows for agronomic improvements in West Africa

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are important species, especially for resource-poor farmers of West Africa, where crop yields are affected by early plant size hierarchy linked with uneven emergence. Although the causes of this phenomenon are not fully known, yams, like other vegetatively propagated crops, have heavy planting material that is liable to induce such interplant variability. In addition, planting practices may mitigate this phenomenon via the selection of the seed-tuber size or state. To gain further insight into yam interplant variability, this study identified and quantified, for the first time, the direct and indirect dependency between planting practices, early growth variables and yield components of Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata, the two main food yam species. The experimental dataset came from six field trials carried out in Benin at two locations between 2007 and 2009. Additive Bayesian network modeling was used for structure discovery—its directed acyclic graph offers an ideal background for discussing complex systems when theoretical knowledge is lacking, e.g., for yams. Here we found that the emergence date was the only direct cause of plant yield variability common to both species. For D. rotundata, we observed a direct contribution of the cataphyll number to the plant tuber weight. These combined results suggest the existence of some uncontrolled latent variables (i.e., seed-tuber physiological age and reserves). For D. alata, the model did not reveal any effect of seed-tuber size, despite a strong effect noted for D. rotundata. We suggest that the transposition of traditional native D. rotundata planting practices may have led to oversized D. alata seed-tubers, resulting in wastage of planting material. This study demonstrated that traditional West African cropping systems have a serious drawback concerning the uncontrolled wide range of physiological ages and reserves in seed-tuber lots, which affect the plant size hierarchy and ultimately the marketable yield.     

Ploidy level studies on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dioscorea cayenensis</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dioscorea rotundata</Emphasis> complex core set

The Guinea yams, Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. and D. rotundata Poir. (D. cayenensis–D. rotundata complex), represent a highly important crop, widely distributed in the humid and semi-humid tropics. The ploidy levels of 170 accessions of the core set of Guinea yams from West African countries was determined using flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining. One hundred and eight of the genotypes were found to be tetraploid, 47 were hexaploid and five were octoploid. One mixoploid individual containing tetraploid and hexaploid nuclei was also detected. A deeper analysis considering each separate taxon revealed that while for D. rotundata the majority of individuals were tetraploid, for D. cayenensis this ploidy level was not detected in any of the accessions. Also, no association between ploidy level and place of cultivation was found for the evaluated germplasm. The obtained data is highly valuable for breeding programs of Guinea yam, especially for the optimization of future hybridization experiments directed to the genetic improvement of this economically important crop.     

我国传统发酵食品与高新技术改造

传统发酵食品在我国食品工业中占有举足轻重的地位。传统发酵食品工业中高新技术的应用和工业化水平是一个国家科技水平的真实反映。详细阐述了我国传统发酵食品的发展现状、存在问题及其高新技术改造的原理和应用。