离心泵瞬态空化流动压力脉动及空泡形态

基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和改进的质量输运空化模型,数值模拟了离心泵内瞬态空化流动。数值计算得到的离心泵扬程随有效空化余量的变化与试验结果吻合较好,验证了数值模型和计算方法的准确性。在离心泵叶轮内叶片吸力面、流道中间及叶片压力面布置监测点,分析叶轮内压力脉动特性及瞬态空泡形态。结果表明:叶轮内压力脉动主频为叶轮转频及其谐频;在叶片吸力面,叶轮内压力脉动最大幅值在距进口4/5处最大,流道中间及叶片压力面,压力脉动最大幅值由进口至出口渐渐增大,在出口处最大。叶轮流道内空泡随时间经历发展、断裂、溃灭的周期性变化过程;空泡连续的大尺度再生和溃灭造成压力脉动幅值增大,附着型空泡导致压力脉动幅值减小。     

高速诱导轮离心泵内空化发展可视化实验与数值模拟

为了研究高速诱导轮离心泵内空化发生发展规律,采用高速摄像技术,对离心泵内诱导轮与叶轮流道的空化流动进行可视化研究,并结合CFD数值计算对离心泵内部流场进行模拟分析。结果表明:在空化初生阶段(汽蚀余量为5.0 m),诱导轮叶片前缘出现叶顶泄漏涡空化;在空化发展阶段(汽蚀余量为1.07~5.0 m),流动极为复杂,在诱导轮流道内同时出现叶顶泄漏涡空化、片状空化和云状空化,并且在较低汽蚀余量(汽蚀余量为1.5 m)时,出现不对称空化现象。在空化初生和发展阶段,泵的扬程和效率基本保持不变;在空化恶化阶段(汽蚀余量小于1.07 m),诱导轮流道内基本被空泡堵塞,空泡进入叶轮流道,导致离心泵扬程和效率急剧下降。     

带诱导轮的离心泵空化条件下的效率下降规律

为定量研究空化对离心泵能量转换过程的影响,从流道内空泡分布和叶片载荷分布两方面探讨了离心泵效率下降的规律.基于RNG k-ε湍流方程和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型对带诱导轮的离心泵的空化流动进行了数值模拟,获得了空化条件下影响离心泵效率下降的主要因素,包括扬程、功率及装置净正吸头等,并重点讨论了功率的变化对效率的影响.通过绘制叶片静压分布曲线分析离心泵效率及功率的变化趋势.结果表明：空化对叶片进口和叶片吸力面的压力影响很大;空化发展的过程中,功率的变化可分为3个过程,即功率下降段、功率上升段及迅速下降段;由于功率的下降没有扬程下降剧烈,泵总效率呈下降趋势;根据静压分布曲线及空泡分布图可以发现,叶片靠近后盖板的区域比靠近前盖板区域的空化严重,这也是叶片上不同位置处载荷差异的原因.     

带诱导轮的离心泵空化条件下的效率下降规律

为定量研究空化对离心泵能量转换过程的影响,从流道内空泡分布和叶片载荷分布两方面探讨了离心泵效率下降的规律.基于RNG k-ε湍流方程和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型对带诱导轮的离心泵的空化流动进行了数值模拟,获得了空化条件下影响离心泵效率下降的主要因素,包括扬程、功率及装置净正吸头等,并重点讨论了功率的变化对效率的影响.通过绘制叶片静压分布曲线分析离心泵效率及功率的变化趋势.结果表明：空化对叶片进口和叶片吸力面的压力影响很大;空化发展的过程中,功率的变化可分为3个过程,即功率下降段、功率上升段及迅速下降段;由于功率的下降没有扬程下降剧烈,泵总效率呈下降趋势;根据静压分布曲线及空泡分布图可以发现,叶片靠近后盖板的区域比靠近前盖板区域的空化严重,这也是叶片上不同位置处载荷差异的原因.     

变螺距诱导轮对高速离心泵空化性能的影响

为了研究诱导轮的几何形状以及诱导轮与叶轮之间的相互配合对于高速离心泵的空化性能的影响,基于RNG k-ε模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,对于高速离心泵在前置不同几何结构的变螺距诱导轮和多种诱导轮与叶轮的配合条件下进行了数值模拟.结果表明,与叶片直径线性变化的变螺距诱导轮相比,叶片直径为常数的变螺距诱导轮可以更好地改善高速离心泵的空化性能;诱导轮与叶轮直径轴向距离太小或者过大,将导致叶轮的压力系数与空化数减小,叶轮流道气相体积占比增加,高速离心泵的效率及扬程下降;另外,高速离心泵的空化性能随周向夹角改变而产生很大波动,但是变化规律不明显.     

叶片数对离心泵小流量工况空化特性的影响

为研究小流量下离心泵的空化特性,采用ANSYS CFX 14.5,基于k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型,以3种叶片数叶轮的IS50-65-160型离心泵为研究对象,对其内部空化流动分别进行了数值模拟。为了提高数值计算准确性,进行了网格无关性分析,且从泵空化性能、叶轮所受扭矩及轴向力分析了叶片数对泵小流量下空化特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:当叶片数从4增加至8时,离心泵扬程增加,但其效率变化较复杂。小流量工况下,随着空化系数降低,各叶片数叶轮扭矩与泵扬程均不同步地发生陡降,且出现相似地匍匐下降规律;当扬程下降3%后,各叶轮所受轴向力的大小几乎恒定;单个叶片流道的空泡体积出现突增,明显较其他叶片流道大,各叶片流道空泡分布极不对称。研究发现,离心泵扬程及扭矩匍匐下降特性很可能与不对称叶片空化相关。     

离心泵内部空化流动的数值预测

为了研究离心泵内的空化流动,将完整空化模型和混合流体两相流模型相结合,对比转速为95的离心泵叶轮在设计工况下的空化流动进行数值模拟.介绍了空化流动的模拟方法,通过计算获得了叶片表面压力分布,并得出了该离心泵的有效空化余量一扬程落差特性曲线,有效地预测了流道内空蚀发生的部位和发展情况.结果证明,叶轮内空化区域的增长使离心泵的扬程下降,影响到泵的运转特性;当泵内发生少量空泡时,不会影响到外特性的变化,而当空泡大量发生时,会堵塞流道,使液流连续性破坏,性能下降,这与理论结果基本吻合,计算值与规定值的误差在5%以内.数值模拟计算方法较好地模拟了离心泵内的空化两相流的静态特征.     

开缝叶片低比转数离心泵空化性能的数值模拟

为了进一步提高低比转数离心泵的空化性能,对离心泵叶轮叶片进口附近的开缝进行研究.考虑开缝的3个参数,设计6组水力模型探究开缝对低比转数离心泵性能的影响.针对离心泵运行过程中产生空化的流动特点,基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程来描述空泡成长和溃灭过程的空泡动力学模型,采用RNG k-ε模型对在相同工况下的离心泵中两相流动进行数值模拟与分析.模拟结果表明:在叶片进口处开缝可以提高泵空化性能,其中第二组模型的空化性能提升比较明显,空化余量由4.447 m下降到3.910 m,降低了12.1%,水力效率由71.56%上升至76.46%;在相同工况下,开缝叶轮流道内的能量分布更加均匀,而扬程在额定流量下只有很小的变化.该模拟结果对研究低比转数离心泵内部流动特性及性能的提升具有一定的参考价值.     

叶片进口边位置对离心泵性能的影响

为了研究叶片进口边位置对离心泵外特性能、内流场的影响规律,在原型泵的基础上,设计了叶片进口边位置不同的5种叶轮,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型,分别对5种叶轮的离心泵在清水和含沙水介质下进行三维全流道定常数值计算.结果表明:针对低比转数离心泵,叶片进口排挤严重,使叶片进口边向出口方向延伸可以使叶片进口处的流动更加均匀,液流的流动速度减小,叶片表面的压力变大,从而改善空化性能;在一定范围内变动叶片的进口边位置对离心泵的扬程、效率影响不大,但是当叶片的进口边位置向出口方向延伸过多会导致叶片对液流的做功能力下降,从而使离心泵的扬程明显下降;当离心泵在相同工况下运行时,离心泵进口沙粒含量的增大会使离心泵的扬程、效率降低,且会使流道内空化核的数量增大,从而导致空化性能变差.     

口环间隙对诱导轮离心泵空化流动和性能的影响

为了研究口环间隙对前置诱导轮离心泵空化性能的影响,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset方程均相流空化模型,以前置诱导轮离心泵为研究对象,选取口环间隙为0.15,0.25,0.40和0.60 mm这4种方案对其进行空化流动数值计算,并与试验结果对比分析.研究结果表明,口环间隙大小对诱导轮离心泵的外特性和空化性能影响较大,随着口环间隙的增大,总扬程效率和叶轮扬程效率均减小,与口环间隙为0.15 mm时相比,总扬程效率和叶轮扬程效率分别降低了0.60%和4.21%,效率分别下降了6.50%和9.32%;而口环间隙的增大使得诱导轮扬程和效率均增加,分别增大了29.86%和28.40%.另外,随着口环间隙的增大,空化性能曲线出现波动现象,间隙越大,波动越明显;离心泵主叶轮工作面靠近前盖板出现云状空泡分布,空化不稳定,间隙越大,空化越不稳定,临界空化数越大.经分析,引起空化不稳定性的因素可能有: 口环间隙出口处泄漏高压流体对主流的冲击;口环附近空化的发生以及诱导轮空化引起叶片出口液流角的变化.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。