利用可见―近红外光谱术无损检测牛奶中的三聚氰胺

初步探讨了利用可见―近红外光谱术检测牛奶中三聚氰胺的可行性及方法。通过往牛奶中掺入不同浓度三聚氰胺的方法,制备了165个样品,三聚氰胺浓度为0~1000ppm。利用光纤光谱仪采集样本的可见―近红外光谱,其光谱范围为350~1800nm。然后分别采用最小二乘法(PLS)、区间偏最小二乘法(IPLS)及联合区间偏最小二乘法(SIPLS)建立预测模型。比较实验结果表明:把光谱分为10个子区间,通过SIPLS方法,选出3个光谱子区间(4、7、9)联合建立的预测模型最优,其校正集和预测集得相关系数分别为0.9981和0.9946,校正集和预测集的均方根误差分别为0.1942和0.3299。因此,可见近红外光谱术结合联合区间偏最小二乘法能无损、快速的检测牛奶中的三聚氰胺。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱技术的芒果糖度无损检测方法研究

近红外光谱分析技术是近年迅速发展的一门绿色分析技术,具有快速、准确、无损伤检测的特点,正越来越广泛地应用于水果内部品质的无损检测。为此,应用近红外漫反射光谱技术无损检测芒果糖度,光谱数据经一阶微分和Savitzk-Golay预处理后,分别采用主成分回归法(PCR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立芒果糖度近红外分析模型,当主成分数为10时,预测相关系数R分别为0.838 69,0.976 59,RMSEC分别为1.628 4,0.205 8,MEP为1.235 0,0.738 3;采用BP神经网络对70个样品光谱进行训练,建模集相关系数达到0.983 3,而对36个预测样品集的相关系数只有0.663 9;调整建模集和预测集样品,相关系数增大到0.683 6,平均相对误差由10.336 9%降到8.057 6%。研究结果表明,利用近红外漫反射光谱技术对芒果糖度进行无损检测是可行的。     

基于多元校正法的香梨糖度可见/近红外光谱检测

应用可见/近红外光谱透射技术结合多元校正法探讨了样品在不同温度条件(5、10、15、20℃)下香梨糖度的快速无损检测。在波长500~900nm范围内,用逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)、偏最小二乘法(PLS)、最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM1、LS-SVM2)和遗传算法-偏最小二乘法(GA-PLS)等多种多元校正法进行了建模预测比较研究。预测结果从优到差依次为LS-SVM2、LS-SVM1、GA-PLS、PLS、SMLR。     

特征变量筛选在近红外光谱测定绿茶汤中茶多酚的应用

利用化学计量学方法从绿茶汤近红外光谱中提取茶多酚光谱信息,建立茶多酚近红外光谱定量分析模型.光谱采集使用5 mm光程的石英比色皿,利用联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)筛选特征光谱区间,然后在筛选的光谱区间内进一步利用遗传算法(GA)优选特征变量.结果表明,siPLS筛选的特征光谱区间避开了水的强吸收峰影响,利用GA在筛选的特征光谱区间内优选出166个特征变量建立PLS模型,模型预测集均方根误差为0.685％,相对标准差为5.26％,相对分析误差为3.22,所建模型能达到精度要求,可用于实际检测.     

基于近红外无损快速检测淀粉品质的研究

实验选择最优的光谱预处理方法和光谱范围,运用近红外光谱分析中的聚类分析法和偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别进行了定性和定量分析研究。结果表明,采用聚类分析法可准确地将样品分为两类,同时采用预测集的样品验证所建模型的准确性,预测准确率达90%以上。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)所建的定量分析模型的相关性较高,预测相关系数和预测均方根误差均符合要求。     

基于近红外光谱的淀粉掺杂滑石粉检测方法研究

实验运用近红外光谱分析技术检测淀粉中掺杂滑石粉的含量;收集了国内常用的不同品牌不同种类的淀粉样本共32个,将滑石粉按不同浓度掺杂到淀粉中制备实验样本;选择最优的光谱预处理方法和光谱范围,运用近红外光谱分析中的偏最小二乘法(PLS)进行定量分析研究。结果表明,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)所建的定量分析模型的相关性较高,预测相关系数和预测均方根误差均符合要求。研究发现,近红外光谱技术用于快速无损检测淀粉掺杂滑石粉是可行的。     

表皮对果蔬品质漫反射光谱检测精度的影响

基于近红外漫反射光谱进行了马铃薯淀粉含量快速检测,并分析了表皮对光谱及淀粉含量检测精度的影响问题。本文对110个样品的漫反射光谱进行平均化(Mean centering)、微分处理及Norris滤波,建模方法选用主成分回归(PCR)及偏最小二乘法(PLS)。检测结果表明:近红外漫反射光谱检测马铃薯淀粉含量具有可行性,但表皮对光谱及检测精度有影响。采用PLS法对经Norris滤波处理的去皮马铃薯一阶微分光谱与淀粉含量建模,效果最好,相关系数r为0.893,根校正偏差RMSEC为1.01%;对预测集样品预测,均方根预测偏差RMSEP为1.38%,精度明显优于带皮马铃薯的建模及预测精度(r为0.834,RMSEC为1.29%,RMSEP为1.74%)。果蔬品质光谱检测中,如要实现样品品质精确检测,表皮影响需进一步校正。     

基于高光谱成像技术对脐橙叶片的叶绿素、水分和氮素定量分析

用遗传算法(GA)、连续投影算法(SPA)和正适应加权算法(CARS)分别提取赣南脐橙叶片高光谱图像的有效信息,对叶绿素、水分和氮素的含量用偏最小二乘法(PLS)进行建模定量分析。高光谱图像标定后,提取感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱,用GA、SPA和CARS算法分别选出特征波长建模。结果表明:叶绿素CARS—PLS模型、水分和氮素的GAPLS模型效果最优,预测集相关系数分别为0.96、0.91、0.82,可以结合高光谱技术对赣南脐橙叶绿素、水分和氮素进行快速无损的定量分析。     

香根草叶片铅含量的近红外光谱快速检测

提出了一种应用近红外光谱技术快速检测香根草叶内重金属铅含量的方法,采用多种预处理方法建立偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型并对建模效果对比分析,得出最优预处理方法。结合不同波段选择方法优化PLS模型参数,建立了香根草叶内重金属铅含量定量分析模型,预测决定系数R2为0.87,预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.18。研究结果表明,利用近红外光谱技术快速定量检测香根草叶内重金属铅含量具有可行性。     

班菲尔脐橙可溶性固形物近红外光谱特征谱区选择

为探讨快速无损检测班菲尔脐橙可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的方法,利用多元散射校正对脐橙1 000 ～2 500 nm近红外光谱进行了预处理,并用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、区间偏最小二乘法(iPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘法(siPLS)分别建立预测模型.结果表明,采用siPLS将光谱划分为17个子区间,利用其中的第4(1 267～1355 nm)、5(1 356 ～1 443 nm)、9(1708～1795nm)、15(2 236 ～2 323 nm)号4个子区间联合建立的TSS模型效果最佳,其校正集决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.9109和0.331 2.预测集决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.878 9和0.448 7,主因子数为6个.研究表明,近红外光谱技术结合siPLS可优选出表征班菲尔脐橙TSS含量信息的特征光谱区间简化预测模型,同时提高模型预测能力和精度.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。