基于联合仿真的半主动悬架车辆行驶平顺性研究

为研究半主动悬架车辆行驶平顺性,利用SIMPACK软件建立了整车多体动力学模型,并在半主动悬架七自由度整车行驶动力学模型的基础上,应用Matlab/Simulink软件设计神经网络模型参考自适应控制算法,建立了一个半主动悬架控制策略研究的集成环境,利用该集成环境对磁流变阻尼器的半主动悬架车辆行驶平顺性进行联合仿真.仿真结果表明,与被动悬架相比,当汽车以60 km/h和120 km/h在C级路面上行驶时,车身垂向、俯仰、侧倾加速度均方根值分别下降了32.33%、28.09%、35.93%和41.56%、18.52%、22.97%.基于神经网络模型参考自适应控制的磁流变半主动悬架可以有效衰减车身的振动,改善车辆的行驶平顺性.     

汽车磁流变半主动悬架系统设计与试验

为了提高汽车的平顺性和行驶稳定性,设计了一种安装双出杆式磁流变减振器的汽车半主动悬架系统。在分析传统的磁流变减振器力学模型的基础上,提出了一种改进的磁流变减振器多项式模型,建立了基于磁流变减振器的半主动悬架系统动力学模型;设计了磁流变减振器物理样机,进行了磁流变减振器的力学特性试验,获得该磁流变减振器的示功特性和速度特性曲线,并利用试验结果进行了模型参数识别与模型验证。考虑时滞对悬架系统的影响,计算了该磁流变半主动悬架的临界时滞,采用Smith预估时滞补偿控制策略,设计了磁流变半主动悬架模糊时滞控制器;利用Matlab软件进行了磁流变半主动悬架时滞补偿控制仿真对比分析;研制了汽车半主动悬架测试系统,开展了磁流变半主动悬架控制台架试验。仿真与试验结果表明,所研制的磁流变减振器耗能效果良好,控制灵敏;试验建模所获得的改进型磁流变减振器多项式力学模型是正确的。与被动悬架相比,在正弦激励和随机路面谱输入下磁流变半主动悬架的簧载质量加速度下降30%左右,减振效果明显。     

基于卡尔曼滤波器的半主动悬架仿真和试验

设计了Kalman滤波器来估计悬架的相对速度和绝对速度,采用天棚控制算法,建立了基于观测器的1/4车辆半主动悬架天棚控制器。仿真结果表明,所设计的Kalman滤波器能较好地估计被控悬架的绝对速度和相对速度。建立了1/4车辆半主动悬架测控试验系统,对基于观测器的半主动悬架天棚阻尼控制进行了试验验证。试验表明,观测器可以较好地估计悬架的状态,对比被动悬架,基于观测器的磁流变半主动悬架天棚控制器提高了行驶的平顺性。     

阻尼非线性半主动悬架的建模与控制

基于可调阻尼减振器的试验结果,拟合了可调阻尼减振器阻尼系数与步进电动机转角之间的非线性关系,建立了阻尼非线性半主动悬架数学模型,设计了模糊动态最优控制策略,研制了阻尼非线性半主动悬架系统控制器,在仿真的基础上,进行了实车道路试验。结果表明,阻尼非线性半主动悬架模型更接近实际模型,有效改善了车辆的乘坐舒适性、行驶安全性,协调了整车综合性能。     

车辆惯容器-弹簧-阻尼器半主动悬架模糊控制

为了研究惯容器-弹簧-阻尼器(ISD)半主动悬架系统对汽车平顺性和安全性的影响,建立了2自由度车辆ISD半主动悬架模型,采用模糊控制策略,以车身垂直加速度及车身垂直加速度变化率作为模糊控制器的输入信号对ISD半主动悬架系统进行了仿真分析。在此基础上,设计开发了基于dSPACE的半主动悬架模糊控制系统,并进行了台架试验研究,分析了ISD半主动悬架系统在不同车速下对随机输入路面的相应。仿真结果和台架试验结果基本吻合,结果表明：所建立的ISD半主动悬架数学模型正确,采用模糊控制的ISD半主动悬架系统在减少振动,提高汽车行驶平顺性方面要优于ISD悬架。     

基于ADAMS和MATLAB的车辆半主动悬架系统的研究

基于Adams建立了整车多体系统动力学仿真模型,基于VB编写了国家B级路面生成程序,并将模型和程序导入Matlab,在Matlab/Simulink环境下建立模糊控制系统,进行基于Adams与Matlab的联合仿真,实现虚拟环境下车辆行驶平顺性的仿真研究。研究结果表明,模糊控制的半主动悬架系统明显减少了车辆振动,因此,有效地改进了车辆的行驶平顺性和乘坐舒适性。     

半主动空气悬架阻尼多模型自适应控制研究

针对常规自适应控制器中辨识算法的收敛速度难以跟随半主动空气悬架模型参数实际变化速度的问题,提出一种能够满足半主动空气悬架在参数大范围变化时对控制品质较高要求的阻尼多模型自适应控制方法。为改善系统控制速度,根据半主动空气悬架阻尼实际控制过程,建立了针对不同车辆运行状态的多个局部线性固定模型,同时引入一个能够重新赋初值的自适应模型,以提升系统控制精度。基于误差最小的模型切换控制策略在线选择最佳匹配模型,并采用自适应控制方法调节最佳阻尼力,从而构成系统阻尼多模型自适应控制。仿真与实车道路试验结果表明,所提出的控制方法能够有效改善半主动空气悬架在大范围行驶工况下的控制品质,车辆垂直振动加速度均方根降幅达22.8%,车辆行驶平顺性得到了明显提升。     

多轴车辆半主动悬架控制技术分析与仿真

从工程应用的角度出发,采用半主动悬架技术实现整车姿态控制.在多轴车辆运动特性要求综合分析的基础上,提出了基于"天棚"阻尼原理的整车姿态控制方法,同时采用模糊控制方法监测行驶平顺性.通过六轴车仿真数据对比,结果表明,采用这种方法的半主动悬架系统可以有效地降低整车在车道变换和转弯制动工况的侧倾角,随机道路输入条件下的平顺性也明显提高.     

馈能型多模式主动悬架阻尼力控制策略研究

针对车辆在复杂工况下行驶时单一模式的悬架控制策略难以满足最优控制,且不能对路面振动能量进行回收的问题,基于直线电机—液压系统混合型执行器的馈能型主动悬架系统的基础上,设计一种阻尼力控制策略和悬架工作模式切换策略,使车辆在不同工况下行驶时主动悬架系统以最优模式进行工作,用于提高悬架系统的性能和馈能性,同时尽可能使用馈能回收的能量以提高能量利用率,实现改善悬架系统性能的目的。通过设计悬架控制策略并建立模型仿真,结果表明:该控制策略可以有效改善悬架系统的性能,同时在稳定工况下能量回收效率可达到16.24%左右,复杂工况下兼顾汽车行驶时的动力学性能和馈能性,验证所建模型的准确性,为后续参数和控制策略的优化提供基础。     

车辆半主动悬架粒子群模糊混合控制策略

在Matlab中建立4自由度1/2半主动悬架车辆模型后,构建模糊混合控制器,利用粒子群优化算法对模糊混合控制器的隶属度函数和模糊控制规则同时进行优化,开发了粒子群模糊混合控制策略。为了有效验证所提出的控制策略,在搭建的车辆半主动悬架系统控制策略硬件在环仿真试验平台上进行了粒子群模糊混合控制策略的半实物仿真试验。硬件在环仿真试验结果表明,粒子群模糊混合控制策略明显优于传统模糊控制策略,能有效地提高半主动悬架系统的综合性能,并且在不同路面输入激励下均能取得较好的控制效果。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。