再生水灌溉对深层包气带土壤盐分离子的影响

夏玉米/冬小麦轮作期间,设置3种灌水处理:地下水灌溉,灌水定额52.5 mm;再生水灌溉,灌水定额52.5 mm;再生水灌溉,灌水定额105 mm,研究了田间0～450 cm包气带土壤中主要盐分离子的迁移规律.结果表明:盐分离子质量比和电导率在土壤中从大到小依次为:380 ～ 450 cm壤土土层、0～ 120 cm壤土土层、120～ 380 cm砂土土层;再生水中可溶性K+和C1-表现出较强迁移能力,影响深度450 cm,K+在0～450 cm土层变化,但C1-主要在0～250 cm土层变化;可溶性Ca2和电导率的影响深度为380 cm,但主要在0～ 120 cm土层变化;380450 cm壤土土层对盐分离子的迁移起到了阻滞作用,大幅降低了地下水受到污染的风险.建议利用灌水定额为52.5 mm的再生水灌溉,夏玉米灌水1次,冬小麦灌水4次或更少.     

不同滴灌方式对滨海盐碱地土壤剖面盐分变化的影响

为了探讨不同滴灌方式对滨海盐碱地土壤剖面盐分变化的影响,采用大田试验,以天津滨海盐碱地土壤为研究对象,设计了常规滴灌(CI)和膜下滴灌(FI)2个处理,研究了不同滴灌方式下土壤剖面Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、SAR和K+/Na+的变化规律.结果表明:灌水后CI和FI处理0-60cm土层土壤Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+浓度显著降低;降雨后CI处理0～20 cm土层土壤Na+浓度、SAR和20-60cm土层土壤Mg2+浓度显著降低;水分重分布过程中,0～20 cm土层土壤Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+浓度表现出CI>FI处理,而K+/Na+则表现出CI相似文献   

冻融期可溶性植物养分的运移规律研究

通过现场试验与室内测定分析,对可溶性植物营养成分SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+及K+在冻结融化过程中的运移过程进行了研究。结果表明,冻结初期土壤中含有离子浓度越大,融化末期其降低幅度也越大。同时高浓度陪补离子NO3-和Ca2+促使SO42-淋失,高浓度陪补离子SO42-促进土壤Ca2+的吸附使Ca2+增加。而Ca2+的存在并未使土壤的固钾能力因冻结初期K+浓度的增加而增强。     

不同排水措施对青海高寒区盐碱地改良效果的研究

【目的】解决青海高寒区盐碱地治理的问题。【方法】采取在青海柴达木盆地德令哈(中度盐渍化)与诺木洪(重度盐渍化)2处试验区建设排盐工程与田间试验的方法,在中度和重度盐渍化土地安装毛细透排水带与暗管进行排水,分析了毛细透排水带降盐技术对中度和重度盐渍化土壤盐分变化规律的影响。【结果】(1)中度和重度盐渍化土壤表层(0～10 cm)盐分下降最快,其他土层盐分量呈现显著下降,中度和重度土壤最高脱盐率分别为81.19%和96.62%,重度盐渍化土壤盐分可降低至中度水平;(2)2处试验区0～10 cm土壤盐分中Cl-、SO42-、Na+和K+量较原始土样明显下降,毛细透排水带对Cl-、SO42-、Na+和K+有显著的淋洗作用;(3)毛细透排水带降盐技术在青海高寒区中度盐渍化地区土壤脱盐率可达98.61%,重度盐渍化地区淋盐定额土壤脱盐率可达94.41%。在1 500 m3/hm2灌水量、灌水次数4次的淋盐定额下,中度盐渍化土壤的改良效果最好;在1 650 m3/hm2灌水量,灌水次数4次的淋盐定额下,重度盐渍化土壤的改良效果最好。【结论】毛细透排水带可以有效治理盐碱土壤,中度盐渍化地区改善土壤性质,恢复耕地,提高土地生产力。     

基于HYDRUS?2D的田间土壤水盐运移过程研究

为了研究灌水条件下田间土壤水盐的迁移过程,采用HYDRUS-2D软件对持续入渗情况下田间土壤主要可溶性盐分运移的瞬时渗流场进行数值模拟。获取了田间土壤离子含量及浓度的变化过程曲线,揭示了各离子在整个渗流历时内不同土层深度的动态变化规律。结果表明:灌溉入渗对土体盐分的淋洗作用明显,在灌溉入渗条件下,田间表层土壤盐分下移态势明显,不同测深的可溶性离子浓度均呈下降趋势,但不同离子浓度下降的速率和开始运移的时间不同,其中SO2-4、Cl-和Na+浓度变化剧烈,HCO-3和Ca2+浓度变化平缓。模拟结果可为灌区的水土资源保护和可持续利用提供决策依据。     

灌水量对间接地下滴灌条件下土壤盐分离子空间分布的影响

为研究间接地下滴灌下盐分离子空间分布规律,通过小区试验,分析灌水量对枣树根区土壤盐分及盐分离子时空分布的影响,研究结果表明:过大或过小的灌水量不适宜土壤盐分的淋洗,在适宜的灌水量下,间接地下滴灌对0~50cm土层有较好的抑盐效果;单次滴灌前后,在一定的导水装置直径下(D=75mm),Ca2+、Mg2+淋洗量随着灌水量的增加而减少;HCO-3、Cl-在灌水量为13L下,淋洗效果明显,而较大或较小的灌水量淋洗效果较差;SO2-4在较大的灌水量下才得到明显淋洗。     

蒸发和灌水频率对土壤中NO3-运移影响的研究

通过室内均质土柱试验,对不同灌水频率下有、无蒸发土壤中NO3-运移规律进行了研究。结果表明,有、无蒸发条件下土壤NO3-峰均随灌水频率增加而变陡、变窄,峰值增高,向下运移变缓;随灌水频率增加蒸发条件下溶质峰和溶质锋深度明显浅于无蒸发条件;蒸发量越大,灌水频率越高,有效淋洗水量越少;灌水间隔期蒸发与灌水淋洗共同决定着不同灌水频率土壤中溶质的运移和分布。     

冶河灌区农田土壤水分与硝态氮分布规律研究

为分析农业生产对农业生态系统和地下水环境的影响,2012-2013年在冶河灌区开展小麦、玉米轮作区农田土壤含水率和硝态氮田间试验,同时对地下水位和水质进行了监测。通过分析试验数据,结果表明:小麦、玉米轮作周期0~300cm土层范围内,土壤含水率变化呈X型。计划灌水定额相同,不同地块灌溉引起土壤含水率明显变化的土层深度不同,其原因是主要受土壤初始含水率和土壤空间异质性的影响;小麦、玉米轮作周期0~300cm土层范围内,土壤剖面硝态氮含量变化呈单调递减曲线。2013年3月土壤硝态氮累积量最高,2013年5月硝态氮的淋洗量最大。在地下水位埋深8~9m,灌水量为900~1 200m3/hm2时,硝态氮运移主要发生在耕层土壤,施肥和降水是土壤硝态氮向深层土壤淋洗、地下水质变化的主要影响因素。     

冷凉地区滴灌油葵土壤水分运移规律及温度效应研究

在北疆冷凉地区开展了滴灌油葵土壤水分运移规律及温度效应试验.结果表明:油葵主要根系分布区域深30cm左右,灌溉水分下渗到50cm以下后只有少量被油葵根系吸收利用,适时适量的灌溉对提高油葵抗性和长期生长能力有利.滴灌灌水对土壤有一定的增温作用,在灌水结束后数小时内使10～70cm土层土壤温度稳定在20 ～ 25℃之间,有利于主要根系的生长和吸收;而灌水结束后3～5d内,表层土壤温度显著降低,对油葵主要根系有一定的“冲击作用”.合理安排滴灌灌水周期,适当结合覆盖技术,可以达到提高冷凉地区油葵灌水质量的目的.     

滴灌葵花不同灌溉制度下土壤水盐运移规律

为探讨不同灌溉制度覆膜滴灌下土壤盐分运移规律,在内蒙古河套灌区进行了田间试验,共设置3种灌水处理:灌水用张力计进行控制,分别设置基质势为-20、-30、-40 k Pa 3个灌水下限,每个处理重复3次,随机布置。结果表明:各处理土壤盐分均由膜内向膜外迁移并在表层土壤集聚,控制基质势为-20 k Pa的灌水下限可有效淋洗0～100 cm土层盐分,但在0～40 cm土层仍出现积盐现象;控制基质势为-30 k Pa的灌水下限灌溉水利用效率最高。葵花整个生育期内,膜内和膜外土壤的全盐含量曲线变化规律相同,表层土壤全盐含量值变化较大,随着土层深度的增加盐分波动越小。不同处理在40～80 cm土层压盐效果都优于0～40 cm土层,随着灌水频率的增加,压盐效果更加明显。各处理在作物生育期后,0～40 cm土层均呈现不同程度的积盐,建议在非生育期漫灌洗盐。     

The adoption of improved irrigation technology and management practices—A study of two irrigation districts in Alberta, Canada

Irrigation is by far the largest consumer of water in Alberta. The government is therefore dependent on this sector to achieve water savings for reallocating water to other sectors. Hence, a major objective of a recent government strategy is to see an increase in water efficiency and productivity of 30%. A survey of two irrigation districts was undertaken to determine the measures irrigators have taken and plan to take in the future to improve irrigation technologies and management practices to enhance water use efficiency and which factors facilitate or impede the adoption of such measures. As anticipated, the adoption rate varied between the two districts as a result of differences in production characteristics. The major drivers of adoption were to ensure security of water supply during drought, to increase quantity and quality of crops, and to save cost, while the major impediments were financial constraints and physical farm conditions. It seems that most feasible technological improvements have been implemented and considerable financial improvements or subsidies will be necessary to encourage a significant increase in adoption. There seems to be considerable scope for improvement through the adoption of better management practices. Considering that farmers in the two irrigation districts also have modest plans to adopt improved management practices, promotion and education campaigns that encourage new practices that involve minimal cash outlays might yield the greatest water savings in the future.     

The changing profile of water traders in the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation District, Australia

This paper examines the changing profile of water traders (both allocation and entitlement traders) in the Goulburn-Murray Irrigation District in Australia, and examines the efficiency of the water allocation and entitlement markets from 1998-99 to 2003-06. The results suggest that the profile of traders in the early and mature stages of the water allocation market differ greatly. In addition, the profile of allocation traders is significantly dissimilar from that of water entitlement traders at all stages of water market development. The decision to buy or sell water allocations was more likely to be associated with a farmer's socioeconomic characteristics and the type of farm, while the decision to buy or sell water entitlements was more likely to be associated with the extent of existing farm infrastructure and farm productivity. Finally, there was strong evidence to suggest that trading in the water allocation market has become more efficient over time, though there is no evidence to suggest the same for the water entitlement market.     

Irrigation evaluation based on performance analysis and water accounting at the Bear River Irrigation Project (U.S.A.)

The purpose of this work is to contribute to the development of a combined approach to evaluate irrigated areas based on: (1) irrigation performance analysis intended to assess the productive impacts of irrigation practices and infrastructures, and (2) water accounting focused on the hydrological impacts of water use. Ador-Simulation, a combined model that simulates irrigation, water delivery, and crop growth and production was applied in a surface irrigated area (1213 ha) located in the Bear River Irrigation Project, Utah, U.S.A.. A soil survey, a campaign of on-farm irrigation evaluations and an analysis of the database from the Bear River Canal Company and other resources were performed in order to obtain the data required to simulate the water flows of the study area in 2008. Net land productivity (581 US$ ha⁻¹) was 20% lower than the potential value, whereas on-farm irrigation efficiency (IE) averaged only 60%. According to the water accounting, water use amounted to 14.24 Mm³, 86% of which was consumed through evapotranspiration or otherwise non-recoverable. Gross water productivity over depleted water reached 0.132 US$ m⁻³. In addition, two strategies for increasing farm productivity were analyzed. These strategies intended to improve water management and infrastructures raised on-farm IE to 90% reducing the gap between current and potential productivities by about 50%. Water diverted to the project was reduced by 2.64 Mm³. An analysis based on IE could lead to think that this volume would be saved. However, the water accounting showed that actually only 0.91 Mm³ would be available for alternative uses. These results provide insights to support the decision-making processes of farmers, water user associations, river basin authorities and policy makers. Water accounting overcomes the limitations and hydrological misunderstandings of traditional analysis based on irrigation efficiency to assess irrigated areas in the context of water scarcity and competitive agricultural markets.     

Challenges of optimal implementation of formal water rights systems for irrigation in the Great Ruaha River Catchment in Tanzania

In many countries around the world, increasing attention is being directed to the need to improve water rights systems. This paper is based on a recent study undertaken to investigate challenges facing optimal implementation of formal water rights systems for irrigation purposes in the Great Ruaha River Catchment in Tanzania. The study integrated social survey, hydrologic, water abstraction and water use data, and Geographical Information System techniques. The results showed that all the canals studied, except one, abstracted water throughout the year, provided there was water in the rivers irrespective of the conditions spelt out in their formal water rights. The formal water rights were also found to be problematic as the quantities to be abstracted were much higher compared to the actual water requirements and the actual river flows. This resulted in over-abstraction of water and increased water shortages for downstream users. The study concludes that although formal water rights are meant to control and regulate the use of water, they are also subject to abuse if not managed and monitored closely. The basin authorities in Tanzania therefore need to be equipped adequately and collaborate more closely with local water users in order to attain high levels of supervision and monitoring essential for optimal implementation of formal water rights systems.     

Yield and water use efficiency of cauliflower under varying irrigation frequencies and water application methods in Lower Gangetic Plain of India

A field study (1999-2000 to 2001-2002) was carried out to optimize the irrigation frequency and suitable water application methods for cauliflower with a view to increase curd yield (CY) and water use efficiency (WUE). Check Basin (CB), Each Furrow (EF) and Alternate Furrow (AF) methods were tested with three irrigation frequencies depending on the attainment of soil matric potential (Ψ_m) value at 0.2 m depth as: −0.03 MPa (F₁), −0.05 MPa (F₂) and −0.07 MPa (F₃). Maximum CY was recorded under F₁ and decreased by 10.4 and 31.4%, respectively under F₂ and F₃ frequencies. In contrast, WUE decreased by 9.3% from F₃ to F₁. Highest CY and WUE obtained under CB followed by EF and AF methods. Furrow application methods saved 12-24% irrigation water over CB method. Maximum soil water stress coefficient (K_s) recorded at curd development stage in comparison to other stages. Both seasonal evapotranspiration (ET_a) and yield-moisture stress index (Kys) recorded positive linear relationships with CY. Present study shows a crop response factor of 0.822 for cauliflower. In this region, cauliflower should be irrigated with check basin method at an interval of 8-10 days.     

Hydrological impact of biofuel production: A case study of the Khlong Phlo Watershed in Thailand

This study evaluates the potential impact of increased biofuel production on the hydrology of a small watershed, Khlong Phlo, in the eastern part of Thailand. The water footprint of biofuel energy was estimated for three crops in order to identify the most water-efficient crop. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to evaluate the impact of land use change (LUC) caused by the expansion of biofuel crops on the components of water balance and water quality in the studied watershed. Several LUC scenarios consisting of oil palm (biodiesel), cassava and sugarcane (bio-ethanol) expansion were evaluated. The water footprint results indicated that cassava is more water-efficient than the other two crops considered. Simulation results revealed that although oil palm expansion would have negligible alteration in evapotranspiration (0.5 to 1.6%) and water yield (−0.5 to −1.1%), there would be an increased nitrate loading (1.3 to 51.7%) to the surface water. On the contrary, expansion of cassava and sugarcane would decrease evapotranspiration (0.8 to 11.8%) and increase water yield (1.6 to 18.0%), which would lead to increased sediment (10.9 to 91.5%), nitrate (1.9 to 44.5%) and total phosphorus (15.0 to 165.0%) loading to surface water. Based on the results, it can be concluded that land use change for biodiesel production would affect water quality, while both the water balance components and water quality would be affected by the expansion of bio-ethanol crops. Overall, the study indicates that biofuel production would have a negative impact on the water quality of the studied watershed. Further research at large scale (e.g. basin level) and on the economic aspect is recommended, in order to contribute to developing suitable land use and energy policies.     

Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in a case study catchment: The Arvari River, Rajasthan, India. Part 1: Field-scale impacts

Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small-scale collection and storage of runoff to augment groundwater stores, has been seen as a solution to the deepening groundwater crisis in India. However, hydrological impacts of RWH in India are not well understood, particularly at the larger catchment-scale. A key element to grasping RWH impact involves understanding the generated recharge variability in time and space, which is the result of variability in rainfall-runoff and efficiency of RWH structures. Yet there are very few reported empirical studies of the impact of RWH. Catchment-scale impacts are best studied using a water balance model, which would require a basic level of field data and understanding of the variability. This study reports the results of a 2-year field study in the 476 km² semi-arid Arvari River catchment, where over 366 RWH structures have been built since 1985. Difficulties associated with working in semi-arid regions include data scarcity. Potential recharge estimates from seven RWH storages, across three different types and in six landscape positions, were calculated using the water balance method. These estimates were compared with recharge estimates from monitored water levels in 29 dug wells using the water table fluctuation method. The average daily potential recharge from RWH structures varied between 12 and 52 mm/day, while estimated actual recharge reaching the groundwater ranged from 3 to 7 mm/day. The large difference between recharge estimates could be explained through soil storage, local groundwater mounding beneath structures and a large lateral transmissivity in the aquifer. Overall, approximately 7% of rainfall is recharged by RWH in the catchment, which was similar in the comparatively wet and dry years of the field analysis. There were key differences between RWH structures, due to engineering design and location. These results indicate that recharge from RWH affects the local groundwater table, but also has potential to move laterally and impact surrounding areas. However, the greatest weakness in such analysis is the lack of information available on aquifer characteristics, in addition to geology and soil type.     

Irrigation modernization and water conservation in Spain: The case of Riegos del Alto Aragón

This study analyzes the effects of irrigation modernization on water conservation, using the Riegos del Alto Aragón (RAA) irrigation project (NE Spain, 123354 ha) as a case study. A conceptual approach, based on water accounting and water productivity, has been used. Traditional surface irrigation systems and modern sprinkler systems currently occupy 73% and 27% of the irrigated area, respectively. Virtually all the irrigated area is devoted to field crops. Nowadays, farmers are investing on irrigation modernization by switching from surface to sprinkler irrigation because of the lack of labour and the reduction of net incomes as a consequence of reduction in European subsidies, among other factors. At the RAA project, modern sprinkler systems present higher crop yields and more intense cropping patterns than traditional surface irrigation systems. Crop evapotranspiration and non-beneficial evapotranspiration (mainly wind drift and evaporation loses, WDEL) per unit area are higher in sprinkler irrigated than in surface irrigated areas. Our results indicate that irrigation modernization will increase water depletion and water use. Farmers will achieve higher productivity and better working conditions. Likewise, the expected decreases in RAA irrigation return flows will lead to improvements in the quality of the receiving water bodies. However, water productivity computed over water depletion will not vary with irrigation modernization due to the typical linear relationship between yield and evapotranspiration and to the effect of WDEL on the regional water balance. Future variations in crop and energy prices might change the conclusions on economic productivity.     

Water harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa

In the dry areas, water, not land, is the most limiting resource for improved agricultural production. Maximizing water productivity, and not yield per unit of land, is therefore a better strategy for dry farming systems. Under such conditions, more efficient water management techniques must be adopted. Supplemental irrigation (SI) is a highly efficient practice with great potential for increasing agricultural production and improving livelihoods in the dry rainfed areas. In the drier environments, most of the rainwater is lost by evaporation; therefore the rainwater productivity is extremely low. Water harvesting can improve agriculture by directing and concentrating rainwater through runoff to the plants and other beneficial uses. It was found that over 50% of lost water can be recovered at a very little cost. However, socioeconomic and environmental benefits of this practice are far more important than increasing agricultural water productivity. This paper highlights the major research findings regarding improving water productivity in the dry rainfed region of West Asia and North Africa. It shows that substantial and sustainable improvements in water productivity can only be achieved through integrated farm resources management. On-farm water-productive techniques if coupled with improved irrigation management options, better crop selection and appropriate cultural practices, improved genetic make-up, and timely socioeconomic interventions will help to achieve this objective. Conventional water management guidelines should be revised to ensure maximum water productivity instead of land productivity.     

Challenges in implementing economic instruments to manage irrigation water on farms in southern Alberta

In the absence of a Canadian national water policy, Alberta has developed a long-term water management plan called the Water for Life strategy. Because irrigation activities are so prominent in Alberta, accounting for 71% of the province's surface water use, successful implementation of this strategy will depend largely on the participation of the irrigation sector. Through a survey of irrigation officials, this study explores irrigators’ views on the likelihood of attaining one of the strategy's main goals—a 30% increase in water use efficiency by 2015 over 2005 levels. Irrigators’ views vary significantly as to the extent and means by which the 30% goal can be achieved and their views reflect the heterogeneity of farming conditions within the area. Hence, instead of a broad-based approach, implementation of the strategy will require research into developing economic instruments that can be effective under local conditions. This involves gaining a thorough understanding of the variability of factors that influence farmers’ decisions while being mindful that, as this study discovers, economic instruments as a concept have little support in the irrigation industry.