基于深度相机的山地果园运输车避障系统设计

为避免山地果园单轨运输车在运行过程中碰撞到作业果农、牲畜、大型石块等障碍物,提高果园作业的安全性和稳定性,采用深度相机基于渡越时间法设计一套山地果园单轨运输车避障系统。该系统运行时由深度相机获取运输车通行通道障碍物信息,经过运行Linux系统的树莓派车载电脑进行数据处理,做出决策后下发标志位信号至运输车控制中枢Stm32微控制器,控制电机改变运动状态。试验结果表明:该系统对于障碍物识别率为100%,对于符合修剪要求的干扰型侧枝,其误触率在8%以下,避障最小制动距离为101 cm,系统最大延时0.475 s。     

果园自动避障中耕除草管理机设计与试验

我国果园、林地等中耕除草环节存在株间除草机具自动化程度低、劳动强度大、生产率低等问题,多数采用人工作业,降低了果园、林地等经济效益。本文设计一种果园自动避障中耕除草管理机,包括液压系统、避障机构、偏置机构等,通过旋耕方式进行株间除草作业,利用触杆及液压系统可以实现中耕作业时作业部件对果树和障碍物的有效避障。试验表明,机具最大偏置量165 cm,最小偏置量125 cm,工作速度2.68～3.24 km/h,避障通过率为100%,耕深8～10 cm,漏耕率为3.49%,生产率为0.24～0.30 hm~2/h。     

基于激光雷达的果园割草机避障方法研究

针对果园割草机在山地丘陵果园工作过程中面临障碍物阻碍前进路线的问题,设计了基于激光雷达的果园割草机避障方法。以激光雷达测距为基础,首先将矢量场直方图算法(VFH)改进阈值,确定割草机的可行进方向;当割草机遇到障碍物时,使用动态窗口法(DWA)进行避障,确保割草机行驶的安全性和高效性,两种算法的融合保证割草机完成避障作业。MatLab仿真和田间试验表明：所采用方法提高了割草机的运行效率,降低了割草机的漏割率,设计方法合理,满足割草机在山地丘陵果园的避障需求。     

障碍物分类识别的果园机器人避障方法研究

针对果园环境复杂,障碍物种类繁多,传统动力无法有效进入作业的情况,提出一种基于障碍物分类识别的果园机器人自主避障方法。首先对果园中存在的障碍物进行识别分类,然后针对不同种类的障碍物采用不同的避障方法来完成避障动作。通过搭建基于ROS的避障试验台,对果园机器人上搭载的视觉传感器和激光雷达传感器进行标定,在ROS功能包中植入避障算法,然后进行验证。试验结果表明:在同等条件下,相比传统的避障方法,本文的方法避绕圆形障碍物时用时少1.7 s,所用路程少0.31 m,具有一定的优势;而在避绕不规则障碍物时,本文的方法虽然所用时间和路程比传统方法分别多1.7 s和0.41 m,但机器人能够更加贴近障碍物进行避障,对林下中耕施肥和除草等作业有很大帮助,具有很好的实际应用价值。     

7YGS—45型自走式双轨道山地果园运输机

为解决山地果园果实、肥料和农药等运输劳动强度大、效率低的生产实际问题,设计了7YGS - 45型双轨道果园运输机,重点解决了钢丝绳与驱动轮对配合实现摩擦驱动、抱轨与碟刹配合实现制动、防止运输机侧滑和上跳、防止钢丝绳在弯道中上抬与拉直、拖车自适应坡度调节等关键技术问题.试验表明,运输机最大爬坡角度47°,最小水平转弯半径8m,平均运行速度1.0 m/s.该机可适用于山地果园中运输果实、肥料等,也可搭载喷雾机或修剪机械等进行作业.     

山地果园遥控单轨运输机设计

为解决山地果园运输困难的问题,设计了一种山地果园遥控单轨运输机。该单轨运输机由链轮链条机构实现驱动;单轨依地形铺设,适应了复杂地形的运输需要;机架装有防脱轨防侧倒装置,防止运行时单轨运输机脱轨和侧倒。以人工驾驶单轨运输机为研究对象,设计了一套遥控驾驶系统,实现单轨运输机的遥控驾驶。试验表明,该单轨运输机上坡可载重300kg,爬坡角度不大于38°,下坡载重1000 kg,转弯半径不小于4 ,其控制系统遥控距离可达300 ,工作可靠,适合山地果园作业。     

果园株间除草自动避障装置的设计与试验

针对果园经济作物种植模式存在的果园行间和株间中耕除草劳动强度大、株间杂草清除困难、需进行人工二次补耕等问题,设计了一种株间自动避障除草装置。研究了避障装置的耕作要求,结合果园株间除草自动避障装置的工作原理,设计了整机的结构,并对液压控制系统进行了理论分析与设计,最终确定了果园株间除草自动避障装置的设计方案。试验结果表明:果园株间自动避障装置在正常作业速度3.5km/h下,碎土率为93.68%,耕作深度为14.64cm,株间漏耕率4.12%,避障通过率为100%,满足了设计要求,提高了果园机械作业效率。     

F.US-UFO型果园避障割草机试验研究

果树行间距一般比株间距大,可以利用割草机械直接进行除草作业,但是果树株间的杂草就不能很好的用割草机进行机械化作业清除。文章在江苏泰兴烨佳梨园、沛县聚英阁苹果园和睢宁官山楸树园对F.US-UFO型果园避障割草机开展田间试验,通过对收草质量、割幅、割茬高度、漏割率、避障损伤率、避障割草高度与行间高度最大差、最短避障距离的测定,测试机具作业性能;通过对使用可靠性系数、平均故障间隔时间、班次小时生产率、劳动生产率和单位面积耗油量的测定,测试其田间生产性能。试验结果表明:F.US-UFO型果园避障割草机既能完成行间割草作业也能完成株间割草作业。果园行间坡度越小,园间路面越平坦,果树株行距越大,割草机作业质量越高。割草机工作效率为0.49 hm~2/h,单位面积耗油量为11.41 kg/hm~2。     

大数据分析在智能采摘机器人路径规划中的应用

为了实现机器人在果园中的自主运动,基于大数据融合,对激光测距传感器、CCD摄像机和电子罗盘等传感器采集的数据进行分析,确定当前机器人位置与航向。在果园中预先设定机器人行走路线,安装数码管地标牌,地标牌坐标已知;电子罗盘用于确定机器人航向角;CCD摄像头拍摄地标牌图像,采用图像灰度化、图像分割、图像腐蚀及图像细化的方法提取表示牌上数码管图像数据。采用模糊控制方法识别地标牌上数码管数字,CCD摄像头同时扫描行进前方是否有障碍物。激光测距传感器完成两个任务:①检测距离地标牌距离和方向角,通过标识牌坐标计算机器人当前位置与航向角;②检测与障碍物间距离,当小于1m时启动避障系统。实际测试表明:系统依托多种传感器,对果园环境感知能力强,具有较高的路径规划能力。     

基于深度学习的农用无人机自主避障研究

针对目前农用植保无人机(UAV)自主避障能力弱及避障系统繁琐等问题,提出了一种适用于植保无人机的基于深度学习的端到端自主避障方式。利用植保无人机挂载的双目相机实时采集图像,当检测到障碍物与植保无人机距离≤5m时,自主避障系统启动,将采集图像预处理后输入卷积神经网络,输出姿态角与油门量控制无人机自主飞行与避障,同时卷积神经网络通过手动飞行采集信息进行训练。实验结果表明:该方法能使植保无人机对农田常见障碍物房屋、树木、电线杆等做出自主避障,且模型具有一定的泛化能力,适当训练后,可将此避障方式应用于复杂环境下的植保无人机自主避障。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。