双孢蘑菇主动气调包装试

通过L9(3)4正交试验设计,研究了不同温度、包装材料、初始O2体积分数和CO2体积分数对双孢蘑菇主动气调包装中贮藏保鲜效果的影响.分别于贮藏后的第3d、第5d、第7d、第9d和第11d测定各个试验处理双孢蘑菇的失重率、硬度、褐变度、呼吸速率、细胞膜透性、可溶性固形物、PPO活性和POD活性.试验结果表明:温度是影响双孢蘑菇贮藏品质的最重要因素,较低的贮藏温度有利于双孢蘑菇贮藏品质的保持;贮藏过程中能保持双孢蘑菇贮藏品质的较优处理组合为贮藏温度为2℃、包装材料为PVC2、O2和CO2体积分数分别为15%和10%.     

气调包装下双孢蘑菇呼吸特性

研究了双孢蘑菇在2℃和20℃下,不同薄膜包装中O_2、CO_2体积分数在蘑菇呼吸作用及薄膜渗透作用下的动态变化,结果表明低温和气调条件能有效抑制其呼吸作用。采用Michaelis-Menten型酶动力学方程,建立了2种温度下双孢蘑菇呼吸速率随O_2、CO_2体积分数变化的数学模型,同时考察了不同包装薄膜厚度对呼吸模型参数的影响,为气调包装参数的选择提供了理论基础。     

高氧气调包装双孢蘑菇呼吸速率预测模型建立与试验

为实现双孢蘑菇高氧气调包装系统设计,以新鲜双孢蘑菇为材料,采用高氧气调包装方式,分别应用Weibull模型、Logistic模型研究双孢蘑菇高氧气调包装内O2和CO2浓度变化,对双孢蘑菇呼吸速率进行预测。结果表明,贮藏50h后,高氧气调包装袋内的O2分压由最初80kPa下降到50kPa,对照处理袋内O2浓度缓慢下降,不同包装方式袋内CO2浓度随贮藏时间逐渐升高,在贮藏后期,CO2浓度逐渐趋于平缓。包装袋内的O2、CO2分压测定值与预测值拟合较好。CO2产生速率很好地反映了双孢蘑菇高氧气调包装过程中呼吸速率的变化。     

低温气调贮藏下氧气含量对双孢蘑菇品质的影响

研究了在3℃低温和95%相对湿度的气调条件下,贮藏环境中O_2含量对双孢蘑菇采后贮藏品质的影响.结果表明,体积分数为5%的低氧含量能够有效地抑制双孢蘑菇的呼吸强度,并延迟呼吸高峰的出现;随着贮藏环境中O_2含量的降低,双孢蘑菇的失重减少、褐变程度降低、软化速度减缓;低氧含量能够使双孢蘑菇保持较高的可溶性固形物含量,延缓其成熟.     

双孢蘑菇采后贮藏品质预测模型

通过双孢蘑菇贮藏试验,研究不同温度和相对湿度对双孢蘑菇采后贮藏品质的影响,建立了动力学模型。当相对湿度为95%时,不同贮藏温度下双孢蘑菇失重率和硬度衰减率的回归模型分别M=(1.3949+0.3519T)t,F=(2.4153-0.0204T+0.0225T2)t。贮藏温度2℃时,不同相对湿度环境下双孢蘑菇失重率和硬度衰减率回归模型分别Mr=(61.0605-124.8105RH+63.985R2H)t,Fr=(9.6579-11.7530RH+4.2651R2H)t。结果表明,所得模型基本能预测双孢蘑菇在贮藏过程中的失重率和硬度衰减率的变化。经试验验证,模型预测值与试验值吻合良好。     

贮藏温度对双孢蘑菇采后生理和品质的影响

研究了不同贮藏温度及贮藏过程中温度波动对双孢蘑菇采后生理和品质的影响.结果表明,低温可以抑制双孢蘑菇采后开伞、呼吸强度、PPO活性和褐变;而贮藏过程中温度波动将导致双孢蘑菇采后开伞率、呼吸强度提高, PPO活性和褐变度增加,对其采后生理和品质造成严重影响.     

双孢蘑菇MA保鲜技术研究

以双孢蘑菇为试验材料，研究其MA气调保鲜的最适条件，包括不同大小双孢蘑菇对贮藏效果的影响、双孢蘑菇不同部位的酶活力以及包装方式对双孢蘑菇MA贮藏效果的影响。结果表明：适合MA气调贮藏的双孢蘑菇直径大小为30～40mm；通过采后避免机械伤害和保鲜处理前切除菇柄下1／2等措施，可有效降低双孢蘑菇贮藏过程中褐变程度；双孢蘑菇包装方式的较优组合为：PE(0．05mm，防雾)薄膜材料包装，每袋装菇为总容积的80％，贮藏的第3天单面打孔2个。     

风速对双孢蘑菇预冷过程的影响

利用传热学理论对双孢蘑菇预冷过程进行分析,通过集总参数模型对其预冷时间进行预测,并对该数学模型进行了试验验证。结果表明：该数学模型可以用于预测双孢蘑菇在预冷过程中的温度变化,可预测不同条件下双孢蘑菇降温过程;冷却速率随着风速的增加而增加,二者符合幂函数关系。拟合不同风速下蘑菇中心温降曲线,得到其拟合曲线方程。     

白菜的气调贮藏

以白菜为研究对象测定其在不同温度下呼吸速率的变化,采用的方法是自发气调法。将白菜分别置于1、6、11、16和21℃条件下,测定体系中O2和CO2浓度随时间的变化,根据测得的O2和CO2浓度的变化,计算出样品在不同的贮藏条件下呼吸速率和呼吸商等数据。结果表明:在温度为1～6℃范围内贮藏时其呼吸速率变化不大,但温度继续增加则呼吸速率增加很快。在O2含量为17.7%、CO2含量为1.5%时是维持白菜有氧呼吸的临界值,当O2含量低于17.7%、CO2含量高于1.5%时呼吸商大于1,出现了缺氧呼吸现象。     

温度对菠菜呼吸特性的影响

采用密闭系统法试验,研究了不同温度(5、10、15、20和25℃)对菠菜呼吸特性影响的变化规律。结果表明:低温能有效抑制菠菜的呼吸作用。随着温度的升高,菠菜呼吸初值的温度系数逐渐减小,从3.15变化至1.39。利用Michaelis-Menten型酶动力学方程对菠菜呼吸速率的测定值进行了解析,建立了不同贮藏温度下的呼吸速率模型。结果显示:最大呼吸速率随温度的增加而增大,且二者之间满足Arrhenius关系。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。