不同桨距角某小型水平轴风机的气动性能分析

为了研究风力机叶片对风力机运行性能的影响.以家用小型风力发电机风轮为对象,利用UG软件得到叶片的三维模型.通过有限体积数值方法求解流动域不可压缩的Navier-Stokes控制方程和k-ω SST湍流模型方程,其中扩散项采用二阶中心差分格式,对流项采用二阶迎风格式,压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法,得到流场变量的数值解.通过分析数值结果,研究了风轮的气动性能,即功率系数、力矩系数和轴向力系数在不同桨距角下随叶尖速比的变化情况:即随着尖速比的增大,功率系数、力矩系数均先增大后减小;随着桨距角的增大,最大功率系数和力矩系数先增大后减小,而最大轴向力系数逐渐减小.同时,展示了不同桨距角下叶片尾部的流线图.通过对风力机叶片气动性能的研究,可为小型水平轴风力机叶片的优化设计提供参考.     

H型风力机新型变桨方案数值模拟

针对H型风力机叶片旋转至0°和180°方位角时攻角为0,力矩系数为负值且其附近较大区域也为负值或较小,由此对风力机整体气动性能产生较大负面影响这一问题,提出以改善小攻角区域性能为目标的新型变桨方案,在叶尖速比为4.5时设计桨距角变化曲线改变整机气动性能.采用动网格技术模拟叶片旋转,RNG k-ε模型模拟湍流影响,应用Fluent软件对变桨和定桨风力机进行数值模拟和分析比较.计算结果得出,变桨之后H型风力机叶片扭矩明显增大,最高提升幅度达14%;上盘面,30°~80°方位角叶片扭矩提升幅度较大;下盘面,除270°附近方位角处扭矩无明显变化外,其他方位角叶片扭矩均有较为明显的提升.变桨后风力机内流场变化也较为明显,流场内速度差异较大,内流场的低速区面积变大.从涡量云图也可得到变桨能有效地减小了叶片进入尾流区的概率,降低了尾流对整体风力机性能的影响.     

基于多种UDF方法的变桨距垂直轴风力机性能分析

为了提高垂直轴风力机的性能,针对变桨距垂直轴风力机,利用叶素理论求得叶片在不同方位桨距角的变化规律,使叶片在各个不同位置升力系数达到最大;通过滑移网格、动网格、滑移网格动网格组合等动区域方法的研究,实现了变桨距垂直轴风力机主动控制数值模拟方法的多元化;最终获得不同叶片各自产生的总力矩和风能利用率。用垂直轴风力机的试验和模拟对比分析,验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。结果表明,采用变桨控制规律的垂直轴风力机,提高了风力机的风能利用率,尤其是在低尖速比情况下,很大程度上改善了风力机的起动性能,尖速比为1.5、2.0、2.5时,相对定桨距风力机功率都增大90%左右。     

叶片数对尾缘加弯板垂直轴风力机功率影响数值模拟

为了探究叶片数量对叶片尾缘加装弯板直线翼垂直轴风力机气动特性的影响,通过不同叶片数量下直线翼叶片尾缘加弯板对垂直轴风力机叶片周围流场改善情况的对比,分析其气动特性变化.选取NACA0018直线翼型作为研究对象,利用数值模拟计算7种弯板长度下,2,3,4这3种叶片数量下的直线翼垂直轴风力机动态输出特性和静态起动特性.研究结果显示:该类升力型垂直轴风力机的气动特性受到叶片数量和弯板长度的综合影响,弯弦比的增加能够提升风力机的阻力性能,但会弱化因叶片数量增加导致风力机产生的功率系数的差别;在不同叶片数量下,适当弯板长度对风力机静态起动性能具有优化作用,但其起到优化作用的方位角不同,且2叶片时优化效果最佳,平均转矩系数提升40%.该研究为垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘的设计与优化提供依据.     

垂直轴风力机叶片动态失速数值模拟

利用数值计算方法研究了一种典型的大高径比垂直轴风力机叶片动态失速现象。在验证数值计算方法可靠的基础上,结合速度矢量图和涡量图,研究了8 m/s风速时风力机在不同尖速比下叶片动态失速现象以及风轮尺寸改变时风轮动态失速流场及其对风力机功率系数的影响规律。研究表明,尖速比过低,增大弦径比和叶片数均导致叶片动态失速和气流分离呈现加剧趋势,削弱风力机的气动性能。对用于城市风力发电的大高径比垂直轴风力机,应使其在最佳尖速比下运行,同时控制弦径比在0.2~0.4之间,叶片数为3或4,以获得较好的气动性能。     

具有导流板直线翼垂直轴风力机气动特性分析

为了改善直线翼垂直轴风力机的气动特性,通过在风力机外部安装平板型导流板,用以改变来流方向,改善叶片周围流动情况,从而提升风力机的气动特性.以采用NACA0018翼型的4叶片小型直线翼垂直轴风力机为对象,在风力机外部均匀安装了6枚平板型导流板,采用二次正交旋转设计方法,对导流板的宽度、角度和与风力机距离进行研究.以平均静态力矩为指标,通过数值模拟研究得到一组最优的导流板结构参数,并对静态流场进行了分析.根据数值模拟得到的最优导流板结构参数,制作了导流板及风力机模型,进行了风洞试验.结果表明:导流板的安装有效提升了直线翼垂直轴风力机的启动性能和气动性能.在10 m/s风速下,与无导流板的风力机相比,有导流板的风力机最大静力矩系数提升了35.6%,功率系数提升了39.5%.结论可为采用导流板来提升风力机性能的研究提供有益的参考.     

叶片数对VAWT-SWS低风速自起动性能的影响

为探明叶片数对自适应风速垂直轴风力机(VAWT-SWS)自起动性能的影响,设计了可更换叶片个数(2,3,4)的风力机模型,通过风洞实验获得了3 m/s风速下风力机的静态转矩系数随方位角变化曲线,并与相同参数的Darrieus直叶片风力机(D-风力机)进行了对比。之后使自适应风速垂直轴风力机空载,得到了3 m/s风速下其转速随时间变化曲线。实验结果表明:自适应风速垂直轴风力机的自起动性能优于Darrieus直叶片风力机,增加叶片数可使自适应风速垂直轴风力机的静态自起动性能提高,但使动态自起动性能降低。     

计及动态失速和有限展弦比的立轴风力机气动分析

结合Darrieus立轴风力机运行时叶片非定常气动特性,对B-L动态失速模型进行了适当修正。考虑叶片有限展弦比效应和叶尖气动损失,修正了等截面叶片的气动性能。基于DMST气动评价方法,给出了考虑动态失速和有限展弦比效应的Darrieus立轴风力机气动性能计算模型。对Sandia实验室17m风力机进行了气动评价,分析了动态失速与有限展弦比对叶片气动特性的影响,与实测的功率和功率系数的对比表明,该模型能较好地预测Darrieus立轴风力机的气动性能。     

自适应风速垂直轴风力机的阻升转换特性

为了研究自适应风速垂直轴风力机(VAWT-SWS)运行模式的变化规律,设计制作了含有活动和固定叶片的直叶片垂直轴风力机,同时制作出与活动叶片和固定叶片贴合后形状相同的直叶片垂直轴风力机.搭建出风洞试验台,在固定风速和风力机高度条件下,通过增减支撑臂的数量和长度,研究了风力机的叶片数和直径对自适应风速垂直轴风力机阻力和升力运行模式转换的影响.借助于风洞试验获得风力机转矩随尖速比的变化曲线,并与相同参数的直叶片纯升力垂直轴风力机进行了比较,以转矩的接近程度作为判据,判定了自适应风速垂直轴风力机所处的工作模式.试验结果表明:在一定条件下,自适应风速垂直轴风力机可以进行工作模式的自动转换,增加叶片数可使风力机阻升转换所需尖速比降低,而增大风力机直径可使阻升转换所需尖速比提高.研究结果可以为自适应风速垂直轴风力机的设计提供理论指导.     

小型风力机系统气动及发电性能试验研究

为了揭示小型风力机系统气动及发电性能的差异,分别对某新型的风力机风轮及连接发电机的同一风轮的气动性能和发电性能开展风洞试验,详细分析了风轮的气动特性及发电机的电磁特性.基于风轮气动功率和发电机的发电功率试验数据,给出了风力机不同风速下的最优工作曲线和实际工作曲线,在不同风速下实际工作曲线中的发电功率峰值及其对应转速均小...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。