温室滴灌条件下番茄植株茎流变化规律试验

为探明滴灌条件下温室番茄植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Dynamax公司开发的包裹式茎流计观测日光温室番茄植株的茎流变化,研究茎流速率的变化规律及茎流速率监测结果的标准化处理技术,探索植株茎流与气象因子的相互关系,分析水分胁迫对番茄植株茎流速率的影响。研究表明,采用单位叶面积上的茎流速率表征茎流变化规律可在一定程度上降低因探头安装位置不同对监测结果的影响;在充分供水条件下,影响番茄植株茎流速率的主要因子是太阳辐射和饱和水气压差,番茄植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射呈线性关系,与饱和差呈对数关系（R2＞0.90,P＜0.01）;土壤水分状况会明显影响番茄植株茎流状况,茎流速率随水分胁迫加剧而骤减。研究结果证明番茄植株茎流速率经标准化处理后可以真实的反映植株蒸腾规律。     

东北春玉米单株茎流变化规律及其农田尺度提升方法

为揭示春玉米单株茎流速率规律,明确单株茎流提升至群体蒸腾的尺度转换因子,2017和2018年连续在东北典型黑土区开展了春玉米田间试验,对春玉米灌浆期内茎流速率、气象数据、棵间蒸发及土壤剖面含水率进行观测和分析。结果表明:春玉米茎流速率有明显的昼夜变化规律,降雨对玉米茎流有较强的抑制作用,降雨后茎流速率明显升高;在晴、阴、雨天气情况下玉米白天茎流差异较大,且在阴雨天气情况下,茎流曲线呈多峰曲线,峰值较低。玉米茎流的变化是各种环境因素综合作用的结果,其中茎流速率与空气温度、光合有效辐射、相对湿度间相关系数的绝对值皆在0.8以上,表明他们是影响东北黑土区茎流速率的主要环境因素。以茎粗、茎干截面面积、叶面积为尺度转换因子将单株茎流尺度提升得到春玉米农田尺度群体蒸腾量,将2 a灌浆期春玉米群体蒸腾量与棵间蒸发之和,与水量平衡法计算得到的蒸发蒸腾量进行比较,误差均在20%以内。3种尺度提升方法和水量平衡法得到2 a春玉米灌浆期内日均蒸发蒸腾量分别在4.22～4.78、3.91～4.56 mm/d范围内。其中以叶面积为尺度转换因子计算的蒸发蒸腾量与水量平衡法的结果最为接近,相对误差在5%左右,表明东北高寒黑土区春玉米农田适合采用叶面积作为单株向农田尺度提升的转换因子。     

青海云杉茎流特性及其影响因子研究

选取黄土高寒区青海省大通县青海云杉纯林地,于2008年采用热扩散法茎流技术对该区主要乔木树种青海云杉树干液流进行长期连续观测,并用自动气象站记录试验地的太阳辐射、气温、空气相对湿度、降雨量以及风速等气象因子.结果表明,不同胸径树干茎流速率有很大差异,20 cm胸径的样树比10cm胸径的茎流速率大;20 cm胸径各月茎流速率变化相似,没有太大差异,而10 cm胸径各月茎流速率差异明显,5月和8月大,6月小,7月介于中间,说明胸径越小的树木受外界环境影响越显著,茎流速率变化越剧烈,大胸径受环境影响小,具有很强的自身调节能力,环境适应性强;4个月总降雨量为409.1 mm,接近于多年平均降雨量,总蒸腾量为386.45 mm,5月份缺水38.71 mm,6月份余水74.68 mm,7月份余水20.92 mm,8月份余水45.76 mm.     

不同水分胁迫条件下温室番茄茎流和叶片水势的反应

以番茄"金粉2号"(Jingfen 2)品种为试材,设正常灌溉(T1)、轻度胁迫(T2)和重度胁迫(T3)3个土壤水分处理,观测不同土壤水分条件下番茄植株的茎流速率和叶片水势。结果表明,番茄植株茎流速率日变化呈现明显的规律性,晴天,T1和T2的番茄茎流速率呈明显的双峰曲线,中午12:00左右气孔关闭,茎流速率出现低谷。阴天,T1和T2处理番茄茎流日变化趋势总体较为平缓。不同水分处理下番茄的蒸腾量差异明显,水分胁迫处理的番茄蒸腾量均小于正常灌溉,土壤水分胁迫程度越严重,日蒸腾量越低。随着水分处理天数的增加,不同灌溉处理番茄的蒸腾量差异逐渐缩小。叶片水势随灌溉后天数增加而逐渐减少,叶片水势T1>T2>T3。相关分析表明,影响番茄茎流的主要气象因子为太阳辐射、空气温度和空气湿度。研究认为,番茄茎流与太阳辐射、空气温度和土壤水分呈正相关,叶片水势与空气相对湿度呈负相关。研究结果可为设施番茄水分管理提供科学依据。     

GREENSPAN茎流法对玉米蒸腾规律的研究

以盆栽玉米为试材、称重法为基准,验证了GREEN SPAN茎流法测量作物蒸腾量的可行性。茎流法与称重法两者测值的绝对误差为0.20~4.56 g/(株.h),相对误差为2.03%~10.42%,表明茎流计所测得的玉米茎流速率可准确的表示作物蒸腾速率。以此为基础,探讨了不同天气下GREEN SAPPAN茎流法实测玉米茎流的日变化规律:白天玉米茎流随太阳辐射及天气变化呈规律性变化,晚间有较细微而稳定的茎流。晴好天气,玉米茎流的日变化呈单峰曲线,多云或阴天天气,为不对称的“M”型,且茎流的启动时间存在一个受天气和太阳辐射变化共同影响的临界值。灰色关联度分析表明,晴好天气下,太阳辐射是影响蒸腾速率的主要因素;多云或多云转晴天气下,气温和相对湿度成为影响蒸腾速率的主要因素,太阳辐射的作用相对降低。     

夏玉米茎流速率和茎直径变化规律及其影响因素

为了揭示夏玉米茎流速率和茎直径的变化规律及其影响因素,该研究对夏玉米生育中期的茎流变化和茎直径微变化过程进行监测,分析了二者的日变化过程及相关关系、茎流速率与环境因子之间关系、茎直径随土壤含水率的变化规律。结果表明：茎流速率日变化过程呈单峰曲线型,其变化受太阳辐射、饱和水气压差、风速等气象因子的影响显著,通过对实测数据的分析得到了茎流速率与上述气象因子的线性回归方程,为今后利用气象因子预测夏玉米的叶面蒸腾量提供了基础;茎直径微变化的日变化过程也呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天收缩,夜晚复原,每日茎直径最大值随土壤含水率的降低而减小,二者之间呈线性相关关系,依据这一关系可利用茎直径微变化诊断作物缺水状况。     

不同密度下品种间作对玉米水分平衡的影响

通过玉米品种"郑单958"与"沈单16号"分别在两种密度(45 000株.hm 2,60 000株.hm 2)下隔行间作试验,测定了不同生育期玉米茎流速率及根系导水率,结合生育期蒸腾水量和耗水量变化特征,分析了不同的品种间作模式对玉米水分平衡的影响。结果表明:两品种不同密度间作可以提高玉米的根系导水率和根系活力,延长功能期,且不同间作处理下,高密度品种根系导水率提高明显;不同品种茎流速率随其间作密度的提高呈增加趋势,且高密度间作品种日变化曲线呈"M"型,低密度为单峰曲线,间作下高密度品种茎流速率的最大值较早出现;各生育期内,高密度间作品种的蒸腾量高于低密度间作品种,高密度间作品种最大日蒸腾量出现在灌浆期和蜡熟期,低密度则出现在抽雄期和乳熟期。水分利用效率(WUE)呈现低密度单作<间作<高密度单作,主要受产量的影响。不同品种间作可以有效改善玉米的根系吸水能力,延长根系功能活性;间作可提高WUE,但效果不显著,这与间作品种组合和密度水平有关。     

陕北山杏树干茎流变化及其影响因子分析

采用热扩散式树干茎流计（TDP）于2009年5—9月对农牧交错带的常用造林树种山杏（Prunussibirica L.）树干茎流的时空动态变化及其与相关环境气象因子（温度、湿度、太阳辐射等）的关系进行了观测研究。结果结果表明：（1）山杏茎流速率日变化呈宽峰曲线,每日约7：40启动,12：00—14：00达到峰值,约18：30迅速下降,没有明显的茎流停止界限,夜间有较高的茎流存在;日树干茎流量集中在8：00—l8：30,占全天树干茎流量的60%以上。（2）在典型的晴天、阴雨天气下,山杏树干茎流的日变化差异显著,茎流速率表现为晴天高于阴雨天气。（3）山杏茎流的月变化呈现为先上升后下降的趋势。7月份平均茎流速率最大,为64.247g/h;其次是6月份,其平均值为58.139g/h;9月最小,其平均值为49.156g/h。（4）主枝与侧枝茎流日变化趋势一致,主枝流速高于侧枝;侧枝对环境变化响应更加灵敏,波动强烈,与侧枝相比,主枝茎流变化响应迟钝且有明显滞后效应。（5）不同坡位山杏的茎流速率差异显著,茎流速率大小顺序为：下坡〉中坡〉上坡。（6）山杏茎流变化受周围环境因子的影响,影响强弱大小依次为：空气温度〉饱和蒸汽压〉相对湿度〉太阳辐射〉风速〉土壤温度。     

科尔沁沙地玉米茎流变化规律研究

以Dynamax包裹式茎流测量系统对科尔沁沙地玉米的液流变化进行了连续监测,结合实验区自动气象站同步测定的光合有效辐射、气温、相对湿度和风速等气象因子以及人工记录的天气状况,分析了4种典型天气条件下玉米的茎流变化、蒸腾耗水规律及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明,不同天气条件下,玉米液流日变化波动曲线不同,影响液流量的主要气象因子也不同,光合有效辐射始终是液流变化的主导因子。晴天,玉米液流速率的日进程为"几"字型峰或单峰曲线;阴天,玉米的液流曲线通常呈多峰状态;风天和雨天是单峰曲线,或是呈不规则的多峰曲线。玉米茎秆液流通量密度的变化是各种气象因子综合作用的结果。单株日耗水量的总体变化趋势是从晴天、风天、阴天到雨天依次减少,其平均值分别为588,401,399和305g/h。     

青海云杉树干液流研究

采用基于热扩散原理的树干茎流测量系统,于2008年8月监测了黄土高寒区青海云杉树干液流的动态变化,同时用自动气象站记录当地的太阳辐射、气温、空气相对湿度、风速等气象因子,探讨气象因子对树干液流的影响。结果表明:青海云杉树干液流日变化为多峰型,昼夜变化显著且夜间液流量小,晴天变化幅度大且相对稳定,阴雨天变化幅度小但波动剧烈;青海云杉树干液流主要集中在8:30~20:30,占全天液流总量的95%以上;茎流变化趋势与环境因子变化密切相关,相关性分析表明,影响茎流变化的主要环境因子依次为空气相对湿度、空气温度、太阳辐射和风速。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.