Photochemical oxidants: effect on starch hydrolysis in leaves

Starch-filled leaves of plants which have been subjected to low dosages of naturally occurring photochemical oxidants, ozone, or peroxyacetyl nitrate hydrolyze their starch more slowly when placed in the dark. Delayed hydrolysis occurs irrespective of whether the oxidants were applied during the light or dark period. Occasionally this effect is evident only in the intervenal areas.     

Observations of ozone formation in power plant plumes and implications for ozone control strategies

Data taken in aircraft transects of emissions plumes from rural U.S. coal-fired power plants were used to confirm and quantify the nonlinear dependence of tropospheric ozone formation on plume NO(x) (NO plus NO(2)) concentration, which is determined by plant NO(x) emission rate and atmospheric dispersion. The ambient availability of reactive volatile organic compounds, principally biogenic isoprene, was also found to modulate ozone production rate and yield in these rural plumes. Differences of a factor of 2 or greater in plume ozone formation rates and yields as a function of NO(x) and volatile organic compound concentrations were consistently observed. These large differences suggest that consideration of power plant NO(x) emission rates and geographic locations in current and future U.S. ozone control strategies could substantially enhance the efficacy of NO(x) reductions from these sources.     

Quantifying denitrification and its effect on ozone recovery

Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite observations indicate that extensive denitrification without significant dehydration currently occurs only in the Antarctic during mid to late June. The fact that denitrification occurs in a relatively warm month in the Antarctic raises concern about the likelihood of its occurrence and associated effects on ozone recovery in a colder and possibly more humid future Arctic lower stratosphere. Polar stratospheric cloud lifetimes required for Arctic denitrification to occur in the future are presented and contrasted against the current Antarctic cloud lifetimes. Model calculations show that widespread severe denitrification could enhance future Arctic ozone loss by up to 30%.     

臭氧对蔬菜土传病原真菌的抑制作用

探讨臭氧作为土壤熏蒸剂防控蔬菜土传真菌病害的理论依据。研究离体条件下臭氧熏蒸处理对黄瓜枯萎病菌、立枯丝核菌和甘蓝枯萎病菌3种土传病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,臭氧质量浓度为62～72mg/m3处理对3种供试病菌菌丝生长显著抑制,随处理时间延长,抑制率提高,当达到120min时,抑制率均达到了90%以上均显著高于30和60min的处理,并且菌丝量明显减少,菌丝体发生聚集、卷曲、局部膨大,菌丝隔膜消失、原生质体溶解。黄瓜枯萎病菌和甘蓝枯萎病菌的孢子在水琼脂上涂板,臭氧处理质量浓度为40mg/m3,总体表现为病菌孢子涂板后培养时间越短,臭氧处理时间越长,臭氧对病菌孢子的萌发抑制率越高:病菌孢子涂板后立即处理3min,对孢子的萌发抑制率达到100%,而涂板后培养10h,处理1min,对孢子萌发的抑制作用不明显。臭氧质量浓度为40mg/m3处理3min对孢子具有杀灭作用,相同条件下对菌丝生长的抑制作用较小,说明了孢子对臭氧比菌丝敏感。臭氧具有抑制多种土传病原真菌的良好效果,尝试臭氧作为土壤熏蒸剂防治蔬菜生产中土传真菌病害的发生和危害值得进一步探索。     

The effect of ozone and drought on the photosynthetic performance of canola

Canola plants were fumigated in open-top chambers with ozone(O_3)(120 ppb)under well-watered(WW)and water-stressed(WS)conditions for 4 weeks.Non-fumigated plants were also studied to facilitate comparison between treatments for the same week and over time.Therefore,the treatments were:WW,WW-O_3,WS and WS-O_3.The fast chlorophyll a fluorescence transients OJIP for the four treatments emitted upon illumination of dark-adapted leaves were measured after week 1,2,3,4 and analysed by the JIP-test to evaluate the resulting changes in photosynthetic performance.Ozone fumigation led to a decline of total performance index(PI_(total))in well-watered plants.The effect of O_3 was minor under drought conditions,as revealed by a decrease of PI_(total) by 3%.The PI_(total) decreased as the treatment was prolonged,due to leaf ageing for all cases and the decline was more pronounced under WW-O_3.Taking the average of all weeks,WW had the highest PI_(total )and the lowest WW-O_3(decrease by 27%),while in WS and WS-O_3,it was lower than WW(14 and 17%,respectively).We found that the absorption(ABS)/reaction centre(RC)increases,while the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry(φ_(Po))undergoes slight changes,and trapping(TR_0)/RC closely followed the increase in ABS/RC.This indicates that O_3and drought caused an increase in the functional antenna size.The maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry showed slight differences for all treatments and over time,suggesting that this parameter is less sensitive to drought and O_3 stress.Therefore,the more sensitive components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain appeared to be the probability that an electron from the intersystem electron carriers is transferred to reduce end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side(δ_(Ro))and the RC density on a chlorophyll basis(RC/ABS).     

臭氧对蔬菜中农药残留降解效果的初步评价

采用臭氧在清水中处理含有农药的大白菜、番茄、辣椒和菜豆,研究了臭氧对蔬菜中农药残留的降解效果.结果表明,臭氧对甲胺磷、氧化乐果和溴氰菊酯均有较强的降解作用,以甲胺磷降解速度最快,其次为溴氰菊酯、氧化乐果;不同种类蔬菜以叶菜中的农药残留最易降解,其次为菜豆、果菜.同样经20min处理,臭氧与果蔬清洗剂对叶菜中农药残留的清洗效果相当,对茄果类菜臭氧清洗效果优于果蔬清洗剂.     

医用臭氧对腹水中大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用

目的观察医用臭氧对腹水中细菌的杀菌作用。方法抽取4例肝硬化患者的无菌腹水,加入大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌培养24 h后,通入浓度为80 mg/L医用臭氧作用不同时间,采用悬液定量法、活菌计数观察杀菌效果。结果医用臭氧对不同腹水中大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌杀菌效果的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,且杀菌效果随作用时间延长而增加（P〈0.01）。结论 80 mg/L医用臭氧的杀菌效果随腹水中总蛋白含量降低及作用时间延长而增加。     

Photochemical formation of hydrogen peroxide in surface and ground waters exposed to sunlight

A rapid increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide was observed when samples of natural surface and ground water from various locations in the United States were exposed to sunlight. The hydrogen peroxide is photochemically generated from organic constituents present in the water; humic materials are believed to be the primary agent producing the peroxide. Studies with superoxide dismutase suggest that the superoxide anion is the precursor of the peroxide.     

Tactoid formation in montmorillionite: effect on ion exchange kinetics

Exchange between calcium from montmorillonite and hydrogen from resin is much slower than exchange between sodium from montmorillonite and hydrogen from resin. Film kinetics are prevailing in both cases, but the location of the rate-determining step is shifted from the Nernst films of the resin particles in the sodium-hydrogen exchange to the Nernst films of the clay particles in the calcium-hydrogen exchange. The increased particle size of the montmorillonite in the calcium state, caused by tactoid formation, appears to be the main reason for the shift.     

Methyl chloroform: impact on stratospheric ozone

Regulations to limit the use of trichloroethylene as a degreasing solvent have led to an increased use of the more photochemically inert solvent methyl chloroform as a substitute. Model calculations show that about 15 percent of the methyl chloroform released into the atmosphere will reach the stratosphere. Time scenarios based on past production figures and reasonable projections for future release rates lead to a steady-state ozone depletion due to this solvent about 20 percent as large as those resulting from the continuous release of chlorofluoromethanes at 1973 rates.     

Ethanolamine phosphoglycerides: effect on the properties of myelinoid lecithin water systems

The amount of swelling solution trapped when mixtures of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides were dispersed in 0.145M glucose-C(14) is dependent on, but not linearly related to, the amount of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride in the mixture. The leakage of swelling solution out of such myelinoid lipid-water dispersions was, however, linearly related to the proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride.     

Solar proton event: influence on stratospheric ozone

Large-scale reductions in the ozone content of the middle and upper stratosphere over the polar cap regions were associated with the major solar proton event of 4 August 1972. This reduction, which was determined from measurements with the backscattered ultraviolet experiment on the Nimbus 4 satellite, is interpreted as being due to the catalytic destruction of ozone by odd-nitrogen compounds (NO(x)) produced by the event.     

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在水中的光解研究

[目的]为了全面评价农药甲氨基阿维茵素苯甲酸盐的环境行为。[方法]研究10mg／L甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水溶液在不同光源（高压汞灯、氙灯、自然光）照射下的光解情况,不同水质（蒸馏水、自来水、巢湖水、池塘水）配制的10mg／L甲氨基阿维茵素苯甲酸盐溶液在高压汞灯照射下的光解情况,不同浓度（1、10、20mg／L）甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水溶液在高压汞灯照射下的光解情况。[结果]在不同光照射下,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水溶液的光解速率有明显的差异。其中,其在高压汞灯和氙灯下的光解半衰期是3．40min、23．50h。甲氨基阿维茵素苯甲酸盐溶液初始浓度越大,其光解速率越快。不同的水质对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的影响的差异显著,甲氨基阿维茵素苯甲酸盐光解速率大小表现为：蒸馏水〉自来水〉巢湖水〉池塘水。[结论]为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐在防治农业害虫方面的应用提供科学依据。     

Tunguska meteor fall of 1908: effects on stratospheric ozone

In 1908, when the giant Tunguska meteor disintegrated in the earth's atmosphere over Siberia, it may have generated as much as 30 million metric tons of nitric oxide (NO) in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The photochemical aftereffects of the event have been simulated using a comprehensive model of atmospheric trace composition. Calculations indicate that up to 45 percent of the ozone in the Northern Hemisphere may have been depleted by Tunguska's nitric oxide cloud early in 1909 and large ozone reductions may have persisted until 1912. Measurements of atmospheric transparentiy by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the years 1909 to 1911 show evidence of a steady ozone recovery from unusually low levels in early 1909, implying a total ozone deficit of 30 +/- 15 percent. The coincidence in time between the observed ozone recovery and the Tunguska meteor fall indicates that the event may provide a test of current ozone depletion theories.     

The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study

The effects of natural hydrocarbons must be considered in order to develop a reliable plan for reducing ozone in the urban atmosphere. Trees can emit significant quantities of hydrocarbons to metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, and model calculations indicate that these natural emissions can significantly affect urban ozone levels. By neglecting these compounds, previous investigators may have overestimated the effectiveness of an ozone abatement strategy based on reducing anthropogenic hydrocarbons.     

The formation of stellar systems from interstellar molecular clouds

Star formation, a crucial link in the chain of events that led from the early expansion of the universe to the formation of the solar system, continues to play a major role in the evolution of many galaxies. Observational and theoretical studies of regions of ongoing star formation provide insight into the physical conditions and events that must have attended the formation of the solar system. Such investigations also elucidate the role played by star formation in the evolutionary cycle which appears to dominate the chemical processing of interstellar material by successive generations of stars in spiral galaxies like our own. New astronomical facilities planned for development during the 1980's could lead to significant advances in our understanding of the star formation process. Efforts to identify and examine both the elusive protostellar collapse phase of star formation and planetary systems around nearby stars will be especially significant.     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻茎秆抗倒性状的影响

为了研究臭氧胁迫对不同敏感类型水稻成熟期茎秆抗倒性状的影响,利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,设置室内对照(10 n L·L-1)和臭氧浓度增高(100 n L·L-1)处理,利用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法,将所有供试材料按地上部成熟期生物量对臭氧胁迫的响应从小到大依次分为A类(-19%)、B类(-39%)和C类(-52%)3个类别。臭氧胁迫环境下A、B和C类水稻倒3节间抗折力降幅差异不显著,均为19%~20%;但倒4节间抗折力分别下降28%、36%和44%,降幅因类型不同而异,与原位测定的植株田间抗折力的变化趋势一致。臭氧胁迫使水稻基部节间的长度、干重、单位长度干重、横截面积、长直径、短直径和茎壁厚均显著或极显著下降,节间干重降幅最大(平均58%),长直径、短直径以及茎壁厚的降幅最小(平均13%~15%);不同节间比较结果显示,臭氧胁迫对这7个参数的影响多表现为第4节间第3节间,其中臭氧处理与节间互作对节间长度、单位长度干重、横截面积、长直径和短直径的影响均达极显著水平;从不同类型看,臭氧胁迫下上述指标的降幅多表现为C类B类A类水稻,其中臭氧处理与水稻类型的互作对节间横截面积、长直径和短直径的影响均达极显著水平。相关分析表明,臭氧胁迫下基部两节间抗折力的响应与对应节间横截面积、长直径、短直径和节间单位长度干重的响应多呈明显的线性正相关。以上结果说明,100n L·L-1臭氧浓度使不同类型水稻茎秆质量明显变劣,臭氧胁迫导致的茎秆抗折力显著下降主要与节间变细相关,其次与节间单位长度干重下降亦有关联。