Lower cretaceous angiosperm flowers: fossil evidence on early radiation of dicotyledons

Three-dimensionally preserved unisexual angiosperm flowers and inflorescences have been recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Patapsco Formation (Potomac Group) of eastern North America, in sediments palynologically dated as late Albian, approximately 100 million years old. In situ tricolpate pollen shows that the flowers were produced by some of the earliest higher (nonmagnoliid) dicotyledons, and the morphology of pollen, flowers, and inflorescences indicates a close relation to extant Platanaceae. Combined with architectural and cuticular features of associated leaves these floral remains suggest that Platanus-like plants with unisexual, probably insect-pollinated flowers were an important element in the mid-Cretaceous diversification of dicotyledonous flowering plants.     

211份板栗种质资源花序表型多样性和聚类分析

【目的】 通过对10个省份（群体）211份中国板栗种质资源花序相关性状表型多样性和遗传特点的研究,进一步丰富中国板栗表型性状遗传多样性信息,挖掘优异基因材料,并为现有种质资源保护、利用、创新及遗传改良提供参考。【方法】 采用“板栗种质资源描述规范和数据标准”中提供的方法,对河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所板栗种质资源圃内211份中国板栗资源的15个花序相关表型性状进行系统调查,量化赋值后,使用SPSS 20.0软件进行遗传变异分析、Shannon-weaver指数多样性分析、相关性分析和主成分分析,采用MEGA 7.0进行聚类分析。【结果】 我国板栗资源花序相关性状具有丰富的表型多样性,平均变异系数和平均多样性指数分别为28.23%和1.70,其中每果枝雌花个数的变异系数最大为60.66,雄花序比例变异系数最小为7.37,序轴粗度比的多样性指数最高为1.99,每果枝两性花序个数、两性花序比例多样性指数最低为1.41。进一步分析发现不同地区板栗遗传变异和表型多样性存在差异,江苏群体变异程度最大,变异系数为35.53%;河北群体多样性水平最高,多样性指数1.86;安徽群体遗传变异和表型多样性水平均最低,变异系数和多样性指数分别为16.96%和0.95。测量性状中,除雄蕊长和序轴粗度比外,其余性状均为群体间差异显著,花序长、花轴粗、花簇密度、每果枝两性花序个数、两性花序比例、雄花序比例、每果枝雌花个数这7个性状,群体间差异极显著,不同地域间变异丰富,多样性程度高。相关性分析表明,花序形态性状内部间的相关性较明显,花序数量性状内部间的相关性较明显,但花序形态和花序数量间相关性不明显。主成分分析表明：前5个主成分反映了总信息量的84.18%,每果枝两性花序个数（0.931）、花序粗（0.912）、花序长粗比（-0.889）、花序长（0.864）、每果枝雌花个数（0.828）、雄花序比例（-0.821）、两性花序比例（0.820）、雄蕊长（0.806）8个性状的相关系数都在0.8以上,是板栗花序相关性状变异的主要因素。以第一主成分和第二主成分为标准,将211份资源分为5个类群,并筛选出9份两性花序数量多、雌雄比例高且高雌花量的板栗资源。聚类分析将211份资源分为8个类群,花相关表型性状变异相同的材料大多聚在一起,变异较大的类群和主成分分析结果相似。【结论】 中国板栗资源花序相关表型性状变异丰富,多样性程度高,地域间遗传变异和多样性程度不同,群体间性状差异显著。花序形态表型性状和花序数量表型性状内部的相关性较明显,但花序形态和花序数量间相关性不明显。筛选出8个性状可作为板栗花形和花量的综合评定指标,9个两性花序数量多、雌雄比例高且高雌花量的板栗资源可作为性别调控、改善产量的亲本材料。     

Ancient bisexual flowers

Fossil flowers discovered in 94-million-year-old clays of the Dakota Formation in Nebraska are among the earliest known demonstrably bisexual flowers. The flowers are of medium size and have pentamerous whorls of clearly differentiated floral parts, petals alternate with the sepals, short stamens are borne opposite the petals, the carpels are fused, and a receptacular disk is present. The pollen is small and tricolporate. These flowers appear to be well adapted to insect pollination. The numerous floral features and pollen characters provide sufficient diagnostic data to assess its systematic position. No extant order accommodates the features of this flower and it shares some features of various extant orders. The classification of flowering plants and our understanding of their evolution must be influenced by the fossilized remains of ancient flowers.     

The pollination of zygogynum (winteraceae) by a moth, sabatinca (micropterigidae): an ancient association?

The primitive and vesselless angiosperm Zygogynum (Winteraceae), which is restricted to New Caledonia, is pollinated by a moth, Sabatinca (Micropterigidae). Fossil records of both the moth and the plant families extend to the Early Cretaceous. Adult Sabatinca have grinding mandibles and usually feed on the spores of ferns and on pollen. The insects use the flowers as mating sites and eat the pollen which is immersed in a dense pollenkitt. This mode of pollination in which flowers serve as mating and feeding stations with floral odors acting as cues may have been common in the early evolution of flowering plants.     

台农1号芒果一次花和二次花的特性研究

为了探讨比较台农1号芒果“一年两熟”栽培过程中一次花和二次花的形态特性,对其一次花和二次花的花序长度、花朵直径、两性花比率、花粉活性、花粉量及花粉形态、大小进行了试验研究。结果表明：一次花和二次花的花序平均长度分别为30.74cm和20.67cm;一次花和二次花的直径平均长度分别为7.30mm和6.55mm;一次花和二次花的两性花比率较低,一次花的两性花比率为20.06%,二花的两性花比率为28.79%;一次花的花粉活性比二次花的花粉活性高,一次花的花粉活性为12.90%,二次花的花粉活性为7.63%;一次花的每花花药含花粉量为500个,二次花的每花花药含花粉量为333个;台农1号一次花和二次花的花粉形态可分为长椭圆形花粉、椭圆形花粉、近圆形花粉和不规则形花粉4个类型。     

泰国金白花芒花器官及花粉生物学特性研究

为更好地了解泰国金白花芒花器官及花粉生物学特性,对其花的生物学特性、两性花比率及花粉形态进行了观察,并对花粉育性进行了检测.结果表明,花的类型主要为雄花和两性花,花小但量多;两性花比例较低,仅为17.99%,但南面花序初花期两性花比例达到47.83%;其花药饱满,每枚花药含花粉粒408个;其花粉染色活力较低,为14.0...     

An aptian plant with attached leaves and flowers: implications for angiosperm origin

Recent phylogenetic studies and fossil finds support a new view of the ancestral angiosperm. A diminutive fossil angiosperm from the Aptian of Australia has attached leaves, with intermediate pinnate-palmate, low-rank venation, and lateral axes bearing pistillate organs subtended by bracts and bracteoles that are the oldest direct evidence of flowers. A variety of data suggests a similar morphology for the ancestral angiosperm. This hypothesis explains similarities between rhizomatous to herbaceous Magnoliidae and basal monocots, scarcity of early agniosperm wood, and lack of recognition of earlier remains.     

Strange floral attractors: pollinator attraction and the evolution of plant sexual systems

Individual plants of hummingbird-pollinated Besleria triflora display two flower morphs: staminate flowers, which have shortened styles and do not produce fruit, and hermaphrodite flowers. Experiments with B. triflora indicate that pollinator attraction can drive the evolution of a dimorphic plant sexual system. In field-manipulated plants, visitation increased at large floral displays; however, pollen receipt increased only when staminate flowers were used to enlarge the display. Laboratory experiments showed that staminate flowers do not remove pollen from visiting pollinators, effectively concentrating outcross pollen onto stigmas of fertile flowers. A dimorphic sexual system is favored because the morphology of staminate flowers enhances their role in pollinator attraction.     

Lower eocene and paleocene gentianaceae: floral and palynological evidence

Lower Eocene flowers with Pistillipollenites macgregorii pollen represent the earliest megafossil evidence of the Gentianaceae. The Paleocene occurrence of P. macgregorii, the fossil's modern floral structure, and suggested trends in the evolution of pollen in the Gentianaceae indicate a considerably earlier origin for the family. Floral morphology typical of bee-pollinated flowers provides the earliest, albeit indirect, fossil evidence of bees.     

板栗芽变短雄花序发育的细胞形态学观察

本试验对板栗芽变短雄花序的生长动态、形态特征及细胞形态进行观察。结果表明：芽变雄花序长度和粗度生长缓慢，长度和直径都明显小于对照雄花序。通过细胞组织形态学观察，表明雄花序上部细胞发生异常死亡的时间在5月14日-5月16日之间，此期雄花序发育内部处于花被分化期，外部顶端开始变黄，并逐渐弯曲直至枯死，最终导致上部雄花序死亡。     

毛白杨异源三倍体形态和减数分裂观察

毛新杨×毛白杨［（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓｔｏｍｅｎｔｏｓａ×Ｐ．ｂｏｌｅａｎａ）×Ｐ．ｔｏｍｅｎｔｏｓａ］异源三倍体无性系综合形态特征为偏毛白杨,部分近于新疆杨（如长枝叶）,只有长枝叶、雄花序等表现出了较明显的巨大性．其花粉母细胞减数分裂进程较毛白杨、毛新杨约快８～１２ｈ,且极不同步．三倍体染色体联会和分离的行为复杂,在中期Ⅰ除了出现三价体、二价体、单价体外,还可见到四价体和五价体;在后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ亦可见到较高频率的落后染色体,遗传上属于部分异源三倍体．这些毛白杨异源三倍体表现高度不育,但存在着无性系差异．花粉部分可育三倍体（Ｂ３０２）的存在,为相关的遗传分析及倍性育种实践提供了极其有用的材料     

三倍体毛白杨有性生殖能力的研究

该文通过对 7个毛白杨三倍体和 3个二倍体无性系的花序量、花粉量及生命力、种子品质的比较研究和生殖器官形态的观察 ,发现三倍体无性系的花序量明显比二倍体的少 ;雄性无性系每个花序的花粉量及其发芽率在三倍体和二倍体之间差异不大 ;而三倍体雌性无性系的结实能力、果实形态大小和种子品质明显较二倍体的差 .结果表明三倍体毛白杨的有性生殖能力较低 ,因此 ,种植三倍体毛白杨将会减少毛白杨早春散粉和飞絮对环境的污染 .     

虫媒花与风媒花花粉形态的比较

为了比较虫媒花与风媒花花粉形态上的差异,利用扫描电镜（SEM）对多种虫媒花与风媒花植物的花粉进行了观察。结果表明,虫媒花的花粉形状倾向于长球形,个体普遍比风媒花大;其外壁较粗糙,一级雕纹深刻,大多具次级雕纹。有些虫媒花的花粉具有刺状或疣状突起,有的植物（杜鹃）花粉的外壁具有粘丝。而风媒花中除了具气囊的松型花粉较大外,花粉个体普遍比较小,形状倾向于球形;其外壁比较光滑,一级雕纹大多较浅,为微弱或模糊的细网状或细颗粒状雕纹,基本上无明显的次级雕纹。因此．花粉形态的特征使虫媒花花粉有利于粘附在昆虫身体上传播。而使风媒花的花粉有利于逸散到空气中传播。     

Winteraceous pollen in the lower cretaceous of Israel: early evidence of a magnolialean angiosperm family

Pollen of the primitive angiosperm family Winteraceae has been discovered in the Aptian-Albian of Israel, extending the fossil record of this phylogenetically important family of flowering plants from the uppermost Upper Cretaceous back some 40 million years to the upper Lower Cretaceous. This appears to represent the earliest known record of a magnolialean angiosperm family and is convincing evidence for the existence in the Early Cretaceous of an extant family of angiosperms.     

Evolution of pollen morphology

Over evolutionary time, the morphology of angiosperm pollen has evolved toward an increasing number of apertures, among other things. From a neo-Darwinian point of view, this means that (i) some polymorphism for aperture number must exist and (ii) there must be some fitness increase associated with increasing the aperture number. Pollen types with different aperture numbers often occur in the same species. Such is the case in Viola diversifolia. Comparison of pollen with three and four apertures in this species showed that four-apertured grains germinated faster than three-apertured ones but that the four-apertured ones experienced other disadvantages. These results obtained on the gametophyte can be interpreted in terms of strategies of the sporophyte.     

Angiosperm diversification and paleolatitudinal gradients in cretaceous floristic diversity

The latitudinally diachronous appearance of angiosperm pollen during the Cretaceous is well documented, but the subsequent diversification and accompanying significant changes in floristic dominance have not been assessed quantitatively for a wide range of paleolatitudes. Trend surfaces fitted to within-palynoflora diversity data from 1125 pollen and spore assemblages show that angiosperms first become floristically prominent in low paleolatitude areas( approximately 20 degrees N to 20 degrees S). Non-magnoliid dicotyledons show a similar but slightly delayed pattern of increase and are the principal component of angiosperm diversity from all areas sampled. Monocotyledons and magnoliid dicotyledons are significant primarily in low to middle paleolatitude palynofloras( approximately 50 degrees N to 20 degrees S) during the latest Cretaceous. As angiosperms become increasingly prevalent the importance of most non-angiosperm taxa either decreases or remains unchanged. The only apparent exception is a striking increase in gnetalean diversity concurrent with the initial angiosperm diversification at low paleolatitudes.     

6个非洲菊品种的花粉特性及其离体萌发

为研究不同条件下的花粉特性及其离体萌发,笔者通过测定6个非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)品种的花粉形态、花粉数量和花粉活力,明确花粉特性和不同条件下的花粉活力;利用spss 23.0软件进行花粉大小、形态指数和花粉数量的系统聚类分析。结果表明:6个非洲菊品种的花粉形态、花粉数量和花粉活力均存在差异。‘玲珑’的花粉粒最大,‘大雪菊’的花粉粒最小;‘云南红’花粉数量最多,‘玲珑’花粉数量最低;用花粉离体萌发法测定不同时期（初开、半开、盛开期）和不同温度下（5, 15, 25, 35 ℃）的花粉活力范围分别为2.75%～33.54%和0.37%～34.62%。系统聚类法以花粉粒粒长和花粉粒直径聚类,在组间距离为25处,6个非洲菊品种被划分为二大类,第一大类包括‘大雪菊’、‘拉丝’、‘香槟’、‘云南红’和‘紫霞’,第二类中的‘玲珑’单独聚成1类。     

小豆花粉生活力的初步观察

作者将大纳言、JN0 0 1、JN5、B 1、NL3、B 47等 6个材料新鲜的小豆花粉置于不同温湿环境条件下进行保存 ,利用花粉离体培养技术在显微镜下观察花粉萌发能力 ,以花粉萌发率作为小豆花粉生活力测定的指标 ,从而评价小豆花粉生活力。结果表明 :(1)检测小豆花粉萌发的最佳培养液配方为 0 0 12 0 %硼酸 +2 5%蔗糖 ,最佳处理时间是 1～ 1 5h ;(2 ) 1d中不同时段相同形态的花蕾的花粉萌发率相差不大 ,但花粉萌发率的最高值均出现在 8:0 0～ 10 :0 0 ;(3 )湿度是影响小豆花粉萌发的主要因素 ,低温干燥条件下可以延长花粉的生活力 ,干燥器中取出的花朵吸湿 3 0min后其花粉萌发率会提高。     

四种抗微管物质诱导毛新杨2n花粉粒的研究

该文揭示了 4种抗微管物质 ,秋水仙碱、戊炔草胺、安磺灵和氟乐灵都有能力诱导毛新杨 2n花粉 .秋水仙碱虽然诱导 2n花粉比率最高 ,但花粉量最少 .另外 3种除草剂 ,诱导 2n花粉效率比用秋水仙碱处理的结果要低 ,但花粉量较大 ,其中 ,用戊炔草胺处理效果最好 .其最佳处理为注射花芽 4次 ,药品浓度 2 0 0 μmol L ,这不仅能使 2n花粉比率达到 84 4 % ,花粉量达到 0 .70mg 序 ,而且注射处理 10个花芽的费用仅为 0 .0 84元 ,远远低于用秋水仙碱处理同样数量花芽的花费 .该文证明了在所采用的这 4种抗微管物质中 ,戊炔草胺是诱导杨树花粉染色体加倍效果最好的药剂     

3种FT基因诱导杨树早期开花比较

为了促进杨树早期开花,缩短杨树遗传育种周期,采用农杆菌AGL1介导的转化方法及热激诱导方法,进行了热激启动子HSP控制下的3类FT基因转化2种杨树无性系(353与717)诱导杨树早期开花的比较研究.结果表明:来自拟南芥的FT基因促花效果优于来自杨树的FT1和FT2基因;FT类基因与受体基因型/性别之间互作明显,开花较好...