小麦化学杂交新技术

小麦化学杂交技术又称化学杀雄，简称CHA（Chemicalhybridivationagenco）。它是指利用化学药剂诱导小麦雄性不育配制杂种一代技术一它与遗传型“三系”、“两系”法配制杂种一代技术相比具有制种程序简便、省工、省时的优点，在小麦杂种优势利用上已展现出极其光明的前景。我所于1988年开始承担国家引智计划项目引进美国S。－gotal公司（现为DupontHybrinova公司）合成的多种化学杀雄刘样品，经鉴定筛选出SC2053，并完成了应用技术研究。SC2053与现有的杀华药剂相比，其优点是：1、杀雄选择性好：诱导雄性不育率达100％，雌蕊保持良好…     

天然笃斯越橘杂交育种技术研究

本研究充分利用越橘属种间杂交。以笃斯越橘野生种为母本,栽培种为父本的杂交实验证明,越橘属植物可以进行中间杂交,2倍体×4倍体杂交成功,说明笃斯越橘可以利用倍性育种技术开展更多的遗传学研究,创制新种质。     

美洲黑扬与不同种源青杨杂种苗叶片和生长性状多水平变异研究

利用美洲黑杨50号为母本和青杨5个种源（各10个单株）为父本杂交，获得杂种F1代无性系，对此多水平杂交育种体系叶片和生长遗传变异进行了研究。结果表明，父本青杨种源间及种源内单株间均达到极显著差异，F1代无性系的种源间、种源内家系间和家系内无性系间存在不同差异。杂种F1代无性系扦插父本种源不同的杂交组合间和组合内家系间成活率差异不显著，1、2、3年生苗的生长性状在不同层次变异水平上差异显著或极显著，表明父本青杨种源间和种源内变异对F1代生长有显著影响，F1代无性系存在丰富的遗传变异，具有选择潜力。杂种F1代叶片形态一苗期生长性状间未发现有较大相关性。     

北京市园林科学研究所草花育种成果

近几年，北京市园林科学研究所在草花育种方面成果显著。从1999年开始，在北京市科委的支持下，该所先后承担了“万寿菊等8种花卉制种研究”、“草花种子商品化技术研究”等课题。2005年参加北京市重大科技项目“草本花卉良种繁育基地建设与示范”的研究，曾获北京市园林局科技进步一等奖三项。     

马尾松1代育种群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用12个ISSR标记分析马尾松1代育种群体中78个不同产地来源的优良亲本遗传变异,发现基于ISSR标记扩增的多态位点百分率、Nei's基因多样性指数和Shannon信息多样性指数均较高,表明马尾松1代育种亲本的整体遗传多样性水平较高.78个亲本之间遗传距离变化范围为0.115～0.776,平均遗传距离为0.371.亲本之间的ISSR遗传距离与亲本产地的纬向地理距离关系密切,纬度相差较大的亲本间ISSR遗传距离相对较大.利用部分参试亲本进行测交系交配并分析其中的优良杂交组合,发现大部分优良组合父本、母本产地的纬向地理距离较远,同时亲本间ISSR遗传距离也较大.根据本研究结果,应优先选择来自纬度差异较大的不同种源区、同时ISSR遗传距离也较大的优树作为高世代育种亲本,不仅能有效维持高世代育种群体较高的遗传多样性,也利于创制更多强优势杂交组合,提高杂种优势利用程度.     

果树雄性不育机理研究进展

深入研究果树雄性不育机理,对于果树生产和育种具有十分重要的应用价值。本文综述了近年来国内外果树雄性不育的表现形式,产生原因;以及细胞生物学水平上绒毡层发育不正常和减数分裂异常导致的果树雄性不育;生理生化水平上同工酶、生长物质代谢、物质与能量代谢和膜稳定性等和果树雄性不育之间的关系;以及分子生物学水平上果树雄性不育的产生机理,并对果树雄性不育的利用和克服途径进行了阐述。     

马尾松苗木生长和根系性状的GCA/SCA及磷素环境影响

利用待测系经过GCA初步测定的15个马尾松测交系子代,设置低磷与高磷2个磷素水平的盆栽试验,研究马尾松苗木生长和根系参数的GCA/SCA相对重要性及磷素环境的影响.结果表明:不同磷素水平下马尾松测交系苗木生长和根系参数都达到极显著差异,受较强的遗传控制,全同胞遗传力在0.745～0.920.配合力分析结果显示,马尾松生长和根系性状较多地受母本GCA和SCA效应的影响,父本GCA效应则较小.高磷条件下马尾松苗木生长表现尤其是根系性状主要由非加性遗传控制,加性基因效应次之,选配分别来自南部和北部的优良育种亲本进行杂交制种,可以创制生长量大、根系发达的杂交新品种;低磷条件下苗木总根长、根表面积和根体积仍主要由非加性遗传控制,但低磷胁迫却改变了苗高、地径和侧根数的GCA/SCA相对重要性,与高磷水平比较,低磷下这3个性状的GCA效应明显增加而SCA效应明显减小.可通过加强总根长、根表面积和根体积等磷效率特异性指标的SCA育种,选育高磷效率的马尾松新品种.     

广东省杉木无性系选育程序与策略

对广东省的杉木无性系选育程序与策略提出了建议，即把近阶段的优良种源、优良家系混系繁殖利用迅速提高到优良杂交个体的无性系利用方面来；全省需要制订１个综合育种体系，包括有性选育系统与无性选育系统，在应用时做到有性与无性交互使用，多层次多途径地利用各方面的遗传效益，以充分发挥遗传改良效果。对今后育种群体建设，提议采用单群体多功能实生种子园方案。并对早期测定，群体遗传结构的改变和基因型与环境交互效应问题进行了探讨。     

湖南省林业科学院油茶科研再上新台阶

我院油茶科研工作经过几代科技人员40多年的努力，硕果累累。继2008年成果“油茶雄性不育系选育与杂交育种研究与示范”获湖南省科技进步一等奖后，又迎来了新的喜讯，我院主持完成的科研成果“油茶雄性不育杂交新品种选育及高效栽培技术和示范”     

工业用杨树新品种──廊坊杨

廊坊杨是廊坊市农林科学院于１９８０年进行杂交育种，在 １１０个杂交组合中选育出来的，历时 １６ ａ。共有 ３个系号，即 １号、 ２号和 ３号。 １９９７年６月通过了由河北省林业厅组织的技术鉴定，１９９８年４月通过了河北省林木良种审定委员会的良种审定，定名为廊坊杨１号、廊坊杨２号、廊坊杨３号。适应在河北省平原沙区推广。１ 亲本及杂交组合１．１ 廊坊杨１号是采用树上杂交方法获得的美洲黑杨杂种无性系。母本是北方型美洲黑杨山海关杨，父本是南方型美洲黑杨Ⅰ～６３／５１杨，即哈佛杨和欧洲黑杨中美杨的混合花粉。杂交组合…     

Cytological and genetical studies on male sterility inCryptomeria japonica D. Don

Genetic male sterility is a useful trait in plant breeding, especially in angiosperm crops such as corn, onion and carrot. We found a male sterile sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) tree in Toyama, Japan. Pollen of sugi is one of the major causes of pollinosis in Japan. We carried out this research in an attempt to make clear the characteristics and inheritance of this male sterility. Microsporogenesis of the male sterile tree proceeded meiosis, however, the microspores collapsed after they were separated from pollen tetrads in locules, resulting in complete male sterility. Most likely, ethylene evolution was responsible for male sterility expression. Full seed setting in the male sterile tree indicated normal macrosporogenesis. Seeds obtained from crossing between male sterile and normal lines showed relatively high level of germination and their seedlings grew vigorously. The somatic chromosome numbers of 241 germinated seeds, derived from the male sterile tree, were mostly 22, euploid. These results indicated that male sterile tree was different from other similar previously reported trees with low pollen fertility, resulting from triploid or trisomics. Probably, male sterility in sugi is either nuclear genetic male sterility or cytoplasmic male sterility. The study was partially supported by Program for Promotion of Basic Research Actives for Innovative Biosciences.     

分子标记在植物雄性不育研究中的应用

植物雄性不育在自然界中广泛存在.本文阐述了植物雄性不育的类型、分子机理、几种主要DNA遗传标记技术的基本原理及其在植物雄性不育研究中的应用与前景,并对不同DNA标记技术的优缺点进行了介绍和评述.     

杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子叶球的发育解剖和生理生化的比较研究

1978年我们在浙江省首次发现杉木(Cunnighamia lanceolata)雄性不育株。本文对杉木雄性不育株的小孢子叶球进行了有关形态学和生理生化方面的初步研究。结果表明:杉木的雄性不育属于无孢子型。造成雄性不育的直接原因是绒毡层的过早解体和小孢子母细胞不能完成减数分裂。雄性不育株的雌球花发育正常,并能正常开花、授粉和结籽。在小孢子发生和发育过程中,不育株小孢子叶球的呼吸强度明显低于可育株的小孢子叶球,并表现出一定的规律性。不育株与可育株之间过氧化物酶同工酶谱具有明显差异,前者的酶带数始终多于后者。作者认为,杉木不育株中可能存在雄性不育细胞质基因,通过影响或调节编码过氧化物酶的核基因的表达,或影响核基因遗传功能的正常发挥,引起核质之间的不协调而导致雄性不育。     

落羽杉属树木种间杂交选育研究进展

对落羽杉属树木种间杂交育种研究及杂交后代优良无性系的特性作了综述,并对该属树木种间持续育种和优良杂种的推广应用前景进行展望。     

印楝油两性不育灭鼠颗粒剂对小鼠摄食系数与抗生育作用

鼠害一直影响我国林业的发展,传统的灭鼠药物由于对环境的破坏过大且有长期毒副残留的危害,因而现有灭鼠制剂已逐渐开始向天然灭鼠剂转变,其中通过抗生育机制控制害鼠的繁殖力度是一     

Inheritance of the trait of male sterility inCryptomeria japonica

Matings of male-sterileC. japonica and fertile eliteC. japonica, as well as backcross seedlings of male-sterile trees, were carried out to clarify the genetic trait of male sterility of theC. japonica. The seeds from male-sterileC. japonica were germinated in an incubator and grown them in the greenhouse between 1994 and 1997. The seedlings were treated with 100 ppm gibberellin at early July 1994 and early July 1995 to promote the formation of male flowers. In the middle of January 1995, the male flowers of all seedlings were examined under the microscope to confirm the production of pollen. In January 1996, pollen did not developed in to the male flowers from the seedlings between the fertiled elite and backcrossC. japonica. In January 1997, all seedlings of eliteC. japonica produced pollen in their male flowers; however, pollen did not developed in 55 out of 120 backcrossed seedlings. This evidence suggests that the heredity pattern of male sterility inC. japonica is nuclear male sterility controlled by a pair of recessive genes.     

Effects of X-rays on Tuta absoluta for use in inherited sterility programmes

Tuta absoluta is a key pest of tomato crops originating from South America. The consequences of X-radiation on this species were studied under laboratory controlled conditions. The effect of radiation on adult emergence was evaluated exposing male and female pupae to increasing X-rays. Adult emergence decreased as doses of X-radiation increased, with the appearance of deformities such as malformed wings and bent legs at doses ≥350?Gy. Besides, males and females obtained from irradiated pupae were out crossed with untreated counterparts to explore the effects of X-radiation on inherited sterility. (a) Irradiated male?×?untreated female crosses. Both fecundity and fertility of the untreated females were reduced by radiation, and the effect was stronger as the doses increased. Neither the longevity of parental males and F1 adults nor the sex ratios of the F1 and F2 generations were affected by X-radiation (F1 and F2: first and second generation of descendants of irradiated adults). Inherited sterility effects were manifested by a significant reduction in the F1 fecundity, F1 fertility, and the amount of larvae and pupae produced. Doses of 200–250?Gy could be used to induce inherited sterility in T. absoluta males. (b) Untreated male?×?irradiated female crosses. The minimum dose at which irradiated females were completely sterile was 200?Gy. The present study is the first study in T. absoluta that provides the starting point for implementing the inherited sterility in this species.     

梨树生殖生物学研究进展

介绍了有关梨树的生殖生物学的研究概况,具体包括:梨树有性生殖过程中雌雄生殖系统形态结构、发育变化情况和受精过程;雄性不育的机理;梨树自交不亲和性的分子机理和S-基因型的鉴定。     

香料烟雄性不育品种与其同型可育品种性状比较

2008-2009年冬春季,在云南保山潞江坝,对香料烟云香巴斯玛1号经6次回交转育的雄性不育系与云香巴斯玛1号进行比较试验,结果表明:云香巴斯玛1号与不育系在生育期、植物学形状、农艺性状、田间自然发病情况上差异不大,但是云香巴斯玛1号上部叶叶数多,上等烟比例高,产值、产量低;不育系上部叶叶数少,上等烟比例低,产值、产量高。