盐度骤降对近江牡蛎和长牡蛎能量收支的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了盐度骤降(盐度分别为10、20,自然海水为对照组)对近江牡蛎(Crassostreaariakensis)和长牡蛎(Crassastreagigas)生理代谢的影响.结果显示,盐度骤降对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎的耗氧率(OR)、排氨率(NR)、排粪率(FER)均有显著影响(P＜0.05),且2种牡蛎对...     

温度和盐度急性胁迫对岩牡蛎存活及免疫指标的影响

为探究岩牡蛎(Crassostreanippona)对不同温度和盐度急性变化的适应性,本研究通过将岩牡蛎从暂养环境(27℃,盐度32)直接转移至5个温度梯度(15℃、19℃、23℃、31℃、35℃)和6个盐度梯度(16、20、24、28、36、40),研究了急性胁迫对岩牡蛎超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及存活的影响。温度实验结果显示,15～31℃组岩牡蛎存活率均高于71.11%,35℃组存活率最低(34.44%),而15℃组免疫指标活性均受到明显抑制, MDA含量在144 h时达到最大值(46.93 nmol/mg prot);温度19℃、23℃、31℃组SOD、CAT、AKP和LSZ活性及MDA含量受应激显著上升后均逐渐恢复至对照水平。盐度实验结果表明, 40组盐度变化对岩牡蛎存活抑制明显,显著低于其他处理组(P0.05),适宜岩牡蛎存活的盐度变化为20～36组;盐度16组SOD、CAT、AKP和LSZ活性144 h时均显著低于对照组(P0.05), MDA含量与胁迫时间成正相关最终达到最大值(45.76 nmol/mg prot)。研究表明,温度和盐度突变均会对岩牡蛎5项免疫指标和存活率产生显著影响,岩牡蛎对温度19～31℃组和盐度20～36组突变具有较强的适应能力。     

盐度对黄鳝摄食和饥饿失重的影响

盐度对黄鳝最大摄食率有极显著影响(P<0.01),盐度(NaC l)为6或者4 g/L时,黄鳝最大摄食率最大(P<0.01);盐度为4、8、10 g/L时,黄鳝最大摄食率相近,但显著高于盐度12、14 g/L组和对照组(P<0.05)。同时,盐度对黄鳝排粪量与摄食量之比没有影响(P>0.05)。试验鱼19.53~32.37g的初始体重的差异和不同盐度对黄鳝饥饿失重率都有极显著影响(P<0.01),将黄鳝初始体重调整为25.56g后,得到不同盐度下黄鳝饥饿失重率从高到低的顺序:6 g/L>8 g/L>4 g/L>2 g/L>0.8 g/L>1 g/L>0.4 g/L>对照组(P<0.01)。     

Effects of acute change in salinity and moulting on the infection of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) with white spot syndrome virus upon immersion challenge

In the field, moulting and salinity drop in the water due to excessive rainfall have been mentioned to be risk factors for WSSV outbreaks. Therefore, in this study, the effect of an acute change in environmental salinity and shedding of the old cuticle shell on the susceptibility of Penaeus vannamei to WSSV was evaluated by immersion challenge. For testing the effect of abrupt salinity stress, early premoult shrimp that were acclimated to 35 g L^?1 were subjected to salinities of 50 g L^?1, 35 g L^?1, 20 g L^?1, 10 g L^?1 and 7 g L^?1 or 5 g L^?1 and simultaneously exposed to 10^5.5 SID₅₀ mL^?1 of WSSV for 5 h, after which the salinity was brought back to 35 g L^?1. Shrimp that were transferred from 35 g L^?1 to 50 g L^?1, 35 g L^?1 and 20 g L^?1 did not become infected with WSSV. Shrimp became infected with WSSV after an acute salinity drop from 35 g L^?1 to 10 g L^?1 and lower. The mortality in shrimp, subjected to a salinity change to 10 g L^?1, 7 g L^?1 and 5 g L^?1, was 6.7%, 46.7% and 53.3%, respectively (P < 0.05)_. For testing the effect of moulting, shrimp in early premoult, moulting and post‐moult were immersed in sea water containing 10^5.5 SID₅₀ mL^?1 of WSSV. The resulting mortality due to WSSV infection in shrimp inoculated during early premoult (0%), ecdysis (53.3%) and post‐moult (26.72%) demonstrated that a significant difference exists in susceptibility of shrimp during the short moulting process (P < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that during a drop in environmental salinity lower than 10 g L^?1 and ecdysis, shrimp are at risk for a WSSV infection. These findings have important implications for WSSV control measures.     

盐度对黑鲷卵巢发育的影响

盐度对黑鲷卵巢发育的影响施兆鸿（东海水产研究所，上海２０００９０）关键词黑鲷，卵巢发育，盐度ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＯＶＡＲＩＡＮＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＰＡＲＵＳＭＡＣＲＯＣＥＰＨＡＬＵＳ￥ＳｉｎＺｈａｏｈｏｎｇ（ＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎ...     

盐度胁迫对许氏平鲇血液免疫酶活力的影响

研究了急性、慢性盐度胁迫对许氏平鲇体重及血液免疫相关酶活力的影响。慢性盐度胁迫实验表明，在盐度5的水体中，许氏平鲇体重增长率为负值，其余各盐度组（10、20、40）的生长指标与自然海水组（盐度33）差异不显著（P〉0．05）；随海水盐度的降低，许氏平鲇的溶茵酶活力逐渐上升，但当盐度降至5时，其活力与自然海水组无显著性差异；血液中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力随海水盐度降低呈逐渐上升趋势。急性盐度胁迫实验证实，在盐度5、10的急性胁迫初期，许氏平鲇血液的各项免疫酶活力波动较大。溶菌酶活力在胁迫24h时达到峰值，之后逐渐下降；血液SoD活力在96h检测过程中呈高低起伏变化趋势；血液CAT活力在胁迫初期持续降低，12h后逐步稳定在较低水平，显著低于胁迫前血液CAT活力（P〈0．05）。     

盐度胁迫对许氏平鲉血液免疫酶活力的影响

研究了急性、慢性盐度胁迫对许氏平鲉体重及血液免疫相关酶活力的影响。慢性盐度胁迫实验表明,在盐度5的水体中,许氏平鲉体重增长率为负值,其余各盐度组(10、20、40)的生长指标与自然海水组(盐度33)差异不显著(P>0·05);随海水盐度的降低,许氏平鲉的溶菌酶活力逐渐上升,但当盐度降至5时,其活力与自然海水组无显著性差异;血液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力随海水盐度降低呈逐渐上升趋势。急性盐度胁迫实验证实,在盐度5、10的急性胁迫初期,许氏平鲉血液的各项免疫酶活力波动较大。溶菌酶活力在胁迫24h时达到峰值,之后逐渐下降;血液SOD活力在96h检测过程中呈高低起伏变化趋势;血液CAT活力在胁迫初期持续降低,12h后逐步稳定在较低水平,显著低于胁迫前血液CAT活力(P<0·05)。     

盐度与体重对双齿围沙蚕生长的影响

研究了盐度与体重对双齿围沙蚕生长的影响。结果表明:盐度在1.0%~4.5%时,0.5 g体重规格双齿围沙蚕的生长差异不显著,而盐度在5.0%时生长显著下降;体重在0.2~3.0 g的相对生长率(SGR)随体重增加而逐渐下降,绝对生长率(AGR)则以1 g体重时最高。     

Hot water immersion lowers survival,shell growth rate and lysosomal membrane stability of oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)

This study compares the effect of two anti‐fouling treatments, hot water immersion (15 s at 60°C) and air drying (72 h) on the physiological status of the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. The negative impact of hot water immersion was greater than that of air drying, but varied depending on the initial size of the oysters (40 vs. 60 mm shell height) and the time of the year (June vs. August). Groups treated with hot water exhibited a higher proportion of haemocytes with destabilized lysosomal membranes (HDLM; 47.5 ± 3.1%) than those exposed to air drying (37.5 ± 2.9%). This suggests that the oyster immunocompetency may be lowered by hot water immersion. Overall, the large oysters had lower HDLM values (32.9 ± 3.5%) than the small individuals in June (45.7 ± 2.8%) but similar values in August (46.6 ± 3.5%). Small oysters subjected to hot water immersion in June exhibited a 50% reduction in shell growth and a 50% mortality rate after one month. Our results indicate that air drying is more suitable than hot water immersion as an anti‐fouling treatment for <45 mm oysters.     

温度、盐度对似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育过程的影响

设置10℃、15℃、20℃、24℃、27℃、30℃6个温度组和0‰、2.5‰、5‰、10‰、15‰、太湖湖水组6个盐度组,探讨了温度和盐度对似刺鳊鮈(Paracanthobrama guichenoti)胚胎发育的影响。温度实验结果表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育的起始温度(生物学零度)为9.5℃,适宜的发育水温为20～24℃。水温10℃时胚胎卵裂异常,未能进入原肠期;水温升至30℃时胚胎在发育至原肠期前后死亡。水温度为24℃时孵化时间仅为73.5 h,孵化率高达80%,畸形率为0,为最适孵化水温;水温对胚胎发育速率的影响后期较前期大。盐度实验表明:似刺鳊鮈胚胎对盐度有一定的耐受力,各盐度梯度下的胚胎发育速率差异不大,但孵化率的差异极显著。在水温18℃、盐度为2.5‰的水体中胚胎的孵化率为81.67%,高于太湖湖水组的孵化率,此盐度应为似刺鳊鮈胚胎发育较适盐度。     

3种螺对养殖鲍外壳附着牡蛎的防除作用

为研究养殖皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)外壳附着牡蛎的防除方法,对比了疣荔枝螺(Thais clavigera Kuster)、润泽角口螺(Ceratostoma rorifluum)和甲虫螺(Cantharus cecillei)对鲍外壳表面牡蛎的防除效果。以桑沟湾筏式养殖鲍为研究对象,自7月中旬开始,每隔15 d左右分别投放3种螺到鲍养殖笼中,共投放6次,以始终未投放螺的养殖笼为对照组。结果显示,实验结束时甲虫螺组中鲍壳上平均存活牡蛎数目为(0.04±0.04)个/只,疣荔枝螺组和润泽角口螺组疣荔枝螺组分别为(2.49±0.91)个/只和(2.21±1.05)个/只,对照组为(3.33±0.46)个/只。投放3种螺组中鲍壳上存活牡蛎数均显著显著低于对照组(P<0.05),甲虫螺也显著低于其他2种螺(P<0.05)。投螺时间也会影响螺防除牡蛎污损的效果,投放时间过晚会导致螺捕食牡蛎后有明显的壳残留,牡蛎的壳高达到0.5 cm左右再投放螺即可保证防除效果。另外甲虫螺组鲍壳上死亡牡蛎残留壳长度为(0.73±0.27) cm,显著低于疣荔枝螺组...     

盐度胁迫对近江牡蛎几种免疫因子的影响

试验分析了盐度从18骤变至3、25、40的第24 小时和第48 小时江牡蛎（Crassostrea hongkongensis）血淋巴超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和溶菌酶（LSZ）的活力变化,旨在研究盐度骤变对相关免疫因子的影响。结果显示,对照组（盐度18）4项免疫因子变化不显著（P＞0.05）。盐度25组AKP、LSZ活力在第24 小时极显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）。盐度3组SOD活力在第24 小时显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,其他酶活力与对照组相比差异不显著。盐度40组SOD活力在第24 小时显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,而LSZ活力在第48 小时急剧下降,极显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,其他酶活力与对照组相比差异不显著。由此可见,盐度骤变对近江牡蛎的免疫活力有明显的刺激作用,且可能在一定范围内能够增强机体免疫力。近江牡蛎对低盐有很强的适应能力,但在高盐胁迫下其免疫活力下降。     

盐度对九孔鲍摄食_生长及存活的影响

九孔鲍摄食人工饲料的盐度范围为２０￣３８,其中较适宜的盐度范围为２５￣３５,在此盐度范围内,小规格鲍（平均壳长１．３０ｃｍ,平均体重０．３７ｇ）的壳长日增长为９１．５￣１０２．３μｍ,日增重为８．６０￣１２．５５ｍｇ;大规格鲍（平均壳长２．７ｃｍ,平均体重２．３ｇ）的壳长日增长为５６．３０￣８１．８０μｍ,日增重为１２．６８￣２２．４８ｍｇ,其最适生长的盐度为３０￣３５,存活率为９７％￣１００％。     

盐度对罗氏沼虾能量代谢和运动能力的影响

为研究盐度对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)能量代谢和运动能力的影响, 设置了 0 (对照)、4、8 和 12 共 4 个盐度胁迫水平, 研究了罗氏沼虾在胁迫 48 h 后的耗氧率、鳃丝和肌肉能量代谢酶活性及其游泳和弹跳能力。结果显示, 耗氧率在盐度升至 4 时并无显著变化(P＞0.05), 但 8 和 12 盐度组的耗氧率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。 鳃丝己糖激酶(HK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性在不同盐度条件下并无显著变化(P＞0.05), 但鳃丝丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH)和细胞色素 C 氧化酶(COX)活性在盐度为 8 时显著升高(P＜0.05), 并且鳃丝 PDH 和 COX 活性均与耗氧率呈显著线性正相关(P＜0.05)。盐度在 8 时罗氏沼虾的游泳足肌肉和腹部肌肉 HK、PFK 和 LDH 活性并无显著变化(P＞0.05), 但游泳足肌肉和腹部肌肉 PDH 和 COX 活性显著下降(P＜0.05); 盐度升至 12 时游泳足肌肉和腹部肌肉 HK、PFK、LDH、PDH 和 COX 活性均显著下降(P＜0.05)。运动能力结果显示, 盐度升至 8 时游泳能力显著下降(P＜0.05), 盐度升至 12 时弹跳能力显著下降(P＜0.05)。游泳能力与游泳足肌肉 PDH 和 COX 活性呈显著线性正相关(P＜0.05); 弹跳能力与腹部肌肉 HK、PFK 和 LDH 活性呈显著线性正相关(P＜0.05)。研究表明, 罗氏沼虾通过增加氧气摄取用于鳃丝有氧代谢以应对盐度胁迫, 但这些生理调节导致肌肉能量代谢酶活性下降, 造成罗氏沼虾的游泳和弹跳能力减弱。     

盐度对点篮子鱼消化酶活性的影响

以自然海水组(盐度30～32)为对照,研究了20、10、5三种盐度对点篮子鱼(平均体重86.09 4-17.99g,平均全长13.90±1.53 cm)幽门盲囊、肠、胃和肝脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响.结果表明:第24天盐度20的点篮子鱼幽门盲囊蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第24天和第48天,在同...     

低盐急性胁迫对仿刺参相关生理指标的影响

通过模拟仿刺参养殖池塘雨季的盐度变化,选用2龄仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象,刺参体重(16.93±3.08)g,研究盐度骤降及胁迫恢复对仿刺参体腔液相关生理指标的影响。盐度先由30以每6 h变化3个盐度的速度下降至18,然后在盐度18保持96 h,随后盐度以相同速度上升恢复至30,并保持24 h。结果显示,各盐度取样点间仿刺参体腔液渗透压、体腔液总蛋白浓度、Na+、K+、Cl–浓度与盐度的变化趋势一致,Na+、K+、Cl–浓度均在盐度下降到18时达到最低值,分别为(131.15±14.42)mmol/L,(6.08±0.24)mmol/L和(141.76±2.13)mmol/L;而Ca2+浓度一直呈上升趋势。体腔液中Na+-K+-ATP酶活力在盐度18并保持4 d后显著高于其他组(P0.05),盐度对其体腔液中Na+-K+-ATP酶活力的影响与体腔液渗透压变化趋势不一致。盐度胁迫对谷丙转氨酶活力无显著影响。结果表明,盐度胁迫对仿刺参渗透调节能力有显著影响,实验中体腔液渗透压与体腔液Na+、K+、Cl–浓度有一定的相关性。盐度胁迫对仿刺参的呼吸代谢产生的影响不显著。研究结果为丰富仿刺参适应环境盐度的机制提供基础资料,为进一步了解盐度胁迫下刺参的生理生态学特征以及今后的刺参增养殖生产提供参考。     

低盐度对泥东风螺(Babylonia lutosa)稚螺生长与存活的影响

采用盐度渐变和突变2种方法试验低盐度对平均体重3.7 mg、平均壳高(2.24±0.24)mm的泥东风螺稚螺生长与存活的影响。结果表明:盐度28时,稚螺的生长速度最快,盐度降到24时,对稚螺的影响并不明显,摄食基本正常,但活力略有降低;变态7 d的泥东风螺稚螺能够适应高于21的低盐环境,存活基本正常,有比较高的成活率,但对其摄食和生长有一定的影响;当盐度突变至18时,泥东风螺稚螺仍能存活,突变至15时,则不能存活;而盐度渐变至15时,稚螺仍可存活;盐度逐渐降低只可扩大泥东风螺稚螺的存活盐度范围,但其对最适生长盐度范围影响有限。     

Effects of salinity on sexual maturity and reproduction of Poecilia velifera

Poecilia velifera is a popular fish in freshwater aquarism that naturally inhabits aquatic habitats with a wide range of salinities. Nonetheless, the effects of different salinities on the reproductive success and sex ratio of the species remain unknown. Male sex characters, sex ratio and reproductive success of P. velifera were evaluated by maintaining 160 juveniles (0.078 ± 0.011 g) in four different salinities (0; 12; 24; 36 g/L), with four replicates. The only modification observed in males was the formation of a copulatory organ from the anal fin, which was used to distinguish them from females. Timing of the formation of the male copulatory organ, and the weight and total length of males when it occurred, were recorded. Twenty‐eight fish from each treatment were euthanized after 150 day to examine the gonads and confirm sex. Eight females and four males from each treatment were then kept in their respective salinity treatments for 65 days to examine the effects of salinity on reproduction. Males were kept with females in the different treatments for 15 days, at which point they were removed. Salinity was negatively correlated with male weight and length. Salinity also affected the sex ratio, with the percentages of males and females being 32.5 and 67.5%, and 27.5 and 72.5% in the salinities of 24 and 36 g of salt/L, respectively. Fifty percent of the females kept in freshwater reproduced, while there was no reproduction in the other treatments. The maintenance of P. velifera in freshwater promoted greater reproductive success and precocity, as well as larger males.