水生动物致病菌耐药问题与抗生素渔药的规范使用(五)

正2.实施对养殖水生动物致病菌耐药性变化的常年监测农业部为了贯彻落实《遏制细菌耐药性国家行动计划(2016-2020年)》,颁布了《2017年动物源细菌耐药性监测计划》。在全国范围内开展对动物源细菌耐药性的监测工作,根据病原细菌对各种抗菌药物耐药性变化的具体情况,制定兽用抗菌药物的管理对策与科学使用原则、方法,旨在保证动物源性食品和公共卫生的安全,维护广大     

我国水生动物源细菌耐药性监测开展情况及有关建议

<正>抗菌药物在人类和动物临床治疗中起到重要作用,而动物和人在很大程度上使用同类抗菌药物,目前已有明确证据表明,由于动物使用抗菌药物产生的耐药性,可经传递导致人类病原菌耐药,对人类疾病治疗产生不良影响。2016年,国家卫生计生委、国家发展改革委、农业部等14部门联合制定了《关于印发遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2016-2020年)的通知》,从国家层面实施综合治理策略和措施,要     

水产养殖中使用的抗菌药物及细菌耐药性

目前，抗菌药物在水产养殖动物疾病防治中占有重要地位，然而，在水产养殖中使用抗菌药物也可产生一系列的副作用，例如细菌耐药性的产生和药物在鱼体和环境中的残留，本文就水产药物使用的历史，现状，适应症，副作用，耐药性的现状，来源，产生机制，耐药菌判定的标准，以及该领域的研究现状等问题进行综述与分析，以便为合理使用抗菌药物提供理论依据。     

农业部为什么要进行动物源细菌耐药性监测

<正>农业部为了贯彻落实《遏制细菌耐药性国家行动计划(2016-2020年)》,在全国范围内开展对动物源细菌耐药性的监测工作,并于今年2月9日颁布了《2017年动物源细菌耐药性监测计划》。本文结合自2015年以来,在全国水产养殖业比较发达的12个省、市,开展的"主要水产养殖动物病原菌耐药性普查项目"的工作内容,介绍对水产养殖动植物病原细菌耐药性普查工作的意义,尝试对农业部开展     

水生动物药物残留的危害与控制

1 水产动物药物残留的危害1.1 耐药性反应 在水生动物饲料中长期添加促生长抗菌素或生产中滥用药物会导致水生动物体内的细菌产生耐药性。研究表明,随着抗菌药物的不断应用,细菌中耐药菌株的数量在不断地增加。这些细菌的耐药性可以通过耐药因子(R-质粒)在人群中细菌、动物群中细菌和生态系统中细菌间互相传递,导致致病菌产生耐药     

美洲鳗鲡及其养殖水体分离耐药菌的多样性和耐药性分析

为了更有针对性地防控水产动物细菌性病害的发生和流行,本实验对美洲鳗鲡及其养殖水体耐药细菌的种属特征及耐药情况开展了相关研究。首先采集美洲鳗鲡不同部位(表皮、鳃、肠道)及其养殖水体的样品,经5种抗菌药物平板筛选耐药菌株,然后采用K-B纸片扩散法检测细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,同时测定耐药菌株的16S rDNA序列,进而分析耐药菌的种属分布和多重耐药性。结果显示,经耐药平板筛选分离纯化得到108株细菌,分别属于气单胞菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、不动杆菌属等20个属;其中,93.5%的菌株对3种(含)以上的抗菌药物具有耐药性,86.1%的菌株对3类(含)以上的药物具有抗性。对阿莫西林的耐药率高达90.7%,对四环素、利福平以及磺胺类和酰胺醇类药物类的耐药率为60%~80%,对头孢噻肟、新霉素以及喹诺酮类的耐药性弱(低于20%)。美洲鳗鲡肠道(0.40)、表皮(0.41)、鳃部(0.42)及水样(0.47)菌群的多重耐药指数显示各生态样品耐药程度较为严重,尤以水样为最。各菌属中,柠檬酸杆菌属(0.58)和克雷伯菌属(0.61)的多重耐药指数最高,而不动杆菌属(0.21)则相对较低。美洲鳗鲡及养殖水体普遍存在多重耐药菌株,对此应引起足够的重视;水产动物及养殖环境耐药细菌对某些水产用药如诺氟沙星、新霉素等耐药率低,可将其做为水产动物细菌性疾病治疗的首选药物。     

细菌耐药性研究进展

近年来由于抗菌药物的不合理应用,从而导致细菌对抗菌药物的耐药性现象日趋严重。文章从细菌耐药机制、抗菌药物耐药性风险评估方法及细菌耐药性消除3个方面进行分析和总结,以期能为解决细菌耐药性问题和研发新型绿色抗菌药物提供思路。     

水产用抗菌药物耐药性的相关研究进展

从当前水产用抗菌药物的种类出发,阐述水产用抗菌药物耐药性的研究方法,并将水产用抗菌药物耐药性的研究进展进行了综述,以期对相关人员深入研究与合理的用药提供一定的参考价值。     

生物活性肽在畜牧业中的应用

<正>长期以来,由于动物饲养和饲料中广泛使用抗生素、化学合成药物、激素、兴奋剂、重金属、镇静剂等促生长保健剂,导致畜禽和水产产品中药物残留严重,直接危害人体健康;畜禽产品品质下降,细菌耐药性增强、耐药菌株增多,威胁人类安全;破坏生态环境等。随着疯牛病、口蹄疫等事件的发生,消费者对食品的安全、卫生、健康     

氟苯尼考对渔塘水生菌的耐药性诱导试验

氟苯尼考是目前水产养殖中常用的抗生素,具有抗菌谱广、吸收良好、体内分布广的特点。氟苯尼考多以拌料或直接投入水体方式给药,经代谢后,仍有一部分氟苯尼考随动物排泄物排出体外,造成药物在表层水体生态环境中残留,从而导致水生细菌产生耐药性。为了解氟苯尼考在渔塘水体中残留对水生细菌耐药性的影响,本试验利用琼脂稀释法测定水生细菌     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…     

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin in goldfish and masu salmon

Reproductive activities in vertebrates are regulated by an endocrine system, consisting of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis. In teleosts, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the brain stimulates gonadotropin (GTH) release in the pituitary gland, but because of lack of the portal vessel, it is not known when and how much GnRH is released for the regulation of GTH release. There are multiple molecular types of GnRH in teleosts and several distinct populations of GnRH neurons in the brain. However, we do not know which types and populations of GnRH neurons regulate reproductive activities. Here we summarize our recent studies on GnRH and GTH in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Immunocytochemistry showed the location and molecular types of GnRH neurons. Salmon (sGnRH) and chicken-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) neuronal fibers were widely distributed in the brain of both masu salmon and goldfish. Only sGnRH fibers were observed in the pituitary of masu salmon, whereas both sGnRH and cGnRH-II fibers were observed in the goldfish pituitary, indicating that species specific GnRH profiles are involved in the regulation of pituitary function in teleosts. A series of experiments in masu salmon and goldfish suggest that among GnRH neuron populations GnRH neurons in the ventral telencephalon and the hypothalamus regulate GTH release, and that GnRH of the terminal nerve origin is not essential to gonadal maturation and ovulation. The biological function of other GnRH neurons remains unkown. Two GTHs appear to be characteristic of teleost; however, regulation of reproduction by these GTHs is a question that remains to be elucidated. In salmonid species, it is proposed that GTH I stimulates early gonadal development, whereas GTH II acts in later stages. When GTH expression was examined in goldfish, both GTH I and II mRNA levels in the pituitary gland showed increases in accordance with gonadal development, unlike the sequential expression of GTH subunits in salmonids. The expression of these GTH subunit mRNAs were affected by water temperature, starvation, and steroid hormones in goldfish, but in what manner these two GTHs regulate gonadal development remains to be clarified.     

绿鳍马面鲀年龄生长与合理利用

对东海区的绿鳍马面样本鱼进行生物学测定 ,测出各龄鱼的年轮轮径及椎体半径 ,逆算出各龄鱼的理论平均全长 ,求出生长参数 ,探讨生长规律。再依据B -H模型计算、分析在不同开捕年龄和不同捕捞强度下的单位补充量渔获尾数、单位补充量平均资源重量、渔获物平均年龄和单位补充量渔获量的情况。结果表明 ,该资源已过度捕捞 ,应采取降低捕捞强度和将开捕年龄控制为 3龄等措施进行合理利用和保护