Effects of drug residues in the faeces of cattle treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima and the house fly, Musca domestica

Objective: To assess the toxicity of residues of ivermectin and moxidectin in cattle faeces collected at intervals after treatment.
Design: Replicated bioassays of faeces using larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima and the house fly, Musca domestica .
Animals: Two groups of five Murray Grey x Aberdeen Angus steers were treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin respectively. A third group was used as an untreated control.
Procedure: Newly emerged fly larvae were reared in the dung of treated animals.
Results: Drug residues in faeces collected 3 to 35 days after treatment with an injectable formulation of moxidectin had no significant effect on the survival of larvae of M vetustissima . Similarly, faeces dropped up to seven days after treatment caused no significant reduction in larval survival in M domestica . In day 2 dung, residues of moxidectin delayed development of M vetustissima larvae, but had no effect on their survival. In contrast, ivermectin-treated steers, produced dung that inhibited larval development of both M vetustissima and M domestica for 7 to 14 days after treatment. Significant reductions in survival of M vetustissima larvae occurred in dung collected on days 21 and 28 after treatment, but by day 35 survival did not differ from that in control dung.
Conclusion: Excreted faecal residues of moxidectin are relatively innocuous to larvae of both M vetustissima and M domestica . Those of ivermectin inhibit survival for 7 to 14 days after treatment and are likely to have adverse effects on non-target organisms.     

河南省柞蚕区寄生蝇病的药物防治试验

针对河南省柞蚕寄生蝇病害日趋严重的生产实际，进行了灭蚕蝇片添食试验。结果表明：灭蚕蝇片的防治效果较好，添食时期以五龄盛食期为佳。     

Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Bartonella species from bat flies on eastern bent-wing bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) in Japan

We examined Bartonella prevalence in 281 bat flies collected from 114 eastern bent-wing bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) in Japan and phylogenetically analyzed with other bat fly and bat strains. The bat flies were identified as Penicilidia jenynsii (PJ; n = 45), Nycteribia allotopa (NA; n = 157), and novel Nycteribia species (NS; n = 79). Bartonella DNAs were detected in 31.7 % (89/281) of bat flies by PCR targeting the citrate synthase (gltA) gene. The prevalence of Bartonella DNA among the bat flies was 47.1 % (74/157) in NA, 15.2 % (12/79) in NS, and 6.7 % (3/45) in PJ. Bartonella bacteria were also isolated from two NA and one NS. A phylogenetic analysis of the gltA sequences revealed that bat fly-associated strains were classified into three lineages and the same lineages of Bartonella were commonly detected from both Nycteribia bat flies and Miniopterus bats. These results suggest that Nycteribia bat flies are potential vectors for transmitting Bartonella among Miniopterus bats.     

桑飞象生物学特性及防治的初步研究

在江苏省丰县首次发现桑飞象为害桑树,并酿成严重灾害.此虫一年一代,以幼虫在土中越冬;翌年3月下旬至4月上旬在3—10厘米土层内化蛹,蛹期12—17天;4月中、下旬成虫出土上树取食桑芽和叶片,交尾后2—7天产卵在枝顶及春季剪梢口下段等处,每头雌成虫产卵44—205粒,卵期15—19天;初孵幼虫入土取食植物.用50%辛硫磷1000倍液每亩喷雾150—200斤防治效果良好.     

蝇蛆的营养特性及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

蝇蛆繁殖能力强、生长周期短、养殖成本低,其粗蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸和矿物质等含量高,必需氨基酸种类较齐全,并可提取几丁质、凝集素和抗菌肽等生物活性物质,是一种优质的昆虫蛋白质饲料。研究表明,蝇蛆及其制品能够部分替代饲粮中常规蛋白质饲料,提高畜禽生长或生产性能、提升产品品质、增强机体抗氧化和免疫功能以及调节肠道菌群结构。本文综述了蝇蛆的营养特性及其应用于畜禽生产中的最新研究成果,以期为其在养殖业中的应用及进一步研究提供参考。     

粉煤灰与无土基质混合对高羊茅生长的影响

采用单形格子设计将粉煤灰、草炭、木屑和稻壳4种基质按照不同比例混合,研究其对高羊茅生长的影响。结果表明,不同处理之间,除出苗密度外,株高、分蘖数、盖度、地上与地下生物量均达到了显著性差异。其中,粉煤灰、草炭、木屑、稻壳的体积比2∶6∶1∶1的T2处理和粉煤灰、草炭、木屑、稻壳的体积比2∶4∶1∶3的T9处理为高羊茅生长的最佳基质配比,T2处理的株高、盖度、地下生物量较其他处理表现最好,T9处理在分蘖数、地上生物量较其他处理表现最好。     

果蝇活动的规律及其影响因素研究

通过研究不同天气条件、不同时段果蝇的活动规律,为果蝇成虫诱杀技术的研发与应用提供理论依据。以果蝇为研究对象,设置不同处理,在现场研究果蝇在晴天、阴天、雨天及一天内不同时段的活动规律。在供试的6种成熟水果中,香蕉、蓝莓对果蝇的引诱效果显著高于其他4种水果(P＜0.01),绿如蓝牌果蝇引诱剂的引诱效果显著高于香蕉(P＜0.01)。在晴天,果蝇的活动更为频繁(P＜0.05),晴天诱捕到的雄果蝇数量明显高于阴天和雨天(P＜0.01)。诱捕到的果蝇种类主要是黑腹果蝇、斑翅果蝇、伊米果蝇、海德氏果蝇、筋果蝇等。一天内不同时间段果蝇的活动明显不同,8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00是其活动的两个高峰期。天气条件对果蝇活动有很大影响,一天内果蝇活动存在两个高峰期,分别是8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00,利用绿如蓝牌引诱剂可对果蝇成虫进行有效诱杀。     

蝇蛆生物活性肽的生产工艺研究

以蝇蛆为试验材料,设酶解温度、复合酶量、酶配比、酶解时问和pH值5个因素,每个因素4个水平进行L15（4^5）正交试验设计,以水解度作为评价指标,筛选脱脂蝇蛆粉的最佳酶解条件。结果表明：脱脂蝇蛆粉的最优酶解条件为A1B3C3D4E3,即温度（A）45℃,酶量（B）8000U／g,风味酶：木瓜酶：胃蛋白酶：胰蛋白酶的配比（C）是35％：50％：5％：10％,酶水解时间（D）为7h,pH（E）为7．5。脱脂蝇蛆粉溶液水解度的最大影响因素为酶解温度。     

鄂西山区柑橘大实蝇防治中的突出问题及预防对策

在柑橘大实蝇防治工作倍受重视的鄂西山区,其防治中的突出问题亦日显月彰。为引起对该类问题的广泛关注,达到解决问题的目的,在客观分析这些问题存在的原因基础之上,提出行之有效的预防措施,以推进大实蝇防治工作的完善和进步。     

诱蝇球对柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫诱粘能力研究

通过羽化监测取得大实蝇Bactrocera minax（Enderlein）成虫雌雄性比数据,采用诱蝇球诱集方式,监测弃管园田间成虫数量和性比变化情况,对各时段诱集的雌性成虫进行卵巢解剖分级,发现诱蝇球对雌性成虫的诱集能力略高于雄虫;田间成虫盛期雌性成虫卵巢发育加快,普遍具备产卵能力,田间成虫盛期与产卵为害盛期同步。大实蝇防治实践中,根据成虫发生时间确定诱蝇球的使用时间,不必考虑性别影响。     

Strategic use of crutching and dicyclanil to protect unmulesed sheep against breech strike

Objective   To test strategies for the application of dicyclanil and mid-season crutching to maximise protection of unmulesed sheep against breech strike.
Procedure   Three hundred and eighty unmulesed Merino weaners were randomly allocated to four groups either left untreated or treated by different strategies with 50 g/L dicyclanil. Treatments included breech treatment alone and breech plus body treatment, with two application times, immediately after shearing and 6 weeks after crutching or shearing. To assess protection, larval implants with newly hatched Lucilia cuprina larvae were applied to 10 different sheep from each group at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months after crutching and shearing and assessed for the development of strike at 48 hours. The concentration of dicyclanil was measured in wool samples clipped from the breeches of the test sheep.
Results   All dicyclanil treatments gave significant reduction in strike in comparison to controls up until 4 months after crutching but protection in the sheep treated immediately after shearing had waned at 5 months. Treating at 6 weeks after crutching provided significant reduction ( P < 0.05) in strike for 6 months. Results for strike incidence immediately after shearing and concentration of dicyclanil in the breech wool also suggested improvements in protection by delaying treatment for 6 weeks.
Conclusion   In most environments it should be possible to protect unmulesed sheep against breech strike with a carefully planned integrated control program incorporating strategically timed crutching, shearing and dicyclanil application. Delaying treatment with dicyclanil to at least 6 weeks after shearing or crutching increased the protection provided in comparison to treatment immediately after shearing.     

Visceral leishmaniasis in a New York foxhound kennel

Although endemic throughout much of the world, autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis has been reported on only 3 previous occasions in North America. After diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in 4 foxhounds from a kennel in Dutchess County, New York (index kennel), serum and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-anticoagulated blood were collected from the remaining 108 American or cross-bred foxhounds in the index kennel and from 30 Beagles and Basset Hounds that were periodically housed in the index kennel. Samples were analyzed for antibodies to or DNA of tickborne disease pathogens and Leishmania spp. Most dogs had antibodies to Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., or some combination of these pathogens but not to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffi). However, DNA of rickettsial, ehrlichial, or babesial agents was detected in only 9 dogs. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in 46 of 112 (41%) foxhounds from the index kennel but was not diagnosed in any of the Beagles and Basset Hounds. A positive Leishmania status was defined by 1 or more of the following criteria: a Leishmania antibody titer > or = 1:64, positive Leishmania polymerase chain reaction (PCR), positive Leishmania culture, or identification of Leishmania amastigotes by cytology or histopathology. The species and zymodeme of Leishmania that infected the foxhounds was determined to be Leishmania infantum MON-1 by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Foxhounds that were > 18 months of age or that had traveled to the southeastern United States were more likely to be diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis. Transmission of Leishmania spp. in kennel outbreaks may involve exposure to an insect vector, direct transmission, or vertical transmission.     

我国驯鹿皮蝇蛆病的研究概况

在我国,驯鹿主要集中在内蒙古自治区根河市,数量已然不多,是一种濒危的动物,目前内蒙古自治区已经采取了必要的措施,对其进行了保护,并取得了满意的成效。然而某些寄生虫病严重地影响着驯鹿业的健康发展,其中驯鹿皮蝇蛆病就是其中的一种,给驯鹿养殖业造成了很大的损失。在我国关于驯鹿皮蝇蛆病的科技文献几乎空白,因此,本文对驯鹿皮蝇蛆病的病原体、流行病学、致病状况、防治等方面做一个综合性的概括,以增加人们对此病的了解,也为以后对此病的进一步研究提供一些参考。     

桑粉虱天敌—长跗浆角蚜小蜂的调查初报

通过多年的田间调查和研究 ,发现一种新的桑粉虱天敌———长跗浆蚜小蜂。该虫体细小 ,主要寄生桑枝第 3～ 7叶位上的桑粉虱幼虫 ,7月底至 9月中下旬田间寄生率达 2 5 5 %～ 81 4 % ,可有效遏制桑粉虱的暴发     

Effects of larval size and hydrodynamics on the growth rates of the black fly Simulium tribulatum

Black flies are ubiquitous and important members of lotic ecosystems. Size is known to affect many aspects of their life in the aquatic larval stage, including intraspecific competition for feeding sites. As filter feeders, flow affects their ability to feed and reach sufficiently fast flow. This, in turn, can lead to risky fluid‐mediated dispersal behavior in search of better conditions. It is surprising, therefore, that little information is available regarding how physiological and environmental factors combine to affect larval growth rates. The present study determines the relative growth rates of small (0.6 mm) and large (approximately 4 mm) larvae in laboratory flumes designed to produce spatially homogeneous and temporally consistent flow regimes at ecologically relevant velocities (44 and 64 cm/s). Our results indicate that size and flow both influence growth rates and that the 2 interact significantly. Young larvae exhibit faster growth rates and a greater positive response to increased flow speed. This result might help explain why smaller larvae have a greater propensity to disperse than larger larvae: the benefit of increased growth rate that they receive from relocating to faster flow might balance the risks inherent in dispersal.     

Animal industry and veterinary science in eastern New Guinea: World War II to Independence, 1975

We have described the efforts of the Australian administration of the Territory of Papua and New Guinea (TPNG) to establish a veterinary service and viable animal industries. These efforts began with planning before the end of World War II in 1945 and continued until independence in 1975. Whereas pre-war cattle had mostly been used to control grass on plantations, post-war, the objective was to use the country's extensive, unoccupied grasslands for cattle production. During this period, the cattle population increased from 4000 to more than 150,000. The greatest success was achieved in herds with crosses of Bos indicus and Bos taurus owned by expatriates. The only serious disease constraint on production was myiasis due to Chrysomya bezziana, a parasite throughout New Guinea and South-east Asia. Attempts were made to increase the productivity of the indigenous pig population. Success was limited by a failure to manage inadequate nutrition and internal parasites and to fully understand the cultural aspects of pig ownership. Similar problems inhibited chicken production in villages. The serious viral infections of pigs and birds were absent from TPNG, but a border with Indonesian Papua represents a potential route for the incursion of animal diseases exotic to both Papua New Guinea and to Australia.     

Mechanism of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in buffalo flies in south-east Queensland

Resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (SP) was first recorded in buffalo flies in Australia in 1980, associated with previous use of DDT and fenvalerate. By the 1990s, resistance was widespread. Resistance to SP in the related horn fly of the Americas is associated with kdr and super-kdr mutations in a gene encoding for a voltage-gated sodium channel. We describe 7-20-fold resistance to SP in buffalo flies from south-east Queensland, present evidence of flies that are heterozygous resistant at the kdr locus and show an increase in the frequency of the resistant allele 1 month after treatment of cattle with SP.     

修文县猕猴桃园实蝇种类及种群发生动态

为摸清修文县猕猴桃园实蝇种类及种群发生动态,为实蝇的监测和防控提供科学指导。2016-2018年,在修文县主要猕猴桃园,采用Steiner诱捕器、 Mcphail诱捕器内添加实蝇诱剂、蛋白诱饵诱剂对实蝇种类和数量进行系统调查与监测,并对监测数据进行分析。研究结果表明,修文县猕猴桃园实蝇发生种类为桔小实蝇、南瓜实蝇、具条实蝇。桔小实蝇成虫种群发生数量从7月开始上升,高峰期集中在8月中旬至10月。南瓜实蝇成虫种群发生数量从8月下旬开始上升,高峰期集中在10月中旬至11月。具条实蝇成虫种群发生数量从7月中旬开始上升,高峰期集中在8月至11月上旬。桔小实蝇为修文县猕猴桃园实蝇优势种,南瓜实蝇、具条实蝇为常见种。目前危害猕猴桃果实的实蝇种类为桔小实蝇,其成虫种群发生高峰期集中在8月中旬至10月,在实际生产中,应密切关注其种群发生动态,并根据危害情况及时采取有效的防控措施。实蝇种群变动受寄主植物、气象因子等因素影响。