青花菜绿雄60小孢子单核靠边期与花蕾外部形态特征研究

以青花菜F1代杂交种绿雄60为材料,研究了青花菜小孢子单核靠边期花蕾的特征。结果表明,通过整枝可以得到发育整齐的青花菜小孢子花蕾,当花蕾长度为3.70～4.70 mm时,单核靠边期小孢子比例最高,此时花蕾为绿色,花药黄绿色,花瓣/花药为0.83～1.00。以上指标可以作为青花菜小孢子取样的参考指标。     

结球甘蓝小孢子胚诱导与植株再生

以4个结球甘蓝品种为试材,研究不同条件对小孢子胚诱导和植株再生的影响.结果表明:基因型是限制小孢子胚发生的主要因素.适宜取材的花蕾大小为2.5～4.0mm,瓣药比为2/3 ～7/6,盛花期是取蕾的适宜时期;培养基大量元素减半和添加适量活性炭均可显著提高胚状体诱导率,但对于难出胚基因型没有起到诱导出胚的作用;胚状体的诱导和萌芽需要植物生长调节剂NAA和6-BA的参与,适宜的胚状体诱导培养基为NLN-13+0.2mg· L-1 6-BA+0.1mg·L-1 NAA,胚状体诱导率为38胚/10蕾,适宜的胚状体生芽培养基为MS+0.4mg·L-16-BA +0.1mg·L-1 NAA+3％蔗糖+0.7％琼脂,芽诱导率达46.7％.     

红花小孢子培养与胚状体诱导研究

小孢子培养是创造单倍体和双单倍体的重要途径,对提高红花的育种效率具有重要意义。为了研究红花游离小孢子的高效培养体系,用20份红花材料研究花药及小孢子培养中影响愈伤组织生长和胚发生的关键因素。结果表明,小孢子发育时期、红花品种、基本培养基和激素浓度是影响红花诱导愈伤组织的关键因素。花药培养的愈伤及胚诱导率高于游离小孢子,且受基因型影响。单核靠边期管状花长度为 0.45～0.50 cm时,诱导成功率达到68.32%。供试的20份红花材料中,有11份诱导出了愈伤组织,有1份分化出了胚状愈伤,诱导成功率为15.79%。分化培养最适培养基组合为1/2 MS+B5+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 1.0 mg/L;小孢子悬浮培养最适培养基激素浓度以添加6-BA 4.0 mg/L 和NAA 0.5 mg/L效果最好,诱导愈伤率为22.5%。     

冬枣大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

为完善冬枣生殖生物学和枣树遗传改良理论基础,以不同发育时期的冬枣花蕾为材料,采用压片技术和常规石蜡切片技术,对冬枣大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程进行观察。结果表明,冬枣具五枚花药,花药四室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、1~2层中层和腺质型绒毡层组成,花药壁的发育属于基本型。小孢子母细胞胞质分裂为同时型,四分体的排列多数呈四面体型,成熟花粉具3个萌发孔,3沟,为二细胞型花粉。冬枣为2室子房,倒生胚珠,多胚珠,内外双层珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成的四分体沿珠心呈直线排列,靠近合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,经连续三次有丝分裂发育为七细胞八核的成熟胚囊,胚囊发育属于蓼型。冬枣雄蕊发育显著早于雌蕊,小孢子发育过程存在不同步和异常现象,花朵开放时雌、雄蕊发育趋于同步,大小孢子的发育进程与花蕾外部形态具有相关性。本研究揭示了冬枣大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程中的基本现象和规律,为枣胚胎学的进一步研究以及倍性育种提供了重要参考。     

平流层辐射SP_3谷子雄性细胞发育的研究

对平流层辐射处理ＳＰ３谷子和对照ＣＫ３谷子雄性细胞发育的研究表明,雄性细胞正常发育过程从孢原细胞开始,经初生造孢细胞、次生造孢细胞、小孢子母细胞、二分体、四分体和单核小孢子中央期、单核小孢子液泡期（单核靠边期）、单核小孢子成熟期直到二细胞花粉、三细胞成熟花粉结束。其中四分体形成属连续型。雄性细胞异常发育有几种情况：小孢子母细胞强烈液泡化,细胞质收缩解体,不能进入减数分裂;小孢子母细胞液泡化,呈能进     

秋水仙碱诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍研究

目前自然界仍未发现天然多倍体桉树的存在,建立人工诱导桉树未减数2n花粉技术体系对于推进桉树的多倍体种质创制及遗传改良的意义重大。本研究以粗皮桉为对象,探究其花蕾发育与小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程的特点,并对不同发育阶段花蕾施加秋水仙碱处理,诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍。结果表明,待观察到小孢子母细胞减数分裂开始后48 h,即处于细线期至粗线期的花蕾占比最高时,在靠近花序位置的花枝上切口并导入0.5%浓度的秋水仙碱溶液处理6 h的效果最佳,人工诱导2n花粉的有效诱导率达到31.34%。诱导获得的粗皮桉2n花粉较普通单倍性花粉的形态差异显著。本研究揭示了粗皮桉花蕾发育与小孢子母细胞减数分裂的时序性关系,建立了基于花蕾着生位置和发育时数,即时判别粗皮桉小孢子母细胞减数分裂时期的方法,明确了采用秋水仙碱溶液处理诱导粗皮桉花粉染色体加倍的最佳时机和处理条件,为进一步开展桉树多倍体种质创新工作奠定了重要基础。     

四倍体刺槐大小孢子发育时期与花器形态的相关性

本研究通过观察四倍体刺槐花器,得出相应的花蕾外部形态、大小、颜色和花序中不同序位花蕾发育时期与大小孢子细胞学发育时期密切相关。因此根据花器形态特征可判断大、小孢子发育细胞学的时期,从而为四倍体刺槐花器离体培养接种外植体的选择提供依据。     

四倍体青花菜小孢子培养及胚胎发育途径研究

以同源四倍体青花菜为试材,进行了游离小孢子培养的胚胎诱导条件及胚胎发育途径的研究。结果表明:基因型是影响四倍体青花菜小孢子胚胎诱导率的重要因子,基因型A36的出胚率最高,达到28.5个·蕾-1;热激胁迫(32.5℃)诱导小孢子从配子体发育途径向胚胎发生途径转换,其小孢子胚胎发育途径为典型的单核期小孢子经对称分裂产生胚胎的途径(B途径);4℃低温预处理1d或2d结合32.5℃热激1 d后,对称分裂和多细胞团增加,供试基因型小孢子出胚率显著提高。本研究将有助于游离小孢子胚胎发生机理的研究,以及其他芸薹属小孢子胚胎体系的建立及优化。     

不结球白菜游离小孢子培养及植株再生研究

为进一步优化不结球白菜游离小孢子培养技术体系,本研究以20个不同基因型的不结球白菜为试验材料,研究不同基因型、4℃低温胁迫处理时间和头孢噻胯浓度对游离小孢子胚胎发生的影响,并对小孢子胚胎发育和再生过程进行观察和倍性鉴定。结果表明,当花瓣/花药(P/A)长度比值为0.85～1.10时,不结球白菜小孢子主要处于单核晚期;共有10个基因型不结球白菜出胚,其中出胚率最大的为H20,平均出胚率为7.75胚·10蕾^-1;4℃低温胁迫处理1 d时不结球白菜出胚率最高;头孢噻胯对不结球白菜出胚率的影响与基因型密切相关;从胚状体到再生幼苗阶段,不结球白菜基因型不同,其胚胎再生频率也不同;倍性鉴定共检测出21个双单倍体和2个单倍体,自然加倍率为91.3%,不结球白菜植株形态表现出明显的多样性。本研究结果为不结球白菜游离小孢子高效培养体系的优化提供了一定的技术支撑。     

萝卜胞质雄性不育正常花蕾与败育花蕾DD-PCR及EST序列分析

提取了萝卜雄性不育系BT-18败育花蕾和正常花蕾的DNA,并且采用DD-PCR技术研究了败育花蕾与正常花蕾的mRNA差异表达。败育花蕾DNA表现有规则的Ladder,而正常花蕾只有单一DNA条带,该结果为萝卜败蕾发生了细胞程序化死亡提供了生化证据;DD-PCR得到107个差异表达片段,其中败育花蕾差异表达片段94个,正常花蕾差异表达片段13个。BLAST结果显示,与功能蛋白同源的差异序列50%以上来源于叶绿体,推测萝卜败蕾与叶绿体有很大关系;叶绿体Mat K在不同的引物组合扩增中出现3次,序列分析后发现长度为282bp和283bp的为同一片段,长度为396bp的片段与长度为282bp和283bp的片段无同源性,可能为编码Mat K的不同亚基。Mat K参与叶绿体中RNA转录本Ⅱ型内含子剪切,通过对内含子剪接的影响来调节基因的表达,推测Mat K等叶绿体基因上调表达使其蛋白质的合成发生变化,导致萝卜叶绿体代谢紊乱,最终导致败蕾;而甲基转移酶可能通过DNA甲基化调控萝卜发育,使其发育异常表现花蕾败育。对BLASTx比对分值小于80及无同源性的片段进行BLASTn分析,根据比对结果推测:细胞程序化死亡可能是萝卜败蕾、植物衰老和植物受逆境胁迫时普遍发生的一种生理生化现象。     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

三门峡水库库岸坍塌成因分析与防治措施研究

三门峡水库自1960年9月蓄水运行以来,库岸坍塌现象频繁发生,平均每年塌岸0.5～0.7亿m3.指出了造成库岸坍塌的原因主要是地质环境的影响以及水力条件的变化;不同的地形、地貌、地质结构和岩性特征,表现了不同的塌岸强度,其中黄土塬区为极强塌岸段,黄河Ⅱ级阶地为强烈塌岸段,黄河Ⅰ级阶地为中等强烈塌岸段;分析了引起库岸坍塌的主要水力条件有大气降水、地表水和地下水,并且不同水力条件及其变化特征,对库岸坍塌影响的方式和程度也不同;最后给出了防治库岸坍塌应采用标本兼治的原则,治标是指对塌岸进行必要的加固、支挡、衬砌等;治本就是根据引起塌岸的原因以及不同地质环境条件下的塌岸特征和水力条件,因地制宜,因害设防,从根本上进行综合治理.