Effect of Drinking Water Iron Concentration on Broiler Performance

Many parts of the nation have elevated Fe concentrations in drinking water, and poultry producers are uncertain of the effect this will have on broiler performance. Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of Fe concentration on broiler performance. At hatch, Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were placed in Petersime batteries equipped with a nipple watering system. Chicks were weighed and randomly allotted to pens such that each pen had a similar weight distribution. Chicks were fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. Chicks were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Weekly chick weight, feed intake, and water consumption were recorded throughout the 35-d trials. Soluble P in the manure was analyzed in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, 4 water treatments consisted of 0, 2, 20, and 200 ppm supplemental Fe (FeSO₄·7H₂ O). In Experiment 3, the treatments were 0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm supplemental Fe. Water treatments were mixed on a weekly basis.No differences were noted in BW, feed consumption, water consumption, mortality, or manure-soluble P in any of the trials. None of the birds in the treatments exhibited any signs of flushing or any other intestinal problems. These results indicate that Fe concentrations in water do not affect performance or soluble P in broilers. Broiler performance was not affected by elevated SO₄ levels or reduced water pH. Although Fe may not have a direct affect on broiler performance, this study did not take into account the effect that high levels of Fe or its oxidized byproducts may have on equipment function.     

鸡空肠弯曲菌灭活苗的制备及其免疫保护试验研究

用分离到的空肠弯曲菌制备鸡空肠弯曲菌甲醛灭活疫苗 ,并进行了该病的免疫保护实验。制备 2× 10 9个 / m L浓度的细菌悬液 ,4m L / L浓度的甲醛溶液作用 12 h灭活后制成空肠弯曲菌灭活苗 ,免疫 2周龄的 SPF雏鸡 ,14 d后 ,进行攻击实验 ,观察其临床症状 ;并分别于感染后 7d和 14 d捕杀 ,观察病理学变化及进行细菌分离实验以揭示其保护率。结果表明 ,鸡空肠弯曲菌灭活苗的保护率可达 10 0 % ,说明该苗经口免疫后安全可靠 ,无毒副作用     

Epidemiological studies on Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni

An overview is given of investigations concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella, carried out at the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene in Bilthoven, The Netherlands, during the last thirty years. It is made clear that Salmonella, because of its ubiquitous occurrence and its large variety in sero- and phage-types, is the organism of choice to study the epidemiological pathways of pathogens between man, animals and the environment. It is demonstrated that these are in fact the pathways of faecal contamination, and therefore have validity for a larger number of bacterial, and perhaps even parasitic and viral, micro-organisms. This last statement is illustrated by the presentation of studies on the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni.     

Epidemiological studies on Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni

Summary

An overview is given of investigations concerning the epidemiology of Salmonella, carried out at the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Hygiene in Bilthoven, The Netherlands, during the last thirty years. It is made clear that Salmonella, because of its ubiquitous occurrence and its large variety in sero‐ and phage‐types, is the organism of choice to study the epidemiological pathways of pathogens between man, animals and the environment. It is demonstrated that these are in fact the pathways of faecal contamination, and therefore have validity for a larger number of bacterial, and perhaps even parasitic and viral, micro‐organisms. This last statement is illustrated by the presentation of studies on the epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni.     

硼对鸡组织器官硼含量及其健康状况的影响

选择1日龄固始鸡300只，随机分成4组，分别在饮水中添加硼(以硼酸作为硼源)0、100、200、400mg／L，研究了硼对鸡组织器官硼含量及其健康状况的影响。观察鸡的临床表现，并于7、14、21、28、35、42日龄时，每组随机抽取10只鸡屠宰，采集其肌肉、骨、脑、心、肝、脾和肾组织，用姜黄素比色法测定其硼含量。结果显示，各组鸡的组织器官硼含量随饮水中硼含量的增加而增加。饮水硼含量越高，组织器官硼的沉积速度越快。饮水硼100mg／L，对雏鸡的生长和健康无害；饮水硼200mg／L，使雏鸡食欲受到抑制，采食量减少；饮水硼400mg／L，雏鸡出现精神不振、食欲降低、营养不良、气囊臌气和健康状况恶化等。由此说明，高硼对鸡的健康不利。     

Application of Acidified Sodium Chlorite in the Drinking Water to Control Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in Commercial Broilers

The effect of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), produced by the combination of sodium chlorite (SC) with citric acid (CA) or sodium acid sulfate (SAS), on Salmonella and Campylobacter reduction in market age broilers was investigated. In the first experiment, the tolerance to increasing concentrations of SC (0, 100, 300, 600, 1,200, 3,000, and 6,000 ppm) and CA (0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.18, and 0.40%) in the drinking water was assessed. In the second experiment, broilers were fasted for 2 h and orally gavaged with 10⁵ cfu of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium 1 h before the initiation of drinking water treatments involving 5 concentrations of SC (0, 150, 300, 600, and 1,200 ppm), acidified to pH of 2.6, either with CA or SAS. In the third experiment, 8-d-old chicks were orally challenged with 10⁵ cfu of Salmonella and 10⁵ cfu of Campylobacter jejuni. On d 29, birds were provided 3 concentrations of SC (0, 300, and 600 ppm) acidified to pH 2.6 ± 0.1 with only water, CA, or SAS for 5 d. In experiment 2 and 3, the challenge organisms were enumerated in the upper, middle, and lower segments of the digestive tract. Water consumption was depressed significantly at levels of SC above 600 ppm and levels of CA above 0.18%. In experiment 2, SC levels above 600 ppm negatively affected water consumption regardless of the acid used. A level of 600 ppm of ASC was adequate to reduce the transient crop Salmonella, whereas 1,200 ppm was required for a significant reduction in the lower digestive tract. In experiment 3, six hundred parts per million of ASC reduced Salmonella only in the upper digestive tract. Campylobacter counts were not affected by SC treatments in experiment 3 (P > 0.05). Preslaughter use of acidified SC in the drinking water may be an effective way to reduce Salmonella in the crop, including those that may be picked up through litter consumption and caprophagy.     

水质改良剂对犊牛饮水量及饮水质量的影响

本试验旨在了解规模化奶牛场犊牛饮水量,分析水质改良剂对犊牛饮水量和饮水质量的影响。试验选取24头犊牛分为3组,即对照组、碘制剂组、泡腾片组,测定各组犊牛日饮水量,并在更换饮水后0h、2h、4h、6h采集犊牛饮水桶中水样,测定大肠杆菌最大可能数,并分析24头40日龄犊牛3次饲喂期间饮水量的变化情况。结果表明:犊牛40日龄日平均饮水量为4.411±1.855L,犊牛饮水中添加碘制剂和泡腾片不影响犊牛饮水量,对照组饮水2h后大肠杆菌最大可能数达到76448MPN/100mL,超出无公害食品畜禽饮用水水质(NY5027-2008)规定犊牛饮水中大肠菌群数(<10MPN/100mL)的760倍,而添加水质改良剂的犊牛饮水中4h内未检出大肠杆菌,表明犊牛饲养管理中的犊牛用一个器具饲喂牛奶和饮水的方式需要引起关注,可通过饮水改良剂进行饮水质量控制。     

犊牛饮水的重要性与管理要点

犊牛阶段的生长发育状况对成年后生产性能的发挥具有极为重要的影响,所以犊牛的饲养管理非常关键。水是犊牛维持基础营养代谢和健康生长的重要营养元素,但是与代乳粉和开食料等日粮相比,容易被牧场忽视。本文分析了犊牛饮水的重要性及需水量与采食量的关系,讨论了犊牛饮水管理中的关键点,为加强犊牛饮水管理,提高犊牛阶段的培育管理水平提供指导。     

Immunopotentiation of a Developed Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis Vaccine by Thymulin and Zinc in Meat Chicken Breeders

The humoral immunity, spleen and thymus weight indices, lymphocyte count in the thymus cortex, and granuloma diameter at vaccination sites were assessed in four differently immunopotentiated groups of meat chicken breeders. Breeders in the first two groups were given a killed Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) vaccine subcutaneously at 15 and 19 weeks of age. Breeders in the third and fourth groups were left unvaccinated. Breeders in the first group were further immunopotentiated with zinc and thymulin. Each bird in the first group was given the immunopotentiators intraperitoneally in a volume of 0.1 ml at intervals of 3 days for a period of 3 weeks, starting at 15 weeks of age. At each time, each bird in the first group received thymulin (10 ng) and ZnCl₂ (1 mol/L), using a carboxymethyl cellulose carrier, totalling 90 ng thymulin and 9 mol of ZnCl₂ per bird. Each bird in the first three groups was challenged orally with 6.7×10⁶ cfu/ml of highly virulent SE organisms, at an age of 22 weeks. The first group, which had received zinc and thymulin, had the earliest and highest humoral immune response to SE (p<0.05). This was observed at 2 and 4 weeks after the first vaccination. In addition, the first group had the highest mean thymus weight index, and the highest mean lymphocyte count in the thymus cortex. No significant difference was observed between the first two vaccinated groups in the mean granuloma diameter developed at the two vaccination sites 48 h after administration of the vaccine (p>0.05).     

Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella during pig slaughtering

It was found that 79% of healthy pigs, slaughtered in three different slaughterhouses in the Netherlands, were intestinal carriers of Campylobacter jejuni (mean number 4000 cfu per g), and 21% of the same pigs had Salmonella in the intestinal tract (mean number 10 cfu per g). Immediately after slaughter, Campylobacter was swabbed from 9% of the carcasses and Salmonella from 13%. It is concluded from these data that most of the contamination on carcasses does not originate directly from the intestinal tracts of the animals but rather from surfaces, equipment, and utensils in the slaughter hall. It was demonstrated that Salmonella could survive in the slaughter hall, whereas Campylobacter died off, probably due to its vulnerability to drying conditions and its inability to grow at temperatures below 30 degrees C. Campylobacter was not isolated from the carcasses after cooling. It had been shown earlier that this again was caused by dry conditions, brought about by the use of forced ventilation in the cooling rooms. In an additional investigation, Campylobacter was not isolated from 248 samples of minced pork (10 g each), whereas Salmonella was found in 13% of these samples.     

AA鸡胸肌和腿肌中水分含量的差异研究

为了比较AA鸡胸肌和腿肌中水分含量的差异,选取来自江苏省东台市和宿迁市的49日龄AA鸡进行屠宰,测定其胸肌和腿肌中的水分含量。结果表明,2种来源的AA鸡胸肌中的含水量分别为73.70%和73.98%,腿肌中的含水量分别为75.44%和74.56%;2种来源的AA鸡腿肌中的水分含量都极显著地高于胸肌（P〈0.01）。研究结果为AA鸡肉品质标准的制定以及肉品质的改善提供了基础数据。     

规模化养鸡场鸡舍内空气和饮水细菌含量检测

采用自然沉降法对现代化鸡舍内空气细菌含量进行检测,并对不同日龄鸡舍内外水质进行测定。结果显示：肉鸡饲养中期鸡舍内空气细菌含量明显高于生长前期和后期。带鸡消毒可以显著降低鸡舍内空气细菌含量;不同日龄鸡舍水质变化不大,饮水中细菌总数均较高,经过消毒处理后,饮水中细菌总数显著降低,与未消毒前比较,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

1株鸡源肠炎沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析

【目的】确定云南某蛋鸡场送检的疑似沙门氏菌病病料中的主要病原菌种类,并测定其致病性及药物敏感性。【方法】通过细菌分离培养、形态观察、生化试验、血清学鉴定及分子学方法进行细菌分离鉴定;通过对鸡的致病性试验及毒力基因检测分析分离菌的致病性;通过药物敏感性试验检测分离菌耐药情况。【结果】分离菌株在沙门氏菌显色培养基上形成紫色菌落,镜检为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,疑为沙门氏菌,命名为S2;生化试验结果显示,菌株S2赖氨酸脱羧酶、硫化氢、卫矛醇试验结果均为阳性;靛基质、尿素酶、氰化钾、山梨醇、水杨苷、β-半乳糖苷、丙二酸盐生化试验结果均为阴性,判断菌株S2为典型沙门氏菌属;血清学鉴定结果显示,菌株S2属于D群肠炎沙门氏菌,其抗原式为1,9,12:g,m;遗传进化分析结果显示,菌株S2与肠炎沙门氏菌MT621365处于同一分支,自展值为99%;致病性试验结果表明,分离菌株对雏鸡有较强的致病性,感染6 d后雏鸡全部死亡(10/10);毒力基因检测结果显示,菌株S2携带invJ、hilA、ssaB、misL、mgtC、orf319、sopB、spvA、spvB、spvC、spvR、stn和fimA毒力基因,不携带sopA、fliC毒力基因;菌株S2对多数抗菌药敏感程度很高,对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢西丁、四环素等12种抗菌药均敏感,对甲氧嘧啶、复方新诺明和林可霉素耐药。【结论】本研究分离到了1株肠炎沙门氏菌,其毒力较强,可造成雏鸡较高的死亡率,对大部分常用抗菌药敏感,对甲氧嘧啶、复方新诺明和林可霉素具有耐药性。本研究结果可为沙门氏菌病的临床诊断和药物有效性评价提供一定参考依据。     

鸡耐热力与采食和饮水的关系

通过对２０只京白蛋鸡在不同温度梯度下，个体采食量和饮水量的记录，分析了耐热力与采食和饮水量的关系。结果表明：耐热力与采食量相关较明显，常温时采食量多的较耐热，耐热鸡在高温时采食量下降多；与饮水量的相关不明显。     

硫酸钠饮水对蛋鹌鹑生产性的影响

将18周龄朝鲜龙城系鹌720只随机分成4组,于饮水中分别添加2g/L、1g/L、0.5g/L、0g/L的硫酸钠溶液进行饲喂试验。结果表明:添加剂硫酸钠的3个试验组产蛋率和饲料转化率均高于对照组,添加量以0.5g/L经济效益最佳。     

金霉素在鸡粪中的降解研究

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测鸡粪中金霉素(CTC),比较不同条件下畜禽粪便中CTC的降解规律和特点.在新鲜鸡粪中添加0.5、1.0、4.0 μg/mL CTC标准液,在避光条件下,各组中鸡粪中CTC几乎都很少降解;在自然光照下,在鸡粪中CTC的降解较快,其变化趋势符合一级动力学方程Ct=C0e -kt,并由此求得鸡粪中CTC在自然光照下的降解半衰期为3.24 d±1.02 d.