高能低蛋白日粮致脂肪肝出血综合征鸡抗氧化能力和肝损伤的研究

选用140日龄健康海兰褐壳蛋鸡102只,随机分为对照组(饲喂日粮代谢能与粗蛋白分别为11.51MJ/kg、15.58%)和试验组(饲喂日粮代谢能与粗蛋白分别为14.47MJ/kg、12.55%),每组设3个重复,每个重复17只。于试验期第15、25、35、45、55天,每组取6只鸡测定其血清和肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,同时对肝脏作病理组织学检查。结果显示:(1)试验组蛋鸡表现肝脂蓄积,肝脂肪变性,出现典型脂肪肝出血综合征病变,证明高能低蛋白日粮可以成功复制蛋鸡脂肪脏出血综合征。(2)与对照组相比,试验组血清和肝脏匀浆中MDA含量升高,抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活力最终都降低,表明机体抗氧化能力下降。结果表明,自由基在高能低蛋白日粮致脂肪肝出血综合征的发生、发展过程中起重要作用。     

高能低蛋白饲粮对蛋鸡肝脏apo B-100基因mRNA表达的影响

以海蓝褐蛋鸡为试验对象,探讨高能低蛋白日粮对蛋鸡肝脏载脂蛋白B-100mRNA表达关系的影响。选300日龄海蓝褐蛋鸡60只,随机分为2组,每组30只,分别饲喂正常饲粮(对照组,代谢能:2.75MJ/kg,粗蛋白:17%)、高能低蛋白饲粮(试验组,代谢能:2.99MJ/kg,粗蛋白:12.9%)。于试验0、30、60d每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡6只,取肝脏样品,应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术测定不同时期apoB-100mRNA在肝脏中的表达水平;结果显示:试验组载脂蛋白B-100mRNA表达在试验60d显著低于对照组(0.01P≤0.05)。说明高能低蛋白日粮能导致蛋鸡肝脏载脂蛋白B-100mRNA表达水平下降。     

泽泻粉对高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂沉积的缓解作用

旨在研究泽泻粉对高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂沉积的缓解作用。72羽260 d海兰褐蛋鸡随机分成3组，分别为对照组(CON,10.9 MJ/kg代谢能，16.9%粗蛋白),高能低蛋白日粮组(HF,13.0 MJ/kg代谢能，12.1%粗蛋白),以及高能低蛋白日粮添加泽泻粉组(HFA,13.0 MJ/kg代谢能，12.1%粗蛋白，添加72 mg/kg泽泻粉)。母鸡笼养，每日定量限饲(110 g/羽)。鸡舍室温约24℃,光照16L:8D,试验期12周。结果表明：HF组产蛋率、蛋重、蛋品质指标，以及血浆谷丙转氨酶活性、总胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),而肝脏中甘油三酯含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);日粮添加泽泻粉显著缓解高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝脏脂质沉积(P<0.05),同时显著逆转了肝脏脂质合成相关基因脂肪酸合酶、乙酰CoA羧化酶1和硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶-1 mRNA的上调，肝脏糖皮质激素受体(GR)mRNA和蛋白的上调也得到显著缓解(P<0.05)。研究结果提示：泽泻通过抑制脂质从头合成基因的表达来缓解高能低蛋白日粮诱导的蛋鸡肝...     

改变能量和蛋白水平的连续交替饲喂模式提高了肉鸡的步态评分

给肉鸡连续交替饲喂不同日粮1或2d减少了其腿部疾病,可能是因其减缓了早期生长,增强了整体生长性能。目前的研究比较了持续饲喂标准日粮（C：代谢能为12．55MJ／kg;粗蛋白为190g／kg）、高能量／低蛋白日粮（＋7％代谢能;-20％粗蛋白）和低能量／高蛋白日粮（-7％代谢能;＋20％粗蛋白）相交替的饲喂模式对352只罗氏肉公鸡的生长性能、行为及步态评分的影响。     

高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加生物素对蛋鸡脂类代谢的影响

选用300日龄健康海蓝褐蛋鸡90羽,随机分为对照组、病理组、防治组3组（每组3个重复,每个重复10只）,分别饲喂正常日粮（代谢能11.30MJ/kg,粗蛋白质17.00%）、高能量低蛋白质日粮（代谢能12.81MJ/kg,粗蛋白质12.90%）和添加0.3mg/kg生物素的高能量低蛋白质日粮,试验期60d,分别于试验的1,30,60d,每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡6羽,采血制备血清和采集肝脏样品及腹脂,测定血脂含量、肝脂率和腹脂率,观察其病理学变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验30,60d,高能量低蛋白质日粮组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脂肪变性明显。试验30d,与对照组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C、TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率差异不显著,肝脏脂肪变性不明显;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。60d时,与对照组相比,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C显著降低,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著升高,肝脏呈现一定的脂肪变性;与高能量低蛋白质日粮组比较,防治组鸡产蛋性能、HDL-C含量显著升高,TG、TC、LDL-C、ALT、AST、肝脂率和腹脂率显著降低。结果提示,采用高能低蛋白日粮饲喂蛋鸡可以成功的建立蛋鸡脂肪肝出血征病理模型;在高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加0.3mg/kg生物素后,可显著影响蛋鸡的脂肪肝出血征蛋鸡脂类代谢,一定程度上对其具有预防作用。     

β-甘露聚糖酶对夏季高温蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和养分表观消化率的影响

文章旨在研究在夏季高温时期蛋鸡日粮中添加β-甘露聚糖酶,考察其对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和养分表观消化率的影响。试验选择体重及产蛋率接近的82周龄海兰白壳蛋鸡576只,随机分成4组,每个组分为6个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验共设计4种日粮,处理1组饲喂高能日粮(代谢能11.76 MJ/kg),处理2组饲喂低能日粮(代谢能11.34 MJ/kg),处理3组饲喂处理2组日粮+500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶,处理4组饲喂处理2组日粮+1000 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶,试验共开展6周。试验结果显示:高能日粮组、低能日粮组及低能日粮组添加β-甘露聚糖酶对蛋鸡末重、产蛋率、采食量、平均蛋重、料蛋比和破蛋率均无显著影响(P0.05)。各处理组对鸡蛋蛋壳强度、哈弗单位、蛋黄颜色和蛋壳颜色无显著影响(P0.05),较其他3组,日粮添加500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶显著提高了蛋壳厚度(P0.05)。高能日粮组、低能日粮组及低能日粮添加β-甘露聚糖酶组对试验第3或5周蛋鸡泄殖腔温度的影响无显著差异(P0.05)。高能日粮组较低能日粮组及低能日粮组添加500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶显著提高了蛋鸡的代谢能的表观消化率(P0.05)。结果表明:在本试验条件下,代谢能为11.34 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为15%的日粮中添加500 mg/kgβ-甘露聚糖酶可以提高夏季高温蛋鸡的能量利用率和蛋壳强度。     

高能低蛋白日粮饲养蛋鸡肝脏脂肪沉积及其组织病理学观察

将72只300日龄的蛋鸡随机分成试验组和对照组,每组36只,分别采用高能低蛋白日粮和正常日粮进行饲养试验,试验期60 d,于试验1,30,60 d随机选取试验组和对照组鸡各12只,采样检测分析高能低蛋白日粮对蛋鸡肝脏脂肪沉积及其病理组织学的影响.结果显示,于试验后30,60 d,试验组蛋鸡肝湿重、肝脏脂肪含量和肝脂率均显著或极显著高于相应的对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).在整个试验期内,对照组蛋鸡肝脏的外形与结构正常;试验组蛋鸡肝脏除第1次采样外均出现不同程度肿胀、出血,呈土黄色,光镜下可见肝组织结构模糊、细胞肿胀、脂肪变性,胞浆内可见数量不等、大小不一的脂肪空泡等明显的肝组织损伤.这说明高能低蛋白日粮可不同程度地影响蛋鸡肝组织的脂肪代谢,导致脂类物质在肝组织的蓄积及脂肪变性,提示此日粮可用于试验性蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征病理模型的复制.     

甜菜碱预防蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征的研究

本试验旨在研究甜菜碱对蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征的预防效果。选用300日龄海蓝褐蛋鸡120只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只,在自由采食、饮水和光照16 h的条件下,分别饲喂正常日粮（代谢能11.30 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质17.20%）、高能量低蛋白质日粮（代谢能12.81 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质13.04%）和添加1000 mg/kg甜菜碱的高能量低蛋白质日粮60 d。于试验期第1、30、60天,每组取8只鸡采血制备血清和采集肝脏样品及腹脂,测定血脂含量、肝脂率和腹脂率,结合产蛋性能及病理学变化,综合判定脂肪肝出血综合征(fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome,FLHS)的发生及甜菜碱的预防效果。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂高能量低蛋白质日粮30 d即可引发FLHS,饲喂60 d则病情进一步加重;而在高能量低蛋白质日粮中添加1000 mg/kg甜菜碱后,饲喂30 d时甜菜碱可显著抑制FLHS的发生,具有很好的预防作用,但饲喂60 d时甜菜碱的预防作用减弱。     

龙江麦饭石饲喂蛋鸡试验

滨白蛋鸡576只,随机分为两组,试验组312只,对照组264只。试验组日粮代谢能11.19MJ/kg、粗蛋白17.77％,对照组日粮代谢能11.32MJ/kg、粗蛋白17.86％。试验鸡于26周龄时在日粮     

复方中草药制剂对蛋鸡肾、肝组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性及其mRNA表达的影响

本研究旨在探讨复方中草药制剂对蛋鸡肾、肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及其m RNA表达的影响。试验选取52周龄3 072只海兰褐蛋鸡,分为4组,每组4个重复,A组饲喂基础日粮(对照组),B、C、D组分别在基础日粮中添加50、100、150 g/t的复方中草药制剂,试验期为30 d;试验结束后,进行肝脏和肾脏SOD、GSH-Px活性以及m RNA水平的测定。结果表明:50、100、150 g/t复方中草药制剂能显著提高鸡肾脏SOD活性(P0.05),显著上调肾脏中SOD m RNA的表达(P0.05);50、100 g/t的复方中草药制剂显著提高了肾脏中GSH-Px活性(P0.05),50 g/t组显著上调了肾脏中GSH-Px m RNA表达(P0.05),其他组没有统计学意义。50、100 g/t的复方中草药制剂提高了肝脏中SOD活性(P0.05)。结果显示,日粮中添加复方中草药制剂可明显改善蛋鸡肾脏的抗氧化能力,肝脏抗氧化能力也有提高的趋势。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.