饲喂不同日粮对奶牛产奶量的影响研究

在规模养殖户饲养的奶牛中选择年龄在4～6岁,体重、胎次、泌乳时间等基本一致的荷斯坦泌乳牛18头,根据农户的饲喂条件,分为三组,每组6头。试验A组饲喂全价配合饲料和玉米秸秆青贮,试验B组饲喂混合饲料、粗饲料和玉米秸秆青贮,对照组C组采用一般的常规饲喂(有啥喂啥)方式,观察饲喂不同日粮对奶牛产奶量的影响效果。试验结果：试验A组奶牛头均日产奶量19．82kg,个体产奶量6045kg,试验B组头均日产奶量工17．27kg,个体产奶量5267kg,对照C组头均日产奶量12．41kg,个体产奶量3785kg;试验A组和B组头均日产奶量比对照C组增加7．41kg和4．86kg,个体产奶量分别增加2260kg和1482kg。     

A comparison in 101 dairy cows of right paralumbar fossa omentopexy and right paramedian abomasopexy for treatment of left displacement of the abomasum

Right paramedian abomasopexy and right paralumbar fossa omentopexy appear to be the most widely used means of correcting left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cattle. We compared these two procedures in a prospective study of 101 cows with uncomplicated left displaced abomasum. The surgical treatment (right paramedian abomasopexy, n = 48; or right paralumbar fossa omentopexy, n = 53) was assigned randomly. Follow-up information was obtained, at regular intervals, from one week through six months following discharge from the hospital. Milk production, reproductive performance, surgical complications, and length of time retained in the herd after surgery were obtained for each animal. There was a trend in favor of the abomasopexy group in the one-month milk yield. There were no differences between procedures either in incisional complications, other problems noted at follow-up, or in the proportion dead/culled. Based on the milk yield at one month after surgery, we concluded that there may be a slight advantage to right paramedian abomasopexy in cows with uncomplicated left displaced abomasum.     

Relationships between lactational incidence of displaced abomasum and milk production traits in German Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to analyse the heritabilitiy of the lactational incidence of displaced abomasum (DA) and the relationships of DA with milk production traits in German Holstein cows. Data were recorded between February 1999 and January 2000 in cooperation with five veterinary practitioners. Their veterinary practices were located in the northern part of Lower Saxony. The investigation included 160 dairy farms under the official milk-recording scheme with 9,315 cows. The lactational incidence of the left abomasal displacement amounted to 1.21%, and of the right abomasal displacement to 0.41%, respectively. The linear heritability estimates for the lactational incidences of left and right DA were h(2) = 0.05 +/- 0.012 and h(2) = 0.004 +/- 0.005, respectively. Using the Dempster-Lerner-transformation the corresponding heritabilities were h(2) = 0.53 and 0.09, respectively. Milk losses for the lactation when DA was diagnosed were significant and reached 1016 kg milk, 41 kg fat, 36 kg protein and 0.07% protein. Fat content significantly increased by 0.18%. The analysis could not show significant differences between cows diagnosed with DA and cows not diagnosed with DA in the 305-day milk production traits of the lactation preceding the diagnosis of DA. There was also no indication for an unequal distribution of breeding values for milk performance traits between cows with and without DA. The additive genetic correlations between 305-day milk performance and left DA were low. The results indicated that cows with a high milk production and superior breeding values for milk performance were not exposed to an increased risk for DA.     

A study of the role of genetic factors in the etiology of left abomasal displacement.

The ancestry of 69 cows having left displaced abomasum was compared with that of 69 cows (matched for age, farm and lactation) not having experienced left displaced abomasum. A variety of tests were used to ascertain if certain bulls or families of bulls produced daughters with an increased risk of developing left displaced abomasum. However, there were no significant differences between the pedigrees of the affected and nonaffected cows.     

Abomasal volvulus in cattle following correction of left displacement by casting and rolling

Seven adult cows developed abomasal volvulus immediately following correction of left displacement by casting and rolling. Three cows were rolled to provide temporary relief from left displaced abomasum because of concurrent disease and 4 were rolled as the principal therapy for left displacement. In each animal surgical correction of abomasal volvulus was accomplished via right paralumbar fossa celiotomy and inclusion of an omentopexy during abdominal closure. Surgery was performed within 24 hours of casting and rolling. All 7 cows recovered after surgery and were reported to have satisfactory milk production and appetite 6 weeks later.     

Use of the D-xylose absorption test to measure abomasal emptying rate in healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and in cows with left displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus

We determined the abomasal emptying rates of Holstein-Friesian cows at different stages of lactation, with left displaced abomasum (LDA), or immediately after surgical correction of LDA or abomasal volvulus (AV). D-xylose (0.5 g/kg body weight [BW], 50% solution) was injected into the abomasum in healthy cows (group 1, 4-7 days in milk [DIM], n = 7; group 2, 90-120 DIM, n = 7; group 3, > 300 DIM, n = 7) and in cows with LDA (n = 10; group 4). D-xylose was injected into the abomasum during right flank laparotomy in cows with LDA (n = 22; group 5) and cows with AV (n = 15; group 6). The time to maximal serum D-xylose concentration was used as an index of emptying rate. The abomasal emptying rates for cows in groups 1, 2, and 3 were similar, whereas emptying was slower in cows with LDA and in cows after surgical correction of LDA or AV. The abomasal emptying rate of cows with LDA was slowed to a greater extent immediately after surgery, when compared to the rate obtained before surgery. There was no difference in abomasal emptying rate immediately after surgical correction between cows with LDA or AV. The results indicate that the increased incidence of LDA in the first month of lactation is not associated with an intrinsic decrease in abomasal emptying rate in healthy cows. Our findings also demonstrate that surgical correction further slows the emptying rate in cows with LDA.     

复方中草药添加剂对围产期奶牛产奶量及乳成分影响的研究

本试验旨在研究基础日粮中添加复方中草药对围产后期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,为更好地发挥奶牛生产性能提供理论依据。选用围产期荷斯坦牛32头,按照年龄、胎次、预产期相近的原则,随机分成四组,对照组饲喂常规基础日粮,处理A组、处理B组、处理C组添加由黄芪、党参、香附、白术、当归、川穹、白芍、熟地等组成的复方中草药,产前21d至产后21d连续饲喂42d,添加量分别为50g／d、100g／d、150g／d。试验结果表明,处理A组、处理B组、处理C组与对照组相比,产奶量分别提高了2．74kg、4．87kg、4．73kg,差异显著（P〈0．05）,表明复方中草药能显著提高奶牛产奶量。基础日粮中添加复方中草药对乳成分的影响无明显变化规律,处理A组、处理B组、处理C组的干物质含量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率与对照组相比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Changes in the feed intake, pH and osmolality of rumen fluid, and the position of the abomasum of eight dairy cows during a diet-induced left displacement of the abomasum

During the last six weeks of the dry period, eight Holstein-Friesian cows were fed a restricted amount of grass silage; after calving, a mixture of maize silage and concentrates was offered in a feeding regimen designed to induce a displacement of the abomasum. In the first month after calving, the cows were monitored for the following variables: feed intake and composition, milk production, the position of the abomasum, and the pH and osmolality of the rumen contents. In five of the eight cows, a left displacement of the abomasum occurred between four and 21 days after calving in the absence of other diseases. The displacement was temporary, lasting between five and 36 consecutive hours and one or two days in two of the cows (floaters), and for three or more days in the other three. Before these three cows developed the displacement, their abomasum was 4.3 to 7.9 cm higher, its contents had a higher mean osmolality (+19.2 mosmol/kg), and the ratio of roughage to concentrates in their feed was lower (-0.87) than in the three cows that did not develop clinical signs of a displaced abomasum. There were no significant differences in these variables between the floaters and the healthy cows.     

奶牛真胃变位研究进展

奶牛真胃变位是危害集约化养牛尤其是高产奶牛的多发腹腔疾病之一。据变位部位不同又可分为左方变位和右方变位。本病的病因及发病机制目前尚无一致性结论：右方变位的临床症状比左方变位严重且病程较急;具有典型的示病症状,不难做出诊断;有保守治疗和手术治疗两种治疗方法,而对于右方变位手术治疗几乎是唯一的治疗方法;加强饲养管理、合理预防和及时治疗原发病可有效降低其发病率。     

苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

试验旨在探讨苜蓿青贮料替代不同比例苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能、乳品质、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及经济效益的影响。选取体重、产奶量、胎次相近的健康泌乳中期中高产中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂4.0 kg苜蓿青干草,试验A、B组分别用4.4,8.8 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0和4.0 kg等干物质的苜蓿青干草,正试期64 d。结果表明,1)各组间干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),B组产奶量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),A组与对照组、B组间差异不显著(P>0.05); 2)用50%,100%的苜蓿青贮料替代等干物质的苜蓿青干草,其乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖均有所改善,但只有B组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余指标各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3)A、B组与对照组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率、钙表观消化率无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、B组间粗蛋白和磷表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),但是粗蛋白表观消化率均显著低于对照组、磷表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4)苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草其血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血尿素氮、血糖、二氧化碳结合力等指标没有显著性改变(P>0.05);5)试验A、B组经济效益均有所增加,其中A组的净增收益最高,为0.61元/(头·d)。综上,用4.4 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0 kg苜蓿青干草对中高产奶牛是适宜的,能提高其生产性能,改善乳品质,增加收益。     

＂增奶灵＂对奶牛产奶量影响的研究

用不同添加剂量的“增奶灵”饲喂36头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,其中对照组12头,试验A组、B组和C组各8头。试验各组牛在基础日粮中分别添加占精料量的0.05%、0.1%和0.15%的“增奶灵”,经47天的饲喂试验,结果发现,和对照组比,试验A组产奶量增加了0.45%,试验B组增加0.70%,试验C组增加1.36%;乳汁中体细胞数显著(P<0.05)下降;各组受试牛的乳脂率没有变化;此外,试验组牛蹄的质量明显改善。     

Ultrasonography of the abdominal wall before and after laparotomy in cows

The ultrasonographic appearance of the normal abdominal wall in the flank region was investigated before and after exploratory laparotomy in five cows (group A). The results were compared with those after surgical correction of left displaced abomasum in 10 cows (group B) and of caecal dilatation in another 10 cows (group C). We hypothesized that in group C and group B, wound healing would be impaired because of the higher risk of complications compared to group A. A 10.0 MHz linear transducer was used to examine the abdominal wall immediately before exploratory laparotomy and for 10 days (groups B, C) or 30 days (group A) postoperatively. The thickness of the individual layers of the abdominal wall was determined. The skin and the individual muscle layers could be well differentiated via ultrasonography in all the cows preoperatively. In group A, the total thickness of the abdominal wall ranged from 2.80 to 3.40 cm; the skin and the subcutaneous tissues were 0.60 to 0.80 cm, the external abdominal oblique muscle 0.50 to 0.70 cm, the internal abdominal oblique muscle 0.50 to 0.70 cm, the transverse abdominal muscle 0.50 to 0.75 cm, and the transverse fascia and peritoneum were 0.20 to 0.30 cm. Groups B and C had similar findings. There was no significant difference in the course of healing, the thickness of the abdominal wall or thickness of the individual layers during healing among the three groups of cows. Features of healing included subcutaneous emphysema in 19 cows, seroma in 19 and haematoma in 2 cows. However, the occurrence of these events did not differ significantly among the three groups. Ultrasonographic examination of the wound on day 10 postoperatively was unremarkable in 24 cows. A seroma was still present on day 15 postoperatively in one cow of group B.     

Use of bovine somatotropin at the time of surgery for left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. Minnesota Dairy Practitioners Study Group

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a single dose of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) on certain metabolic values, health, and milk production of dairy cows undergoing surgery for left displacement of the abomasum. DESIGN: Blinded clinical trial. ANIMALS: 413 cows with left displacement of the abomasum. PROCEDURE: A single 500-mg dose of bST was administered to dairy cows following surgery in field practice conditions for left displacement of the abomasum. A placebo of the same carrier without bST was administered to control cows in this blinded study. Metabolic and production responses in a short-term follow-up period were measured. RESULTS: Blood glucose concentrations in cows 3 to 5 days after surgery were statistically higher for treated cows than for control cows. A higher proportion of treated cows had improved urine ketone test results than did controls. Significant differences in other metabolic values, health, and milk production were not detected. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Treatment of metabolically compromised cows with bST may have some positive effects, but further investigation is needed to confirm therapeutic value.     

苜蓿干草不同添加量对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率的影响

选择年龄、体重、胎次、生理状况、泌乳天数等相近的经产奶牛(泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛)16头,随机分为4组(对照组A、试验组B、C、D),每组4头,试验预试期10 d,正试期30 d。测定奶牛产奶量和乳脂率。试验组B、C、D组的日粮配制是在对照组的基础上,分别添加3.5 kg、6.5 kg、9.5 kg的苜蓿干草替代部分精料。试验结果表明:试验B、C和D组与对照组相比,平均产奶量分别提高1.1kg、2.58 kg和1.58 kg,分别提高了4.18%、9.72%和5.95%,试验组与对照组差异显著(P0.05),各试验组间C与B、D差异显著(P0.05)。经济效益分别提高6.41%、13.92%、5.13%。     

The association between first DHI milk-test parameters and subsequent displaced abomasum diagnosis in dairy cows

First Dairy Herd Improvement Corporation (DHI) test milk that was sampled prior to displaced abomasum (DA) diagnosis was used to examine the association between milk yield (kg), fat (%), protein (%), or fat/protein ratio and DA in dairy cows. 27 DA cases were matched to 3 controls per case by herd and calving date. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of each milk parameter on the odds of DA, adjusting for lactation number and days in milk (DIM) at test. Higher odds of DA diagnosis was found with lower milk yield, higher milk fat percentage, lower milk protein percentage and higher fat/protein ratio. We conclude that milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage and fat/protein ratio may be used to detect cows at risk for DA. Our findings also indicate that cows diagnosed with DA were energy deficient prior to DA diagnosis.     

冬牧70黑麦草、紫花苜蓿等牧草对奶牛的饲喂效果

选择身体健康的二胎荷斯坦奶牛32头，分为四组，对照组、试验：Ⅰ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅲ组分别饲喂传统青饲料（野草、速冻菜厂下脚料等）、金华当地的多花黑麦草、2003--2004年间经牧草引种试验证明在生物学特性、鲜草产量及营养成分等方面表现较好的品种——冬牧70黑麦草和紫花苜蓿进行了为期20d的饲养试验。结果对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的平均日产奶量分别为9．89kg、10．23kg、11．56kg、和12．86kg。在其它饲养条件不变的情况下，饲喂紫花苜蓿的试验Ⅲ组奶牛产奶量极显著高于饲喂多花黑麦草的试验Ⅰ组及传统青饲料的对照组（P〈0．01），与饲喂冬牧70黑麦草的试验Ⅱ组差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅱ组奶牛产奶量与对照组差异极显著（P〈0．01），与试验Ⅰ组差异显著（P〈0．05）；试验Ⅰ组和对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。乳中总固体物质含量、乳脂率及乳蛋白率各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。表明紫花苜蓿、冬牧70黑麦草对奶牛饲喂效果好，可显著提高产奶量，改进乳成分。     

Supplementation with urea and molasses and body weight, milk yield and onset of ovarian cyclicity in cows

Ten multiparous crossbred local Zebu cows were randomly divided into two nutritional groups (A and B) to determine the effect of urea-molasses-mineral block supplementation on body weight gain, milk production, and onset of ovarian cyclicity after calving. Both groups had farm rations daily, but the supplemented group (B) was provided with an additional diet daily of 250 g urea-molasses-mineral block. The cows in group A required 80-120 days (98.0 +/- 6.7 days) until peak milk progesterone concentrations and 60-80 days (72.0 +/- 3.8 days) were required for group B (p<0.05). Group B needed a shorter period for expression of standing estrus (91-101 days; mean 96.2 +/- 2.3 days) than group A [130-153 (141.6 +/- 4.6) days; p<0.01]. For groups A and B, body weight gain was 8.4 +/- 3.4 kg and 18.4 +/- 3.2 kg, respectively (p<0.01). The average milk production of groups A and B were 3.3 +/- 1.0 and 4.8 +/- 1.6 L/day, respectively (p>0.05). There was linear improvement in milk yield from Day 60 postpartum up to Day 90 of lactation in group B (supplemented). However, in group A, milk production decreased starting on Day 40 after parturition.     

Cross-sectional study of the association of abomasal displacement or volvulus with serum electrolyte and mineral concentrations in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate serum mineral and electrolyte concentrations at the time of on-farm diagnosis of left displaced abomasum, right displaced abomasum, or abomasal volvulus in dairy cows. Data were collected from 104 affected cows and 96 control cows matched with cases, based on herd, parity, and stage of lactation. Cows with abomasal displacement or volvulus had significantly lower calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, and chloride concentrations and increased anion gap at the time of diagnosis compared with control cows from the same herds. The percentages of cases and controls with total serum calcium concentrations below the lower limit of the laboratory reference range (2.08 mmol/L [8.3 mg/dL]) were 70% and 23%, respectively. Based on the large percentage of cases with hypocalcemia, administering calcium salts at the time of treatment of field cases of abomasal displacement or volvulus may be beneficial.     

Reproductive performance and milk production of Israeli-Holstein cows with different supplementation during the dry period]

In three field trials comprising 602 Israeli-Holstein dairy cows, the effect of the dry period ration on reproductive performance, culling rate and milk production was investigated. The cows were fed in groups. The basic dry period rations consisted for two herds of medium quality cereal hay and for one herd of corn straw, which were fed ad libitum. In each herd dry cows were assigned to an experimental and control group. Cows of the experimental group were supplemented with 1.5 to 3 kg of lactating cows mixed ration (LMR), whereas in the control group the amount of supplement was increased by the factor two or 3.3. In the experimental group the amount of the supplement was calculated to achieve levels of net energy and of crude protein close to NRC requirements; in the control group the level of net energy and protein was 12 to 18% higher as compared to the experimental group. The amount of LMR supplement in the experimental group of herds A, B, C were 1.5 kg, 1.9 kg, and 3 kg, respectively. In the control groups these amounts were 5 kg, 3.8 kg, and 6 kg, respectively. The groups fed moderate amounts of LMR supplement had a higher conception rate at first insemination, a higher percentage of cows conceiving and fewer cows culled in the consecutive lactation than cows fed increased amounts of LMR supplement. The lactational incidence of reproductive disorders and the milk production were not affected by the differences in feeding during the dry period. Reproductive performance and culling rate appeared to be more favorable for cows fed moderate amounts of supplement during the entire dry period or during the last 3 to 4 weeks of the dry period.     

酵母蛋白饲喂泌乳奶牛试验报告

本试验通过在荷斯坦泌乳牛日粮中添加酵母蛋白部分替代豆粕,研究其对泌乳牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳成分及身体健康情况的影响,选取400头胎次、产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦泌乳牛分为对照组和试验组各200头,试验组每头牛每天饲喂500g酵母蛋白,通过60d的试验,结果表明试验组和对照组奶牛平均日产奶量差异不显著（P〉0.05）,分别为32.54kg/d与32.34kg/d。在产奶量不变的基础上,试验组平均干物质采食量降低1.7kg（DM）/d,产奶效率提高,与对照组相比差异极显著（P〈0.01）。