木材材性与构造关系的研究

本文以中华五加木材为试材,就材性指标与构造因子之间的相互关系,进行了相关分析。并根据相关分析的结果,采用多因变量对多自变量的曲面回归模型,在材性指标与构造因子之间,建立了一组较为合理的回归方程,运用这组回归方程,可通过木材的构造因子,有效地预测其材性指标。如预测材性指标的平均值,其结果将更为准确。     

杉木短轮伐期工业材物理力学性质预测模型的研究

以应用正交试验设计方法对不同林龄、不同立地条件和不同林分密度下人工杉木林木材物理力学性质变异规律的研究为基础,采用多元线性回归方法,建立了用林龄、林分密度、地位指数 ３ 因子预测杉木短轮伐期工业林木材物理力学性质指标的一系列回归方程,并经回归显著性检验,这些方程的复相关关系均显著     

利用度量误差模型方法建立相容性立木生物量方程系统

本文以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)地上生物量数据为例,通过利用度量误差模型方法,研究建立了地上生物量与干、皮、枝、叶4个分量的相容性方程系统。首先,从各个分量所占比例变化特点分析入手,采用比值函数分级联合控制和比例函数总量直接控制2种方案构建了以地上总生物量为基础的相容性方程系统,其中对地上总生物量模型的估计,又采取了独立估计和联合估计2种处理方法。结果表明,分级联合控制方案和总量直接控制方案效果基本相当,而独立估计方法和联合估计方法也几乎没有差异。然后,还对一元、二元和三元模型的拟合效果进行了对比分析,结果显示随着解释变量的增加,估计值的标准误差和平均预估误差会有所下降,但对模型效果的改善幅度并不大。最后,对各个分量占地上总生物量的比例随直径的变化特点进行了分析,结果表明干材生物量所占比例随林木直径的增大而提高,干皮和树叶生物量所占比例则随林木直径的增大而下降,而树枝生物量所占比例相对比较稳定。本文所建立的相容性生物量方程系统,地上总生物量的预估精度达到95%以上,树叶生物量的预估精度最低,但也达到了85%以上。     

毛白杨生长和收获模型

本文介绍了根据毛白杨调查数据检验J.L.Clutter的火炬松生长和收获模型的过程和结果。在他的模型基础上,根据毛白杨的生长特点,作了一些修改,分别为该树种成片林和林带制定了生长和收获预测模型,并编制了毛白杨地位指数曲线。     

辽东山区不同森林类型土壤改良效益分析

辽宁东部山区是辽宁省浑河、太子河等主要河流的发源地和集水区,为辽宁省中南部工农业生产和人民生活用水提供保障。通过对该地区柞树林、杂木林、落叶松林、红松林、油松林等5种主要森林类型的林下枯落物层积累、土壤的物理化学性质等方面进行比较分析,研究结果表明:阔叶林在土壤改良、涵养水源方面较针叶林好,因此,在辽东山区营林时应多营建阔叶林或针阔混交林。     

湖南会同县杉木人工林管理碳汇的核算研究

[目的]通过制定森林管理参考水平,计量并核算森林管理活动的合格净碳汇清除量。[方法]采用核证减排标准中农业、林业和其他土地利用项目的自愿碳标准,选取其中改善森林管理的项目方法学标准,并结合不可抗力及湖南会同县的杉木人工林林地资源现状,进行计量和核算湖南会同县杉木人工林的合格碳汇量。该方法学标准包括4个碳库,即地上部分、地下部分、枯死木和木质林产品。[结果]对30年生和23年生杉木人工林进行森林管理活动后,林分碳储量变化量和碳汇量都有明显增加。森林管理参考水平在考虑皆伐的碳排放后的净碳汇量为-82.79 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2),30年生和23年生的总碳汇量分别为441.00、715.46 t二氧化碳当量;实际合格总碳汇量分别为606.59、881.06 t二氧化碳当量。[结论]不同的森林管理采伐强度对30年生和23年生林分碳汇量的影响差异显著。本文分别基于湖南会同森林生态实验站第1代杉木人工林建立参考水平和生态站2代杉木人工林制定参考水平核算会同县杉木人工林碳汇量,结果是基于后者参考水平核算的会同县杉木人工林合格的碳汇量比基于前者参考水平核算的多30 t二氧化碳当量·hm~(-2)。     

木材材色研究进展

木材材色是木材基本属性,关乎木质品视觉美感及其装饰性能,其色彩变化是评价木材品质及其市场价值的重要指标。木材材色的形成及其影响因素是用材树种良种选育、人工林定向培育及木材加工利用的研究热点。文中综述木材材色分析技术,介绍现行的材色分级标准,阐释材色形成机理和变异来源,并面向未来木材市场需求及高价值人工林定向培育目标做出展望,以期为今后木材材色形成机理和实木用材树种良种选育、优质木材定向培育及加工利用等相关研究提供参考。     

粗皮桉木材力学性质的近红外光谱方法预测

以人工林粗皮桉木材为研究对象,采用常规力学测试方法和近红外光谱方法对其无疵小试样力学性质进行研究。用近红外光谱仪采集试样表面的近红外光谱,对采集的近红外漫反射光谱进行导数预处理并对不同波段光谱建立校正模型,以1/3试样作为预测集对校正模型进行验证。结果表明:二阶导数预处理、350～25000nm全光谱波段、径切面和弦切面平均光谱值对粗皮桉木材力学性质模型预测效果最好。抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度的实测值与近红外光谱方法的预测值存在较好的相关性,相关系数均大于0.88,相对分析误差大于2.0,表明利用近红外光谱方法预测人工林粗皮桉木材力学性质效果较好。     

Prediction of Yueqin acoustic quality based on soundboard vibration performance using support vector machine

As an important material of making instrument resonant component, paulownia has a significant influence on instrument acoustic quality. Using the method of support vector machine (SVM), an evaluation model for predicting the Yueqin acoustic quality was developed based on the wood vibration performance. Generally, the wood selection in the Yueqin manufacture mainly depends on observance weighting by hands, knocking and listening by an instrument technician. The defect in scientific theory impedes the improvement of Yueqin quality. In this study, nine Yueqin were fabricated. Based on the information of their raw materials and Yueqin acoustic quality evaluation, a prediction model was proposed. In the total 180 groups of data, 60 groups of data were randomly selected for the training, 30 groups of data were randomly selected from the unused data for the verification. The radial basis function is used to establish the Yueqin soundboard wood acoustic quality evaluation model and simulate the prediction. The results revealed that the prediction of Yueqin acoustic quality could be achieved based on the soundboard wood vibration performance using the MATLAB simulation. The classification accuracy was 90.00%, indicating that the predicted values were highly consistent with the experimental values. The models are able to be used to precisely predict the Yueqin acoustic quality based on the vibration performance of soundboards.     

木工字梁的挠度计算方法探讨

对木工字梁的挠度进行了公式推导、试验、计算和验证分析。结果表明，考虑剪切变形时，实测挠度值与预测挠度值非常接近；忽略剪切变形时，实测值和预测值相差非常大。理论和实测证明了在计算木工字梁挠度时剪切变形是不可忽略的。采用试验方法可以得到木工字梁的EI和K值，其可用于准确预测木工字梁的挠度，为木工字梁挠度计算和预测提供了一种比较简单的方法。     

人工经济林木材性质研究

对重要人工经济林树种核桃、枣木、银杏、板栗、樟树和橡胶等木材解剖、物理力学、化学性质进行研究。结果表明 :核桃、银杏、樟树生长速度较快、材质好 ,是培育经济和用材两用林的优良树种 ,枣木和板栗材质好、生长慢 ,可以选择经济林果用为主、材用为辅的培育方式 ;核桃、橡胶、樟树和银杏的密度和力学强度较大 ,板栗和枣树木材的密度和力学强度很大 ;樟树、银杏和橡胶木材的纤维素含量与杨木接近 ,木质素含量界于杨木和马尾松之间 ,且纤维形态特征符合造纸用材的要求 ,树干和加工剩余物可以用于造纸 ;人工经济林枣木基本密度、核桃木材纤维长度可以通过生长轮年龄来预测 ,且预测效果显著。     

针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量的计算--试件纵向弹性模量的预测

依据针叶树木材管胞和射线细胞的结构模型。使用计算机抽样模拟解剖结构参数。以及使用针叶树木材纵向弹性模量计算公式和方法,计算人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材试件纵向弹性模量,计算结果与常温条件下气干试件测定结果十分符合。在试件晚材率和管胞解剖结构参数改变的条件下。计算预测了人工林杉木,马尾松幼龄材和成熟材纵向弹性模量的变化。结果表明：试件纵向弹性模量随晚材率,管胞长度,管胞壁厚度的增加而增加,而试件纵向弹性模量随管胞直径增加而减小。本文提出的纵向弹性模量计算的预测方法,对于运用现代生物技术控制和改变针叶树木材的材质,材性有实际意义。     

Size effect on longitudinal MOE of microtomed wood sections and relevant theoretical explanation

It has been repeatedly observed that the mechanical properties of microtomed wood sections are significantly lower than those of samples of normal size, but few investigations have been conducted to deal with this topic, especially based on theoretical approaches. We measured the longitudinal MOE of Chinese fir on microtomed sections ranging in thickness from 70 to 200 μm and compared these with the values of samples of normal size. The results indicate that the MOE of microtomed wood sections increases with thickness from 70 to 200 μm, but is significantly less than that of normal samples. A size effect coefficient of 2.63 is inferred based on statistical data for samples of normal size and 200 μm thick microtomed sections. Finally, an explanation based on a complete shear restraint model of cell walls and a single fiber multi-ply model is proposed for the size effect on stiffness of microtomed wood sections.     

The need for planted forests and the example of radiata pine

Ten thousand years ago our 5 million hunter-gatherer ancestors used, over the period of a year, about 200 species of local food items. Now, the nearly 6 billion global population gets 70 percent of its food from nine species of plants, one species of bird, and two species of mammals. This is despite global access to about 50,000 edible plants, as well as large numbers of bird and other animal species. We have concentrated our agricultural efforts on those species which are the most desirable, the most convenient, the most productive, and the most easily stored. Of equal importance, the species must be responsive to both genetic improvement and to management manipulation (i.e., domestication). Globally, very little of our food, except fish, now comes from wild sources.Although we use at least as much wood as we do food, wood supply (which still comes mostly from natural forests) is only now becoming limiting. There are no energy-efficient or environmentally acceptable substitutes for wood. The most likely means we have of satisfying the increasing global demand for wood is to obtain more of our wood from deliberately planted forests. Management of planted forests will increasingly parallel intensive agriculture. One consequence is that, of the 1,000 tree species we now use globally, we may eventually get most of our wood from four or five species. One of these tree species will be radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Radiata grows fast on a wide range of sites, has desirable wood properties, and responds well to both genetic improvement and stand management. The planted forest technology for radiata pine is probably the most advanced of any potential tree species. The evolution and success of radiata pine in New Zealand has major implications and lessons for the rest of the world.     

Prediction of wood density breeding values of Pinus taeda elite parents from unbalanced data: A method for adjustment of site and age effects using common checklots

? Wood density of elite parents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was investigated in 6 to 18 year-old progeny trials. The sampling was carried out separately in seven testing regions in the southeastern US. A checklot was the only connection between elite parents planted at different trials in a testing region.

? We used a data normalization method suggested for unbalanced designs in cDNA microarray experiments to remove confounding site and age effects using the checklot as a reference sample. Wood density breeding values of parents were predicted by fitting a linear mixed model to the normalized data.

? Using the reference samples to remove site and age effects appears to be an effective method for analysis of unbalanced progeny tests data. In general, wood density (kg/m³) decreased from coastal to inland plantings and from the southern to the northern planting. Considerable genetic variation for wood density was detected among these fast-growing elite parents in six of seven testing regions, with half-sib family mean heritabilities ranging from 0.71 to 0.97 within a testing region. With the exception of two regions, checklots were stable across trials in a region, based on regressing the checklot means on trial means.

     

Rapid assessment of physical properties and chemical composition of thermally modified wood by mid-infrared spectroscopy

Characterisation, quality assessment and property prediction are several of the major industrial challenges for widespread acceptance of thermally modified wood (TMW). This study shows the potential of the multivariate analysis of mid-infrared (MIR) spectral data for the prediction of impact strength, five mechanical parameters in bending, moisture content, weight loss, density and chemical composition of small specimens of thermally modified beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine woods. Anti-swelling efficiency was also studied using DRIFT spectroscopy for spruce wood only. Calibrations were successfully accomplished by partial least-squares regression, with R _Y ² and Q _CUM² values >0.96 for 64 out of 67 models. Predictions were also successful, with relative prediction values >0 and RMSEP:SD ratios <1 in most cases. Changes in the MIR spectra of TMW show that bands arising from the lignin environment and new bands appearing due to the degradation of carbohydrates, giving negative loadings, were related to strength loss, while those bands arising from the polysaccharides were associated with property retention. It is concluded that this approach is a powerful tool to characterise a number of properties of TMW with a single after-treatment measurement.     

Projecting global and regional outlooks for planted forests under the shared socio-economic pathways

New Forests - There is rising global interest in growing more trees in order to meet growing population, climate change, and wood energy needs. Using recently published data on planted forests by...     

Models for Predicting Wood Properties in Stems of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Sweden

To study and model the variation of wood properties, sample trees were selected from 42 Norway spruce and 20 Scots pine stands covering a wide variation in climatic and site conditions, stand maturation and tree sizes. Plot and tree measurements were followed by sampling wood from different heights in each sample tree and laboratory measurements of wood properties. Mixed linear and non-linear prediction models were developed using diameters, number of annual rings and climatic indices as explanatory variables. The variation in spruce properties explained by these variables was: basic density 50%, latewood content 52%, juvenile wood diameter 85%, heartwood diameter 94% and bark thickness 76%. The corresponding values for pine were 59, 54, 79, 92 and 85%. Random among-tree variance was an important contributor to the remaining variation for density and latewood. In general, only a minor part of the random variation was related to variance between stands. Predictions derived from the models for density and juvenile wood in both species, and heartwood in pine showed good agreement when validated with data sets from two other studies. The resulting models may be used for predicting wood properties in forest planning and in bucking computers in harvesters, provided that the essential information is available.     

Rapid prediction of shrinkage and fibre saturation point on teak (Tectona grandis) wood based on near-infrared spectroscopy

? Dimensional stability, along with the natural durability and colour of the wood, is one of the most important characteristics of teak used as timber. However, it is very time-consuming to take measurements of this kind. For the purposes of selection for the production of improved varieties, the number of samples to be measured rapidly exceeds the capacity of a traditional laboratory.

? Near-infrared spectroscopy, based on a set of reference data, is a tool enabling many of the chemical properties of wood to be predicted and the number of laboratory measurements to be reduced exponentially. The issue here is a question of checking the effectiveness of NIRS tool to build models and predict the shrinkage and fibre saturation point of teak wood from Togo.

? The results show the possible use of NIRS to measure the dimensional stability of teak wood and that it is appropriate to choose the type of wood and type of surface to be measured by NIRS. The best prediction models for radial and tangential shrinkage and fibre saturation point give R ² values of 0.72, 0.83 and 0.87 respectively with ratios of performance deviation of 1.8, 2.4 and 2.8.

? Consequently, after verification on other sets of teak samples, which may or may not be included in the prediction model, NIRS can be used to predict shrinkage and fibre saturation point values accurately for a large number of samples, making it possible to include these characteristics in the selection criteria for classifying wood and high throughput phenotyping.

     

Radial variation of wood properties in Neolamarckia cadamba trees from an East Java community forest

Radial variations in wood properties, cell morphologies and cell proportions were investigated for nine 4-year-old Neolamarckia cadamba trees planted in a community forest in East Java, Indonesia. The relationships between stem diameter and wood properties, cell morphologies or cell proportions were determined to ascertain the effects of stem diameter on these properties. In the radial variations, almost all of the wood properties, cell morphol- ogies and cell proportion in N. cadamba were changed at around 4 to 6 cm distance from the pith, except for fibre diameter, and the proportion of fibre and axial parenchyma. For trees with larger stem diameter, the vessel diameter was also found to increase. In addition, the ray parenchyma and cell wall proportions in trees with larger stem diameter were lower than those in trees with smaller stem diameter. However, the wood properties obtained from the larger stem diameter trees did not always show lower values. The wood properties in N. cadamba were correlated to fibre wall thickness and vessel diameter.