饲料加工工艺对淀粉消化特性影响的研究进展

淀粉作为动物的主要能量来源,对于动物健康和生长具有至关重要的作用。不同饲料加工工艺及加工条件可以改变饲料中淀粉的理化性质,进而影响淀粉在动物体内的消化特性。本文综述了粉碎、挤压膨化、调质及制粒等饲料加工工艺对淀粉消化特性的影响。     

饲粮淀粉消化与代谢机制研究进展

淀粉是畜禽能量的主要来源。研究动物体内淀粉消化及其相关的代谢机制对生产实践有着相当重要的意义。本文阐述了淀粉的特性、结构及其组成、加工工艺对畜禽淀粉消化率的影响,并简要综述了淀粉在动物体内的消化特点及其代谢机制。     

非淀粉多糖抗营养作用的正确理解及酶在猪饲料中的应用

非淀粉多糖对动物的影响是多方面的,本文通过非淀粉多糖对动物的抗营养作用机理和消化生理的分析,阐述了影响非淀粉多糖抗营养作用的几个特点,即非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用与动物肠道食糜的含水量、动物的消化道结构、动物的年龄和水溶性非淀粉多糖及甘露聚糖的特殊抗营养作用有关。对比分析了家禽和猪对非淀粉多糖的耐受性,成年猪对非淀粉多糖有...     

动物日粮淀粉消化性分析的研究进展

淀粉来源不同,颗粒结构、表面特征和组成上存在差异,这些差异对淀粉的消化具有很大影响,就淀粉颗粒的结构特性、非淀粉组分、饲料加工处理方式和动物因素等方面对淀粉消化速率的影响进行综述。     

动物饲粮淀粉的消化特性及淀粉酶的应用

淀粉是动物重要的能量来源,淀粉的利用率决定了动物对能量的利用率。淀粉在饲粮中占比较高且幼龄动物对淀粉的利用率较低,加之幼龄动物肠道内淀粉酶缺乏,进而降低了淀粉利用率,造成能量的浪费。而在饲粮中添加淀粉酶可一定程度提高淀粉的利用率,提高动物生产性能。本文就淀粉的分类,淀粉的结构性质及其对营养物质消化代谢的影响,淀粉的消化代谢与其他养分消化代谢的联动机制,外源淀粉酶在动物上的应用研究等方面进行了综述,旨在为淀粉酶的推广奠定理论基础。     

家禽对淀粉的消化及影响因素研究进展

淀粉消化主要是消化酶将淀粉水解成葡萄糖,并通过肠壁吸收进入血液而参与体内代谢的过程。淀粉消化在家禽生长中有着关键作用,不仅影响家禽的生产性能,同时对家禽的糖类和脂类代谢、肠道微生物菌群和肠道形态等都有显著影响。家禽对淀粉的消化与家禽日龄、饲粮淀粉类型、淀粉颗粒大小、支链/直链淀粉比例及非淀粉多糖含量等有关。本文主要综述家禽对淀粉消化特点及淀粉消化对家禽生理代谢的影响,并阐述影响淀粉消化的因素,为改善家禽对淀粉的利用提供理论依据。     

不同来源淀粉的组成、结构及其在动物生产上的应用研究进展

淀粉作为动物能量需要的重要来源,具有易消化、易吸收、能量利用率高等特点。淀粉的消化吸收与代谢对动物的健康和生长起着重要作用。由于不同来源淀粉的颗粒结构不同,对动物生长性能、营养物质消化吸收等产生的影响也存在差异。本文主要从动物的生长性能、营养物质消化率、肠道发育、菌群结构、血液指标以及颗粒饲料加工品质等方面,综述不同来源淀粉在动物生产上的应用研究进展,并对该领域未来的研究热点进行展望。     

奶牛日粮淀粉的消化吸收位点对其利用的影响

本文综述了奶牛日粮淀粉的消化吸收位点对其利用影响的研究进展，重点介绍了日粮淀粉在奶牛瘤胃、小肠中的消化吸收，日粮淀粉的转化利用及淀粉消化位点对淀粉利用的影响。     

鱼用饲料的蒸煮挤出加工

<正> 鱼类的营养要求同畜禽的相类似,主要的区别是蛋白质与能量之比差距很大,鱼类要求相当高的蛋能比。例如鲶鱼饲料中含有32%的蛋白质和2.8千卡消化能,而猪饲料中只有16%的蛋白质和3.2千卡的消化能。水产动物能够有效地吸收蛋白质和脂肪,而对淀粉的消化比陆上动物要差得多。有一些温水性鱼类,如特种鲶鱼、鲤鱼、罗非鱼,比冷水性鱼类或甲亮类动物能较有效地利用淀粉。当喂养温水性鱼类时,经过蒸煮挤出的淀粉能提高消化率。如饲喂给     

非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用

引言谷物中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂类在动物的消化系统中很容易被消化。然而，很多其它物质却不能被动物（特别是单胃动物）消化吸收，并且还影响其它营养物质的消化吸收，对动物的生长、发育和生产性能产生负效应。这类物质在动物营养学上称之为抗营养因子。如：非淀粉多糖（...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.